THE BOOKS AND THE PARCHMENTS
THE MAKING OF ANCIENT BOOKS
AN INTRODUCTION
•	The invention of the printing press in the ___________century changed the way that the scriptures were copied.
The Materials of Ancient Books
•	________________is the study of ancient books.
•	Various materials were used to receive writing:
•	clay tablets
•	________________	   various metals
•	bone                            potsherds or ostraca
•	wood                           ____________________
•	leather                         parchment
The Bible
•	was mainly written on two kinds of materials

•	1) _____________________

•	2) _____________________
PAPYRUS
•	Manufacturing of papyrus flourished in __________because the plant grew plentifully in the___________________.
•	Job 8:11 - Can papyrus grow where there is no marsh?
PAPYRUS
•	The plants grew to reach _________or _________feet tall
•	the stem of the plant which was triangular in cross-section and as thick as a man’s wrist
•	was cut into sections about a _____________in length
The making of Papyrus
•	Each section was split open lengthwise and the pith cut into thin strips
•	A layer of these were placed on a flat surface, all fibers running in the ___________direction
•	on top of these was another layer running at __________angles to the lower layer.
•	Then the two layers were pressed together until they formed one layer
•	the fabric formed became so _______________over time that sometimes it crumbles into powder
PARCHMENT
•	also referred to as _______________by some writers
•	but precisely, vellum describes a finer, superior ________________of parchment and
•	was made from the hides of cattle, ________________, goats, and antelopes,
•	especially from the young of these animals
The Process of Making Parchment

•	after the _______________was removed by scraping
•	the skins were washed,  smoothed with___________________, and 
•	dressed with ______________________

The Manufacture of Payrus
•	Pliny the ______________(Natural History 13.21f.) relates that King Eumenes of ___________________in Asia Minor promoted the preparation and use of parchment
•	This ruler planned to found a library in his city which would rival the great library of ____________________
•	This did not please Ptolemy Epiphanes (205-182 BC)
•	who then put an embargo on the export of papyrus
The Results of the Embargo
•	this forced Eumenes to develop the process of making ______________
•	the truth is that parchment had been used before for writing materials, but
•	he probably refined the process
•	and the city of ___________________became famous for high quality and
•	most likely, began to export it
Deluxe Editions
•	St. ______________describes some magnificent editions of the Bible that were made on vellum dyed a deep purple and written with _________and ______________inks.
•	He opposed such extravagance 
•	Ordinary editions were written with _____________or brown ink
•	and had decorative headings and initial letters colored with blue or yellow or (most often) red ink - whence the word “________________”,  from ruber, the Latin for “red”.
Parchment
•	continued to be used until the late ____________________Ages
•	paper made of cotton, hemp, or flax, 
•	having been introduced into Europe 
•	from _____________ by _____________________traders, became popular and 
•	supplanted other writing materials.
The Pen 
•	The pen was a ________________
•	3 John ____________says that the Elder was unwilling to communicate by pen and ink.
•	The reed was pointed at the end.

The Ink
•	The ink was compound of____________________, gum, and water.
•	The Greek word is melan, the word for____________________.

Temporary Notes
•	Wax and metal _______________or stiletto on a wax tablet
•	a flat piece of __________________covered with a film of wax.
•	The writing could be erased by using the end of the stiletto
Ostraca
•	This is unglazed ___________________or pieces of pottery
•	it took ink very easily
•	Great numbers of these inscribed ______________________or ostraca are found in Israel and Egypt

Tablets of Clay
•	The clay was soft and a sharp instrument would be used to press the letters onto the tablets 
•	The tablets would then be baked hard
•	quantities are found from the kingdoms of_________________, Assyria, Persia, Syria, Asia Minor, and _____________________
Clay Tablets
•	the normal name for the printing style is ______________________because of the typical wedge shapes of  the letters
•	were very durable, but created some problems
•	too _________________to carry around and 
•	_____________________was terribly inconvenient
•	_______________________was easy to carry, but was not durable

THE FORMS OF ANCIENT BOOKS
•	The Greco-Roman world produced literary works on ____________
•	made of parchment or papyrus normally
•	The separate sheets of parchment or papyrus were glued together
•	side by side and 
•	then, wound around a long stick, thus
•	producing a volume (__________________, “something rolled up” in Latin)
The Length of Scrolls
•	a papyrus scroll was limited by considerations of __________________in handling the roll
•	the normal Greek literary roll seldom exceeded _________feet in length
•	ancient authors would divide a long literary work into several books
•	each which could be accommodated in one roll
The Two Longest Rolls
•	in the New Testament are
•	1) the Gospel of ______________and the Book of ___________
•	each would have filled an ordinary papyrus roll of _________or _____________feet
•	Therefore, Luke - Acts was issued in two volumes rather than one

The Arrangement of Writing
•	A series of columns were arranged across the page, 
•	ran parallel to the stick on which the roll was wound, varied, according to the height of the papyrus.
•	Sometimes it was written on _____________sides, but not often =
•	__________________________

The Use of the Codex Form
•	early Christians learned that rolls were difficult to transport and use
•	In the early _________________century (perhaps at the end of the first century)
•	The__________________, or -______________________ of book came into extensive use in the Church
•	The scroll form was difficult to use and to find passages for reference

The Codex Form
•	was made by folding one or more sheets of papyrus in the ___________________and sewing them together
Advantages for Christians
•	1. It permitted all four ___________________to be placed together
•	2. It allowed all of ______________________in one place
•	3. It facilitated the consultation of proof texts
•	4. It was better suited to receiving writing on both sides of the page
•	5. It may even be true that the __________________Christians chose this form to differentiate their scriptures from that of the __________________people.
The Two Oldest Parchment Manuscripts
•	in existence today are named
•	1. Codex ____________________and
•	2. Codex ____________________
•	and may have been part of an order given by ______________________in AD 331
•	when he wrote to Eusebius requesting ___________manuscripts be prepared without delay for the new churches he wanted to build in Constantinople
•	Eusebius referred to ________fold and _____________fold columns which is true of these two manuscripts
YET
•	the most that can be said with certainty about these two
•	they are codices _____________those that Constatine ordered Eusebius to have copied

ANCIENT SCRIBES AND THEIR WORK
•	Backbreaking, tiring, dark rooms with poor lighting often
•	Made own papyrus and prepared own ink before writing
•	Often by one person reading and the others writing, therefore, errors in hearing and/or spelling could happen (sea or see?)