Rome’s Emergence as a World Power
Lecture 7
•	When the New Testament was written the entire civilized world, 
•	with a few little known kingdoms in the______________________, 
•	were under the control of ______________________,
Rome’s Territory
•	From the ______________________, Ocean on the West;  to the ______________________, and Red Sea on the East; from the Danube, the Black Sea, and the Caucasus mountains on the north; to the ______________________, on the South
Rome was under the control
•	of the emperor,  called both “______________________,” and, “______________________,” (Luke 2:1) in the NT
Rome’s name
•	taken from its capital city in Italy.  the original settlement from which the nation grew
•	founded in ______________________, BC
•	a loosely confederated group of city-states
•	______________________, government established by 5th century BC
War with Carthage -  165 to 146 BC
•	______________________, was the chief maritime power in western Mediterranean
•	originally a colony of Phoenicia until ______________________, overthrew it, it acted independently
•	became a wealthy and powerful nation
•	ships carried commerce of Mediterranean
Rome and Carthage could not co-exist
•	Wars ended in ______________________, BC with the Roman general Scipio Aemilianus captured the city of Carthage and razed it to the ground
•	______________________, established control over Spain and North Africa
•	Macedonia was made a province with the sacking of Corinth in ______________________, BC
•	______________________, BC the king of Pergamum died and bequeath his kingdom to Rome
Wars in Asia Minor
•	were led by ______________________,  he defeated Pontus and Caucasus
•	in ______________________, BC he organized Syria into a province and annexed Judea
•	______________________, BC Caesar invaded Gaul and made it a Roman country
•	Over ______________________, years Rome grew to be the ruling power of the world
This rapid territorial expansion brought changes
•	the military felt the thrill of power.  began to use their armies to enforce their wishes at home
•	century between the conquest of ______________________, and death of ______________________, was marked by constant succession of civil wars.
The Rulers
•	Marius, Sulla, ______________________, Antony
•	______________________, or ______________________, as Senate called him…exterminated his opponents and became the first emperor
•	all sought to become masters of the empire
Augustus  27 BC to AD 14
•	he established the imperial state
•	the people were tired of war and longed for peace
•	He became the______________________,, or first citizen of the land
•	His government was a compromise between the old republicanism and the ______________________, that Julius Caesar desired
The Senate
•	controlled the theoretical powers for ruling
•	in ______________________, BC they conferred on Augustus the office of commander-in-chief
•	in ______________________, BC he was given the tribunal power for life
•	which meant he had control over the popular assemblies and was the appointed representative of the people
His authority
•	was allowed to introduce the first topic of discussion in the Senate
•	the right to call the ______________________, meetings
•	all these rights were part of the ______________________, and not seized powers
Reforms
•	Senate was purged of unworthy members
•	large part of army was ______________________,
•	the discharged soldiers were settled in colonies or land supplied by purchase
•	a regular ______________________, army was created
•	retired soldiers were given a bonus and lands where they could make a good living
His Relations with the People
•	wanted to improve the morale of the people
•	revived state ______________________,
•	rebuilt many of the temples
•	the imperial cults was introduced to the provinces
•	many places the emperor was worshipped as ______________________, et ______________________,
Julian Laws of 19 and 18 BC 
•	sought to restore family life by encouraging ______________________,
•	and the establishment of ______________________,
To consolidate the empire
•	he took census of entire empire and all property
•	he used those as a basis for recruiting the army and ______________________,
•	he organized the ______________________, and ______________________, departments of Rome
•	appointed a supervisor over the ______________________, supply of Rome
Augustus’ Boast
•	he had found Rome ______________________, and left it______________________,.
•	Four one years of leading brought order from chaos
•	he restored confidence in the government
•	replenished the ______________________,
•	introduced an efficient public works department
•	promoted ______________________, and prosperity
Tiberius     AD14 to 37
•	the adopted son of ______________________, was chosen to replace Augustus
•	He was given the imperium for life
•	He was ______________________, at time of taking office
•	He had been in public service and therefore not a ______________________,
His Problems
•	he was forced to divorce his first wife to marry______________________,, Augustus daughter, a woman of openly loose living
•	This made him bitter and he never recovered
•	He was wise and impartial in policies
•	never ______________________, with the people
Caligula  AD 37 to 41
•	called “______________________,” by the soldiers
•	Senate made him successor to ______________________,
•	He was popular with the people
•	pardoned political prisoners
•	reduced ______________________,
•	gave government sponsored entertainment
•	demanded worship as______________________,, which alienated him with Jews
His relationship with the Jews
•	he ordered his statue erected in the ______________________, at Jerusalem
•	legate in Syria waited on the order
•	and ______________________, died in AD ______________________,
•	reckless expenditures drained the treasury of Augustus and Tiberius
•	resorted to violence, and confiscation of property and extortion to fill treasury
Claudius AD 41 to 54
•	full name is ______________________, Claudius Germanicus
•	Senate elected him emperor after Caligula
•	suffered a paralyzing disease as a child
•	this disease made him weak, he ______________________, from his mouth
•	He was a good ______________________, and proved to be
•	an able ruler
Roman Government
•	became a bureaucracy under ______________________,
•	extended the privileges of citizenship 
•	his generals defeated ______________________,
•	tried to restore Roman religion to its once prominent position
•	opposed foreign cults
•	______________________, tells that he expelled the Jews from Rome because of riots blamed on the Jews
Nero  AD 54 to 68
•	He was the son of______________________,, Claudius’ ______________________, wife
•	she wanted to gain the postion of emperor for her son: ______________________,
•	Domitius was renamed after Claudius adopted him to: Nero Claudius Caesar
•	In AD 53 Nero married______________________,, Claudius’ daughter.
•	In AD ______________________, Claudius died, leaving Nero the throne
His Reign
•	first five years was peaceful and successful
•	in AD ______________________, he had his mother murdered because she tried to keep control over him
•	Nero was careless and extravagent in all he did
•	He emptied the treasury like ______________________, before him
•	This brought the hatred of the Senate upon him
The Fire of AD 64
•	a fire broke out in Rome in AD 64 
•	it destroyed a large part of Rome.
•	Nero was suspected of setting it himself in order to make room for his new ______________________,
•	This was built on the Esquiline Hill
•	covered ______________________, acres with one colonade with three rows of columns one mile long
The House
•	it had dining rooms with ______________________, ceilings
•	walls covered with decorations of fantastic décor
•	in the vestibule was a ______________________, of Nero 120 feet in height
•	It had______________________,, groves, and a lake
•	To divert blame, it is said he blamed the Christians
Peter and Paul
•	tradition says that ______________________, were brought to trial and tortured to death under Nero
•	Little evidence to show how extensive the persecution might have been
•	Nero became unpopular, fled for his life and was killed by one of his own ______________________, at his command in order to avoid capture
Vespasian   AD 69 to 79
•	a plain old ______________________, who was frugal in his habits and
•	vigorous in his administration
•	He had begun the attack on ______________________, and left it with ______________________,
•	He built the ______________________,
•	He died in office in AD 79
•	He was the first of the ______________________,
The Flavian Dynasty 
•	included ______________________,
•	his son, ______________________,
•	and his other son, ______________________,
Titus   AD 79 to 81
•	A short rule, but a popular leader
•	sponsored magnificent public entertainments for the people
•	the eruption of ______________________, occurred during his reign
•	destroying ______________________, and Hercalaneum
•	tried to rescue many victims
•	a fire soon destroyed the new Capitol, the______________________,, and Agrippa’s baths
Israel and the Romans Considered
•	Pompey conquered Israel in  ______________________, BC
•	Rome held a protectorate over Judea
•	Rome regarded both the priesthood and ______________________, the Great as vassal kings
•	When Herod the Great died, his less capable son, ______________________, took over
•	He proved so unpopular that Rome replaced him with the prefect, Coponius
The Herodian Dunasty
•	Rome’s control over Palestine began in earnest under ______________________, the Great.
•	He won favor with several emperors by showing unfailing loyalty to Rome.
•	In turn Rome granted Herod with large portions to rule. 
•	He had to war to win Israel, but finally won Jerusalem in ______________________, BC.
•	His kingdom covered Judea, Samaria, Idumea, Galilee and Perea.
Herod’s Background
•	He was half ______________________, and half ______________________, and therefore most Jews saw him as a foreign ruler. 
He secured his kingdom 
•	by putting to death his chief rivals, ______________________, III (drowned) and the aging Hyrcanus II. Eventually______________________,, the woman he loved and his mother-in-law, Alexandra were killed too. Alexandra had sown discord in the kingdom.
Herod and Cleopatra
•	Herod feared Cleopatra who was Mark Antony’s consort and who together ruled the East. Antony gave Cleopatra ______________________, and few coastal cities. Yet, Herod remained in power in Israel. His major challenge came in 31 BC when Antony was defeated by Octavian at______________________,. Yet, he proved able to change loyalties and received more territory.
Herod’s Building Programs
•	He is second only to______________________,.  He was expected to be a benefactor to his own lands. He rebuilt Samaria and renamed it Sabaste, the Greek equivalent of Augustus. It had a massive temple dedicated to the emperor.
•	The coastal city of Caesarea ______________________, was built giving Israel a port.
Herods Building in Jerusalem
•	He built a new palace with three towers named after friends: Mariamne, Hippicus, and Phasael. 
•	He had Fortress ______________________, built on north side of Temple.
•	He added______________________,, theater and stadium to the city as well as aqueducts bringing water from Bethlehem.
Herod’s Crowning Building
•	Was the Temple to replace Zerubbabel’s of ______________________, BC
•	It was begun in ______________________, BC and not finished totally until AD 64. 
•	This building boom brought economic prosperity to Israel. 
•	But public taxes were heavy and social and political tensions were often flare.
Herod’s Final Years
•	He grew suspicious of his sons and changed his will several times.  He executed two sons when Mariamne prompted him in 7 BC—______________________, and Aristobulus—for treason. A third son, Antipater, died in 4 BC by Herod’s orders only five days before his own death.
Herod’s Death
•	Occurred in 4 BC
•	Brought some relief to the people.
•	He died from a chronic and painful ______________________, disease.  
•	He was buried in the______________________,.
Herod’s Successors
•	Herod ______________________,
He was the oldest of Herod’s sons.
He was made Ethanarch of______________________,, Samaria, and Idumea.
He ruled 4 BC to AD 6
He is referred to in Matthew ______________________,
2. Philip
He is not to be confused with Herod Philip who was the son of Herod the Great and Mariamne and the first husband of ______________________, (See Mt 14:3; Mk 6:17 and Lk 3:19)
This Philip was the son of Herod the Great and ______________________, of Jerusalem. He was the Tetrarch of area north and east of the Sea of Galilee. He ruled 4 BC to AD 34 and found in Lk______________________,.
3. Herod ______________________,
The youngest son of Herod the Great and second husband to______________________,. 
He was the Tetrarch of ______________________, and Perea.
He ruled from 4 BC to AD 39
Mt 14:1-11; Mk 614-29; Lk 3:1, 19; 13:31-33, 23:7-12 mention him.
Herod ______________________, I
Is the ______________________, of Herod the Great
He was King of Judea from AD 37 to 44 and
Is mentioned in Acts ______________________,
Herod ______________________, II
Is the ______________________, ______________________, of Herod the Great
He ruled from AD 44-100 and became King in AD 48.
He was the Tetrarch and King of______________________,.
He is found in Acts ______________________,
The Governors of Israel
•	were generally not popular
•	many remained in office less than three years
•	Valerius ______________________, (AD 15-26) was disliked for his interference with the succession of the priesthood by appointing one of his own candidates
Pontius Pilate  AD 26-36
•	the successor to Gratus
•	perhaps the best known ______________________, because of connection to trial and death of Jesus
•	initially offended the Jews by insisting that the troops carry banners into Jerusalem bearing the image of the emperor
•	Jews protested loudly and violently
•	______________________, yielded when he saw that only bloodshed would be the end of it
Pilate was removed from office in AD 36
•	because he was embroiled in a dispute with the Samaritans
•	______________________, replaced him
Caligula’s orders brought a new crisis
•	His order to erect a statute of himself in the temple at Jerusalem created new tensions
•	______________________,, the Legate of Syria, was commanded to carry out the order
•	He postponed the action and avoided a religious war when ______________________, died in AD 41
The Population and Rome
•	throughout the entire Roman period, there was unrest in Israel
•	local outbursts of armed resistance was frequent
•	the party of______________________,, who were stronger in the rural areas and in highlands of______________________,, openly advocated a holy war on Rome
•	this hatred was increased by the occasional clashes with Rome
The Later Procurators
•	M. Antonius Felix and ______________________, ______________________,
•	are mentioned in Acts in connection with Paul
•	Acts 23:24-24:27 and Acts 25:1-26:32
Felix’s Reign
•	Under Felix’ regime the latent hostility of Jews against Rome began to crystallize 
•	______________________, records an Egyptian Jew who gathered a group of supporters by promising to make the walls of Jerusalem fall at his word.
•	______________________, soldiers dispersed  them and made the would-be leader flee 
•	constant turmoil was his legacy
Porcius Festus
•	the successor of ______________________,
•	seems to be an honest man and a conscientious administrator
•	He died in office after ______________________, years
Political situtations worsens
•	Between the death of  Festus and the Roman Rebellion in AD ______________________,
•	conditions worsened
•	The high priests were oppressive
•	the Gentile population of ______________________, went out of their way to provoke the ire of the Jewish population
•	______________________, plundered the Temple treasury
The Rebellion
•	Nero appointed ______________________, as commander of the Roman forces in Judea
•	In AD ______________________, he gathered an army of 60,000 men and headed toward Jerusalem
•	In the meantime, John of______________________,, a leader of the zealotss entered Jerusalem
•	The city was in civil war
Vespasion
•	used the opportunity to seize______________________,, Judea, and Idumea
•	He was about to seize the city when he heard that Nero died and was summoned back to Rome to become emperor
•	He left his son, ______________________,, in charge of the operations
•	He went to ______________________, and on to Rome arriving In AD 70
Titus
•	finds within Jerusalem John of Gishala had been joined by another zealot, Simon Bar-______________________,, and Elezaor, son of Simon
•	The three fight among themselves
•	their followers fought each other with savagery
•	In AD 70 ______________________, tightened the noose around Jerusalem
The Seize
•	Jerusalem was weakened by famine and internal strife
•	The city fell in ______________________, ______________________, when the walls were breached and the gates were burned
•	Contrary to Titus’ orders the ______________________, was burned, the population was massacred or sold into slavery.  
•	The city was razed to the ground
The Nation
•	perished ______________________,
•	but flourished as a religion
•	In AD 90 Jonathan Ben Zakkai, a Jewish teacher, opened at ______________________, a school for the study of the Law
•	With him others studied, ______________________, by creed, who kept alive the observances of their faith
The Priesthood and Sacrifices
•	now ______________________,
•	the teachers of the law persisted
•	substituting good works and study for the ______________________, that no longer had an altar