What port numbers below _______ are considered standard reserved and require xinetd-level access to start the service on these ports. Port addresses below 1024 are standard for TCP/IP and are called well known ports
Can apache be installed on Windows NT or Windows 95? If so, what is the latest version of apache for these operating systems? Yes. The latest version (Spring 2003) was 1.3 Unix is used in industry because it is more stable. As of Spring 2000. Apache gave no guarantees with Windows installations because of server vulnerablilites.
List three potential types of security problems that you must be concerned with when setting up your server? One list of concernes is the following. Security is a major subject: this list is meant to provoke thought: Brute force attacks at systematically guessing passwords, Keyboard readers (Trojan Horses), Packet Sniffers, Human Error. Spoofing is a sophisticated technique of authenticating one machine to another by forging packets from a trusted source address.
If you prefer that the Web server distributed with RedHat 7.1 be started by default, you should make what change to your setup? In RedHat 7.3 we simply included the shortcut to the httpd startup script in RC5.d
What system startup script contains instructions to start Apache?/etc/rc.d/rc5.d/S85httpd is a link to /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd startup script. We use it in runlevel 5, the GUI runlevel, but it can be used in runlevel 3 as well.
If you attempt to start apache and one of the configuration files contains a directive that has not been included in your server image (the compiled version of your httpd daemon), server initialization will likely fail. What command can you use to indentify the directives that are actually available for your particular server image? (For answer, see man page) Starting Apache with httpd -L lists directives that are available. Starting Apache with httpd -T simulates a start so that configuration files can be tested.
What are the server-wide configuration files for your server? Explain the default purpose of each file.
Httpd.conf, srm.conf and access.conf.Httpd.conf is an apache configuration file.
When is configuration in a server wide file read and executed?At server initialization (at startup of server). Change in server-wide configuration files requires a reinitialized with web server process.
For security purposes, which directive tells the Web server to switch to this user after the server is started? For your server. What user is this? In /httpd.conf: User apache, Group apache
Which directory is the location where the documents for your server are located? What directive instructs apache to use this directory and what file did you access to determine the answer? The directive is DocumentRoot in httpd.conf (or srm.conf). It says that documents are in /var/www/html
A browser is requesting the URL www.yourcomputername.cpcc.cc.nc.us/docs/fac.html How would your server interpret this request? Using directives specified in httpd.conf (srm.conf). Prepend document path (specified in DocumentRoot directive)to path from URL. If URL specifies a directory, look for file specified in DirectoryIndex directive (default is index.html if the URL refers to a file, find that file or send an error message.) Answer: This URL request is for file fac.html, so find fac.html, not index.html. If DocumentRoot has the value /var/www/html/, the server will look for the file in /var/www/html/docs/
What does apache do if it cannot find an index.html file? It will generate its own or you can do it manually in /htdocs/index.html
What are block directives?They limit the application of other directives within them to operations on particular virtual hosts, directories, or files.
You can instruct apace to send back to the browser accessing your server a name that is different than the real name assigned to your computer. How can this be accomplished? Use the directive ServerName
What is the function of the ServerAdmin directive? ServerAdmin gives Apache an email_address for automatic pages generated when some errors occur.
What directive tells Apache where the subdirectories conf and log can be found? ServerRoot
Why are server child processes periodically recycled (the child is terminated and a new child process is started)? limits number of requests handled What directive controls number of child processes spawned? ServerStart
What is a virtual host? Site on a system that has other sites When do you use the directive Virtual Host? When you want to use more than one site on a server
What directive tells Apache to pay attention to more than one IP address or port? Listen
For your server, which directive causes Apache to spawn child processes at initilization to handle incoming port 80 requests? ServerType Earlier versions of Apache often used inetd to invoke apache for each port 80 request as the request was received. Why is the method used by your server the preferred method? You get much better performance
A configuration file can be added to the directory to control access to the files and sub-directorys in that directory. For your server, what is the default name for this file? What file did you access to determine your answer? The name is .htaccess httpd.conf, The directive AccessFileName which specifies this name AccessConf has "options none" which, in our case, does not allow override. This directive specifies which option may be overridden. It specifies what is allowed in .htaccess.
A file that begins with a "." means what? A period at the beginning of a file means its hidden
What are the MIME classes in your Linux server?
.gif a moving image .txt a text file .wav a music file .html a web file .mpeg a movie file .movie a movie file .pbm portable bitmap (image file) .xbm x-bitmap (image file) .zip a compressed file .midi a music file .jpeg an image file .doc a document file .bin a binary file .exe an executable file .rtf rich text format .pdf portable document format
The /etc/httpd/logs is an alias for the directory in which the apache log files are actually located. Where are the log files actually located? What directives tell your server to use this alias? The path specified by the directives is what type of path? The files are in /var/log/httpd/error.log as specified in the ErrorLog directive. /var/log/httpd/access_log is specified in the CustomLog directive. The requirements of the Web server organization and of the Linux standard ofr error log locations are different. Compatibility with both requirements is achieved by using a value for the directive that has a full path. The files are linked to the same inode (they are aliases of the same file). An inode is pointer to a file; which contains pertinent information about the file, such as file permissions and pointers to actual data blocks. It is used for large (especially variable size) files, such as file permissions and pointers to actual data blocks. It is used for large (especially variable size) files. If a file is small enough, it fits entirely within directly accessible blocks.Value of ServerRoot /etc/httpd/ value of ErrorRoot /logs/error_log = /etc/httpd/logs/error_log
What directive tells Apache to cache files on a proxy server? CacheRoot
A browser page often requires a dozen actual resource requests to display a page. Explain the meaning of a "resource request". On your server, a record of the resources requested by the browser is recorded in what file? The question indicates that a resource request is for a file which is needed as a component in the page requested. The Access log (called TransferLog in some distributions) has a record for each file sent, not just for the page. /var/log/httpd/access_log
Give atleast three categories or error messages that are likely to appear in the server log. Some of the categories are Server reloads, authentication violations, document access failures, network errors and miscellaneous. The log severity will be included in the error log by the severity level associated with an error.
default port = 80
3 types of Virtual Host: Name based, IP based, and Port based
Name Based - taking an IP with multiple names
IP based - has its own name and address is different
Port based - same name, same IP, but different port
Name Virtual Host - used to set the IP address for name based Virtual Hosts.
httpd is installed in the /usr/bin directory
The Apache Web server configuration files are located in the /etc/httpd/conf directory. The configuration files are text files with directives and specify various aspects of the Web server. There are three configuration files: access.conf, httpd.conf, and srm.conf, but all directives are placed in httpd.conf file only. The /etc/httpd/conf directory also contains information the SSl implementation needs.
The Apache web server is set up to serve the HTML documents from the /var/www/html directory. Therefore, you should place your web pages in this directory.
If you have any Common Gateway Interface (CGI) programs, programs the Web server can invoke to access other files and databases, you should place these in /var/www/cgi-bin/ directory.
The /var/log/httpd directory is meant for Web server log files (access logs and error logs).
The /etc/init.d/httpd script starts the httpd process as your Linux system boots.
httpd.conf- Configuration file for the Apache server. The directives in the file specify general attributes of the server, such as the port number and the directory in which the server's directories are located.
srm.conf- Configuration file for the server resources, documents, and other information the Web server provides for users. (server resource map)
access.conf - configuration file that controls access to the Web server. You can control access to the entire Web server as well as to specific directories. This file is placed in httpd.conf.
/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf is the basic HTTP daemon configuration file. It includes directives that control how the Apache server runs.
etc/mime.types is where you find mime types