The purpose of this site is to provide the complete conjugations of a useable number (maybe 501) of modern Greek verbs. Each verb has been fully conjugated in all tenses and has been categorized at the top of each page according to Type and Model. The three Types are characterized by their personal endings. Type I verbs are accented on the verb stem. Type II verbs are accented on the personal ending. Most Type II verbs can be conjugated in either an A or B form. The IIA verbs have an alternate form in the present, like αγαπάω. The trick is finding those verbs which are only conjugated as Type IIB. You can do it with this dictionary.
Rome wasn't built in a day... Don't be discouraged. The idea is that a student can browse the lists looking for patterns, or look up a particular entry in the Table of Contents.
- Type I
- Deponents have passive form, but active meaning.
- Model { , 12} = σκέπτομαι, σκέφθηκα | σκέφτηκα, - , vt.dep I think, reflect
- Model { , 16} = σκέφτομαι, σκέφτηκα, - , vt.dep I think, reflect
- Model { , 36} = φαντάζομαι, φαντάστηκα, φαντασμένος, vt.dep I imagine
- Model { , 82} = αισθάνομαι, αισθάνθηκα, - , vi.dep I feel
- Irregulars
- Model { , 122} = γίγνομαι, έγινα | γίνηκα, - , γινωμένος, vi. I become
- Model { , 134} = είμαι, - , - , - , vi. I am
- Model { , 150} = έρχομαι, ήρθα | ήλθα, - , - , vi. I come
- Model { , 160} = κάθομαι, έκατσα | κάθισα, - , καθισμένος, vi. I sit (down)
- Model { , 201} = σέβομαι, σεβάστηκα, - , - , vt. I respect
- Model { , 225} = φαίνομαι, φάνηκα, - , - , vi. I appear, look
- Intransitives have no passive voice. [Careful: these could also be transitives which have no passive forms!]
- Model { 1, } = φτάνω | φθάνω, έφτασα | έφθασα, - , φτασμένος, vi. arrive, be enough; vt. reach, catch up with
- Model { 3, } = ματώνω, μάτωσα, - , ματωμένος, vi. I bleed, Let it bleed.
- Model {17, } = ταξιδεύω, ταξίδεψα, - , ταξιδεμένος, vi.ppp. I travel
- Model {31, } = τρέχω, έτρεξα, - , - , vi. I run
- Model {47, } = βαραίνω, βάρυνα, - , - , vt. I am a burden on
- Irregulars
- Model {101, } = αρέσω, άρεσα, vi. I am pleasing (to her) = She likes me
- Model {109, } = βγαίνω, βγήκα, - , βγαλμένος, vi.ppp I go out, exit
- Model {154, } = έχω, -, -, -, vt. I have, no perfect, no passive.
- Model {157, } = θέλω, θέλησα, -, -, vt. I want
- Model {164, } = κάνω, έκανα | έκαμα, - , καμωμένος, vt. I make
- Model {178, } = μένω, έμεινα, - , - , vi. I remain, stay
- Model {179, } = μπαίνω, μπήκα, - , μπασμένος, vi.ppp I go in, enter
- Model {192, } = πάω | πηγαίνω, πήγα, - , πηγεμένος, vi.ppp I go
- Model {193, } = πέφτω, έπεσα, - , πεσμένος, vi.ppp I fall
- Model {217, } = ξέρω, (imperf. ήξερα), - , - , vt. I know, no aorist!
- Model {223, } = υπάρχω, υπήρξα, - , - , vi. I exist
- Model {228, } = φεύγω, έφυγα, - , - , vi. I flee
- Model {230, } = φταίω, έφταιξα, - , - , vi. I am to blame
- Transitives
- Model { 1, 2} = λύνω, έλυσα, λύθηκα, λυμένος, vt. tie, bind
- Model { 1, 39} = κλείνω, έκλεισα, κλείστηκα, κλεισμένος, vt. close
- Model { 3, 4} = δηλώνω, δήλωσα, δηλώθηκα, δηλωμένος, vt. declare
- Model { 7, 8} = σκάβω, έσκαψα, σκάφτηκα, σκαμμένος, vt. dig, carve
- Model { 7, 171} = κόβω, έκοψα, κόπηκα, κομμένος, vt. cut, vi. cut oneself
- Model { 9, 10} = παραλείπω, παρέλειψα, παραλείφθηκα | παραλείφτηκα, , vt. leave out, neglect
- Model {11, 12} = καλύπτω, κάλυψα, καλύφθηκα | καλύφτηκα, καλυμμένος, vt. cover, conceal
- Model {13, 14} = αλείφω, άλειψα, αλείφτηκα, αλειμμένος, vt. spread
- Model {13, 122} = γράφω, έγραψα, γράφτηκα | γράφηκα, γραμμένος, vt. write Note alternate form in pass.perf stem!
- Model {13, 210} = στρέφω, έστρεψα, στράφηκα, στραμμένος vt. turn, vi. turn yourself around. About face!
- Model {15, 16} = βλάφτω, έβλαψα, βλάφτηκα, βλαμμένος, vt. harm, damage
- Model {17, 18} = μαζεύω, μάζεψα, μαζεύτηκα, μαζεμένος, vt. gather, collect
- Model {19, 20} = δημοσιεύω, δημοσίευσα, δημοσιεύτηκα | δημοσιεύθηκα, δημοσιεμένος, vt. coil, wind; roll up, wrap
- Model {21, 22} = τυλίγω, τύλιξα, τυλίχτηκα, τυλιγμένος, vt. coil, wind; roll up, wrap
- Model {23, 24} = πειράζω, πείραξα, πειράχτηκα, πειραγμένος, vt. vex, hurt
- Model {25, 26} = πλέκω, έπλεξα, πλέχτηκα, πλεγμένος, vt. knit
- Model {27, 28} = κηρύσσω, κήρυξα, κηρύχθηκα | κηρύχτηκα, κηρυγμένος, vt. preach, declare
- Model {29, 30} = φτιάχνω, έφτιαξα, φτιάθηκα, φτιαγμένος, vt. arrange, put right; make, have made, let
- Model {31, 32} = ελέγχω, έλεγξα, ελέγχθηκα | ελέγχτηκα, ελεγμένος, vt. control, inspect
- Model {33, 34} = ορίζω, όρισα, ορίστηκα, ορισμένος, vt. define
- Model {35, 36} = αγοράζω, αγόρασα, αγοράστηκα, αγορασμένος, vt. buy
- Model {40, 41} = αποκλείω, απέκλεισα | απόκλεισα, αποκλείστηκα, αποκλεισμένος, vt. close off, αποκλείεται! No chance!
- Model {44, 45} = ζεσταίνω, ζέστανα, ζεστάθηκα, ζεσταμένος, vt. warm, heat up
- Model {44, 46} = θερμαίνω, θέστανα, θερμάθηκα, θερμασμένος, vt. warm, heat up
- Irregulars
- Model { 80, 81} = αίρω, ήρα, άρθηκα, - , vt. raise, lift
- Model { 83, 84} = ακούω, άκουσα, ακούγομαι, ακούστηκα, ακουσμένος, vt. hear, listen
- Model { 85, 86} = αναγγέλω, ανάγγειλα | ανήγγειλα, αναγγέλθηκα, αναγελμένος, vt. announce
- Model { 87, 88} = αναδεικνύω, ανέδειξα | ανάδειξα, αναδείχθηκα | αναδείχτηκα, αναδειγμένος, vt. show off
- Model {106, 107} = αφήνω, άφησα, αφέθηκα, αφημένος, vt. let, allow
- Model {110, 111} = βλέπω, είδα, είδώθηκα, ιδωμένος, vt. see, watch
- Model {114, 115} = βρίσκω, βρήκα, βρέθηκα, , vt. I find
- Model {131, 132} = δίνω, έδωσα, δόθηκα, δοσμένος, vt. I give
- Model {135, 136} = εισάγω, εισήγαγα, εισάχθηκε | εισήχθη, εισαγμένος, vt. introduce
- Model {137, 138} = εκθέτω, εξέθεσα; εκτίθεμαι, εκτέθηκα, εκτεθειμένος, vt. expose
- Model {139, 140} = εκλέγω, εξέλεξα, εκλέχθηκα | εκλέχτηκα, εκλεγμένος, vt. select, choose
- Model {146, 147} = επιβάλλω, επέβαλλα, επιβλήθηκα, επιβεβλημένος, vt. impose, enforce
- Model {161, 162} = καίω, έκαψα; καίγομαι, κάηκα, καμένος, vt. burn, shrivel
- Model {165, 166} = καταλαμβάνω, κατέλαβα, καταλήφθηκα, κατειλημμένος, vt. understand
- Model {174, 175} = λέω | λέγω, είπα, ειπώθηκα | λέχθηκα, ειπωμένος, vt. say, tell
- Model {194, 2} = πίνω, ήπια, , πιωμένος, vt. drink, only pres. and impf. in passive!
- Model {204, 205} = σέρνω, έσυρα, συρθήκα, συρμένος, vt. pull
- Model {207, 207} = στέκω/στέκομαι, -, στάθηκα, -, vi. I am standing (still)
- Model {208, 209} = στέλνω, έστειλα, στάλθηκα, σταλμένος, vt. to send
- Model {217, 218} = σύρω, έσυρα, σύρθηκα, συρμένος, vt. pull
- Model {219, 220} = τρέφω, έθρεψα, τράφηκα | τράφθηκα, θρεμμένος, vt. nourish, feed
- Model {221, 222} = τρώω | τρώγω, έφαγα, φαγώθηκα, φαγωμένος, vt. eat
- Model {226, 227} = φέρνω, έφερα, φέρθηκα, φερμένος, vt. carry, bear
- Model {231, 22} = φιλάω, φυλάξα, φυλάγομαι, φυλάχτηκα, φυλαγμένος, vt. guard
- Type II
- Type IIa = αγαπώ, αγαπάω
- Deponents
- Model { , 59} ...
- Model { , 63} ...
- Others ...
- Intransitives
- Model {58, } = αγρυπνάω | αγρυπνώ, αγρύπνησα, αγρυπνισμένος, vi. ppp I am awake, vigilant
- Model {62, } ...
- Model {68, } = πεινάω | πεινώ, πείνασα, πεινασμένος, vi.ppp I am hungry
- Others ...
- Transitives
- Model {58, 59} = αγαπάω | αγαπώ, αγάπησα, αγαπήθηκα, αγαπημένος
- Mixed Type: Active IIa, Passive IIb
- Model {62, 63} = φοράω | φορώ, φόρεσα, φορέθηκα, φορεμένος
- Model {64, 65} = κοιτάω | κοιτώ, κοίταξα, κοιτάχτηκα, κοιταγμένος
- Model {66, 67} = τραβάω | τραβώ, τράβηξα, τραβήχτηκα, τραβηγμένος
- Model {68, 69} = περνάω | περνώ, πέρασα, περάστηκα, περασμένος
- Model {70, 34} = γυρνάω | γυρνώ, γύρισα | γύριξα, γυρίστηκα, γυρισμένος
- Others...
- Type IIb = θεωρώ
- Deponents
- Intransitives
- Transitives
- Model {73, 74} = θεωρώ, θεώρησα, θεωρήθηκα, θεωρημένος, vt. consider
- Model {73, 79} = λυπώ, λυπάμαι | λυπούμαι, λύπησα, λυπήθηκα, λυπημένος, vt. grieve, sadden
- Model {76, 77} = διαιρώ, διαίρεσα, διαρέθκα, διαρεμένος, vt. divide
- Model {76, 78} = τελώ, τέλεσα, τελέστηκα, τελεσμένος, vt., perform, vi. take place
- Model {76, 163} = καλώ, κάλεσα, κλήθηκα, - , vt. call, invite
- Others...
- Type II Others...
- Model {60, 61} = ανακτώ, ανέκτησα, ανακτήθηκα, ανακτημένος
- Model {71, 72} = ανακλώ, ανάκλασα, ανακλάστηκα, ανακλασμένος
- Model {158, 159} = καθιστώ, κατέστησα, (κατέστη) , κατεστημένος, vt. appoint, make, vi. be made, become
The dictionary has been designed to be used with a normal browser, the bigger, the better. The wider the screen, the more you will see. No special tools are required. The font can be resized. The tables reformat themselves when you resize the window. The indexes are CSV (=Comma Separated Values) lists, and can be copied and 'pasted-special' into a spreadsheet, and sorted, and counted.
The dictionary was built with a SuSE Linux 9.2, gedit, and mozilla. Unicode utf-8 is used throughout. You shouldn't have to fiddle with Greek fonts or Browser encodings. You will need a Greek keymap to search the lists with the browser. If you don't have one, you can always copy and paste Greek text from another site into the browser.
You are welcome to print anything you want, but I strongly encourage you buy a printed hardcopy from us ...., at a reasonable price.
Sorry, we don't distribute the electronic copy, for obvious reasons. You'll have to rebuild the site by hand.
Enjoy!
Joe Schaffner
schaffnerja@yahoo.com
Rhodes, Greece
March, 2005
Reference:
4,500 Modern Greek Verbs
Harry Haller's Aufzeichnungen:
Try saying something intellegent about Greek verbs. It's not easy. You end up contradicting yourself frequently.
Regulars
Regular verbs follow the classifications, Type and Model.
The [Type] tab classifies the verbs according to their personal endings. There are essentially two types, I and II; then, there are two II types, A and B. Type I verbs are accented on the stem. Type II verbs are accented on the personal ending. It's as simple as that. I don't consider minor irregularities, if there are any. There are some complications with Type II verbs though: some verbs don't seem to belong to A or B, while others belong to both A and B. Verbs having more than one conjugation are hyperlinked on the first person present of the active-indicative, the "name" of the verb.
The [Model] tab classifies the verbs according to the stems. Stem formation is quite regular too. There are probably 25, or 30 of them. Each verb usually has three stems, one imperfect stem, shared in active and passive voice, like {βλάφτω, βλάφτομαι}, and two perfect stems, one active, like έβλαψα, and one passive, like βλάφτηκα.
The full conjugations are created by combining the Active and Passive models from the Iordanidou book, so our "Model" is an ordered pair, eg. ξύνω has two models, {1, 2}, and {1, 39}. Verbs belonging to more than one model have more than one conjugation, and are connected by hyperlinks. For example, σέρνω, and σύρω both represent the same verb: "draw, pull, drag".
Sub [Model]... Sometimes models can divided into submodels, like when a group of verbs share the optional parts of a model (You'll need the book to know exactly what a model is). Check out γράφω. They're all pretty close. Some conjugations do not have a participle, some have an optional infinitive, others have additional periphrased tenses...
Irregulars
What makes a Greek verb irregular?
Nearly every Greek verb is irregular. Modern Greek (henceforth known simply as "Greek") has 235 model conjugations. The more regular they are, the more of them belong to the model. Irregular verbs are special. Irregular verbs belong to singleton models (the ones numbered above 79), i.e. one verb per category, except for the compound verbs, which are derived from the same root, like γράφω.
All verbs belong to a [Type] -- even the irregulars -- so we have Type I irregulars, like λέω and Type II irregulars, like ... No, wait a minute. There are some type II verbs which share I and II forms... Now these really are wierd.
The most irregular verbs?
These are usually the most frequently used. Είμαι is part of almost every conjugation; even the personal endings of the passive voice look like είμαι. Same thing with Έχω : it is part of almost every conjugation.
Here is a list of the most common irregular verbs:
- βλέπω, είδα, ειδώθηκα, ιδωμένος vt. see
- λέω | λέγω, είπα, ειπώθηκα | λέχθηκα, ειπωμένος vt. say
- πάω | πηγαίνω, πήγα, πηγεμένος vi. go
- πρέπει, έπρεπε is probably the most bizarre. It is impersonal, and has only two forms, so it gets no page in the dictionary.
- μπορώ, μπόρεσα is intransitive, δεν μπορώ, but usually introduces a subordinate clause, that which can be done. It is also impersonal, μπορεί, maybe.
[This list has been superseded by the categories list]
Transitives
I am only interested in transitivity to determine if a verb could (logically) have a passive form. There is a class of verbs in modern Greek, like θέλω, πιστεύω, κλπ. which are transitive, but have no passive forms. So, how do you create a passive expression, using paraphrase? [Some verbs are both vt. and vi.; they take an optional object, but they do take an object, so I mark them as vt. (Sorry, if I offend any purists out there.)]
Intransitives
Intransitives are verbs of being, motion... Many Greek verbs are intransitive, but have passive participles, like ευτυχισμένος... The participle seems to retain an active meaning, "happy".
Most Greek/English dictionaries list reflexives as intransitives, because they do not take an explicit object. Greek reflexives have passive form, an artifact from Ancient Greece, like in Latin.
Key:
- ppp - All those verbs having a passive perfect participle
- dep - Deponents
- vi - Intransitives
- vi.ppp - Intransitives with passive perfect participle
- vi.dep - Deponents, with passive perfect participle
- vi.irr - Irregular intransitives, missing tense, aspect, mood.
- vi.vt - Intransitives which can optionally be used transitively, making them vt
- vt - Transitives
- vt.dep - Transitives deponents can only be used passively in paraphrases, or using a synonym vt
- vt.vi - Same as vi.vt. Order of categories does not matter.
- irr - Others
Reflexives
1) Reflexives which refer to self.
2) Reflexives which refer to things going on in the mind of the speaker
1) Most Greek/English dictionaries list reflective verbs as intransitives, vi., because, in English, they have no object. [Well, they do: the object is the speaker himself.] Ancient Greek had a Middle voice whose forms closely resembled the Passive, so Greek doesn't use reflexive pronouns for such common expressions as: "Ich wasche mich" λούζομαι, or "Ich wasche mir die Haende." "Ich setze mich" is κάθομαι. "Je me couche" is κοιμάμαι.
2) Greek also uses the passive forms to describe things going on in the mind of the speaker, like thinking, feeling,..
Ich fuerchte mich is φοβάμαι. [Note to self: "foobar" is GI talk for "furchtbar", or "fucked up beyond repair". It looks like it has a Greek origin, "foo".]
Ich erinnere mich, I remember, is θυμάμαι.
Ich freue mich is είμαι ευτυχισμένος, I am happy. This verb is a wee, tiny bit irregular. First, as an intransitive, it should have no passive participle, but it does, but with active, predicative meaning, like an adjective, expressing a state of mind, and not as a verb, expressing a reflexive, or heaven forbid, a passive action. Second, that participle is a wee, tiny bit irregular. If it were like the model θεωρώ, it would normally be ευτυχημένος, but it's not. See what I mean?
Active
All verbs have an active meaning. The deponents have active meaning, but passive form.
Passive
Romance languages form the passive perphrastically [German and English too]. Greek has retained the classical Middle forms, conjugated with είμαι fused to the stem, not as a periphrase.
Semi-deponents
There was an important (but obscure) class of latin verbs called semi-deponents, which had active form, but passive meaning. I suppose these verbs should be conjugated under the heading Passive. What were they again? Deponents, of course, have passive form, but active meaning.
Defectives
These verbs lack components, like a perfect system. Έχω is defective, Είμαι too. Το ξέρω.
Impersonals
like "It's raining; it's pouring... the old man is snoring." It's snowing, thundering, lightning... Πρέπει is impersonal, and doesn't have a page of it's own, just an entry in the index.
Infinitives
Greek also lacks an infinitive. The Greeks prefer finite (i.e. conjugated) subordinate clauses, like ... The "infinitive" is just the third person of something they call the "dependent" tense, έχω λύσει, ...
"The names have been changed, to protect the innocent."
Words like infinitive, indefinite, non-finite, undefined, aorist, unbounded ... all mean the same thing, only the context changes. Aorist means "unbound", and is used to describe the "simple" past, i.e. one-shot past, or, for that matter, the "simple" future, something that happens only once, but in the future. [Don't get me started on "perfect", meaning "complete", "done", "finished" etc. "I'm a perfectionist, but not perfect."]
Semantic Categories
How about some more categories? Each verb may be grouped into other categories:
- [Compound] verbs are groups of verbs which share the same root verb. The root is usually prefixed by a preposition, or an adverb, or may be made up of more than one verb. Irregular verbs, i.e. singleton categories, contain a list compounds, like γράφω, αναγράφω, αντιγράφω, κλπ., in their [Model Prev Next].
- [Prefix] Verbs which share the same prefix, usually a preposition {ανα-, κατα-, περι-...}, a particle {α-, {ευ-, δυσ-}, {ομο-, ετερο-} ...}, sometimes an adverb {αξιο-, δικι-}, sometimes a noun {χειρ-, ποδ-, ...} This list is not necessary, because the Table of Contents is sorted alphabetically.
- [Deponent] verbs are active in meaning but passive in form, so they have no passive voice. Some deponents are transitive. How do you form the Passive voice with them? By using a paraphrase, and a synonym.
- [Intransitive] verbs take no object, and therefore have no passive voice. This list is not necessary either, because models lacking a passive conjugation can be seen in the categories above. It might be interesting to put all the intransitives in a single list containing all the intransitive models. You'll see, the vast majority of verbs are transitive; even intransitive verbs can be used transitively.
- [Being] are verbs of becoming, being, existing, appearing, living etc.
- [Auxiliary] verbs are helping verbs. Helping verbs define tense or mood beyond the conjugation system, like have, shall, can, must etc. They form periphrases, and are very common.
- [Motion] Coming, going, starting, stopping etc.
- [Antonyms] are opposite in meaning... They cannot be a linked list, for obvious reasons. The [Next] entry in the list would be the oposite of the [Prev].
- [Synonyms] are verbs which have the same meaning. Since they all mean the same thing, they can be linked into a list.
- [Sentiment] Verbs for thinking, understanding, knowing, feeling, state of mind etc.
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