George Hickmott, son of Thomas "Coxe" Hickmott and Thirza (nee Smith) was born in Lamberhurst, Kent according to the 1851 Census. His birth took place around 1846, as he was noted to be five years of age, but there is no record of a birth certificate despite the requirement to register a birth, death or marriage having become law on 1 July 1837. In fact none of George’s siblings were officially registered. This could be due to the fact that both Thomas and Thirza were illiterate, or because they simply did not have the time,or transport to attend the nearest offices of registration in Tunbridge Wells, or Cranbrook.
Registration of births was free for the first six weeks after birth. After the 42nd day, a fee of seven shillings and sixpence (7/6d) was imposed. As the average wage for a “worker” was around one shilling and six pence, this may also be the reason for non-registration and until 1875, when it became compulsory; there was no penalty for failure to register births.
The Archivist at the church at Lamberhurst searched the Parish registers, which were later than the records of the LDS films, and found that George was baptised on 3rd May, 1846 by the Vicar, R. Hawkins, with the parents noted to be “George” and Thirza. This is an obvious error, perhaps an absent minded Vicar, or Parish clerk, or maybe Thomas and Thirza were not regular churchgoers and relatively unknown to him.
George was born in changing times. Thomas and Thirza had lived their entire lives in Lamberhurst, but soon after George’s birth the family moved to nearby Brenchley, a move of some eight miles but a new beginning and a change of Parish for them.
At his marriage to Clarissa Rose on 13th July 1867, at Brenchley, George was working as a “Labourer” as was his father Thomas. Thomas was an “Agricultural Labourer” all his life, so it seems likely that George also worked on the local farms in the area, many of which grew hops and fruit. George’s age at this time is given as 21 years, a Batchelor residing in Brenchley.
Clarissa Rose was aged 20 years, a Spinster also residing in Brenchley and the daughter of George Rose, who is also noted to be a “Labourer”. Her mother was Sarah Evenden, though English Certificates regard this of little consequence and do not note the fact.
The Hickmott Centennial booklet covering 1875-1975 mentions that Clarissa was thought to have made a “poor match” when she became Mrs. Hickmott but as one of eleven children and a father who was himself still one of the “workers”, I doubt that there was much difference in their upbringing. Clarissa’s grandfather, also George Rose, was indeed a respected farmer in the area and held sizable land holdings but then it is my assumption that George Hickmott’s grandfather, Russell Hickmott, was also a man of property and some standing in the community. Both George and Clarissa were educated and able to sign their marriage certificate neatly and legibly.
It is a known fact that George was educated, unlike his parents, for after the marriage the couple moved to London and George joined the Metropolitan Police Service on 27th January 1868, becoming a Police Constable. He was issued with warrant number 49313. On 24th October 1868 he was advanced to 3rd Class Constable and then to 2nd Class Constable on 10th December 1870. It seems those early years were ones in which he enjoyed his profession and worked well. One other fact that his police service tells us is that he was over 5ft 7 inches, which was another requirement (beside education) for the Police Force. It appears that George’s entire service was on ‘M’ Division, which covered the Southwark area of London.
On 3rd July 1868 their first child, Thomas, was born at 30 Warner Street, St George the Martyr, Southwark and their second child, George, was born at 14 St. Stephens Square, Southwark, on 12th September 1870.
On 7th September 1872 in the Police Orders it is noted that PC80 HICKMOTT of ‘M’ Division was fined 5s. (five shillings) and severely reprimanded and cautioned, with the Superintendent to report in a month on his conduct. There is no indication of the misdemeanor unfortunately.
At that time in ‘M’ Division there were 6 Detectives, 56 1st Class, 107 2nd Class, 79 3rd Class and 43 4th Class Constables. This as well as 1 Detective Chief Inspector, 6 1st Class and 1 2nd Class Inspectors, 6 Detectives, Station, and Divisional Clerks, 6 1st Class and 18 2nd Class Sergeants.
Something happened after his rebuke; whether it was disillusionment, personality conflict with superiors or just loss of interest in his profession, but the Police Orders of the 30th November, 1872 show that PC80 HICKMOTT of ‘M’ Division resigned, paid up to 29th. He was issued with a No. 4 Certificate “which indicated that his service record was poor” according to the researcher of the Records Management Branch, of Metropolitan Police Service. (1. Excellent; 2. Very Good; 3. Good; 4. Open, i.e. no comment).
When John Charles Hickmott was born in 1873, George was then working in a hopware house. John Charles was registered at St. Saviour in the County of Surrey.
On 4th March 1875, George, Clarissa and their three children left Gravesend and sailed on the Hannibal for New Zealand.
It has been suggested that they left England because of “family differences”, but it seems more likely that George was suffering from restlessness after his period in the Police Force, wanting to get away from the region to start afresh and with others from the areas in which he grew up moving out to the Colonies to make their fortunes, he was probably imbued with the same desire. It would have been with hope and optimism, as well as a sense of “new beginnings” that the family embarked on their adventures. A description of their journey, taken from the Colonist , Nelson Thursday 10th June 1875 reads:
“The iron ship Hannibal 1191 tons classed at Lloyd’s A.A. with Star Capt. Brown after a very successful voyage of 92 days from Port to Port, 81 days land to land.
On Tuesday evening she sighted from the Pilot Station, and yesterday morning the P.S. Charles Edward, with Health Officer, the Immigration Officer, the Provincial Secretary and the representative of the Journal on board proceeded down the bay and towed her to the anchorage. Capt. Brown reports leaving Gravesend on the 9th March 1875 and was towed to the Downs, passed through the Downs on the 13th March and then discharged her pilot off the Lizard on the 16th March. This was the last land sighted.
Light variable winds which lasted to the meridian of the Cape, which she passed on the 49th day after leaving the Lizard, then strong winds, rounded Tasmania on the 30th May and made Cape Farewell on the 5th June but adverse winds prevented her making the anchorage till yesterday, the 9th June.
Dr. Russell seems to have had his hands full, no less than five cases of scarlatina; ten of gastric fever, one death, one washed overboard, four births. They spoke very highly of the Doctor.
She sailed with 209 and landed with 211 ½”.
On Saturday June 12th they put in the paper a Testimonial to Capt. Brown of the ship Hannibal.
In September 1946, son Thomas was interviewed by the local paper and extracts of his memories of the journey are:
“they were days of hardship and peril……… For the most part the voyage was pleasant enough. The ship was divided into cabins, in each of which there were 100 berths. Naturally there was not a great deal of space for the passengers but they worked out a routine that was the best that could be achieved in the circumstances. A violent storm was experienced on the voyage and the passengers were battened down below for two days and there were times when the whole ship’s company was convinced the vessel would not survive the fearful buffeting. The bulwarks were washed away and pig pens on deck disappeared with their contents.
“If they don’t shorten sail we’ll be in Davy Jones locker” someone said. “If they shorten it we’ll be in Nelson in 10 days.” Whether or not they shortened sail the ship rode out the storm and the passengers began to reckon up their experiences and the damage. A boy passenger was missing. He was never found. It was surmised he must have contrived to get on deck even with the people battened down and that he must have been washed overboard. Every inch of the ship was searched before this conclusion was arrived at. A yard-arm had come down in the storm and piercing the deck, had crashed into the large cabin where Mr. Hickmott was but no one was hurt.
On arrival at Nelson, the passengers who did not have pre-arranged destinations went to live at the barracks in Waimea Road while the heads of the families looked about for jobs. This building was near a creek and on the banks there was watercress. To people who had been cooped up in a tiny sailing vessel for 90 days this weed was a luxury and great quantities of it were consumed by the new arrivals.
After ten days Mr. Hickmott Snr., having found an employer, set off for Motueka”.
The family arrived in Motueka, spending their first night on the third floor of the “Sportsmans Arms” Hotel, on the present site of the Post Office Hotel, before establishing themselves in a small cottage on the western side of High Street, close to the centre of the township. It was at this cottage that their fourth child, William, was born in the spring of 1875. They eventually moved to a larger house in Queen Victoria Street. It is thought that George found his first employment at Waiwhero.
The two eldest boys, Tom and George, commenced their school days in Motueka, prior to the family moving to a new house on the corner of Greentree Road and Riwaka School Road.
Further memories of Tom’s:
“Of the settling-in process he does not recall a great deal, except that it was a time of great excitement, with so many new things to look at and so many places for inquisitive little boys to go. Schooling had to be attended to so Thomas was committed to the care of Frederick Bisley, headmaster of the Motueka School.... There was not the continuity of schooling in those days as is now the case and boys were often taken from school to help in the picking of hops and in the planting and digging of potatoes. Wages were poor and families took up a lot of money. In those days there were families, not twos and threes, but real families of seven, ten and more. Money was needed all the time and the boys were put to all sorts of work at all seasons of the year in an endeavour to balance the domestic budget.”
The family lived here for 18 years. George worked navvying and bush felling during the off-periods of the year and used his skills in the field of hop drying during the summer for the pioneering hop growing families of the Riwaka district. It was in the Green Tree Road home that the remainders of his family were born. When William was three, Alice, the first daughter was born, followed by Louisa in 1880, Horace in 1882, Clara in 1884, Elsie in 1886 and Charles, in 1888. Ten children in all, each of them attending the Riwaka School.
With the four eldest boys maturing, they were able to join their father in fulfilling the purpose of their New Zealand existence, achieving a farm property of their own. This is something that would not have been possible, had they stayed back in England. They moved to an area in Collingwood covered mainly by virgin bush.
The Golden Bay Argus, of Friday October 5th 1894 reported "The ketch "Felicity" arrived in port on Wednesday morning, bringing from Riwaka the furniture and effects of Mr. G. Hickmott who intends settling with his family on his selection at Kaituna".
Jack (John) gave up his sea-going career to help the family develop this property at the Kaituna River, but the first priority was the provision of a home, so it was a case of all available hands to the saws, cutting the timber, pit sawing it and building the homestead.
Although since demolished, this building provided some materials for the second homestead built some years later, a tribute to the work of the family, who endured difficulties not only in the provision of the timber for the construction, but also in the cartage of bricks and roofing iron, which had to be transported across the Kaituna River on the men’s backs, then by packhorses to the building site. This then was the house that Tom, George, Bill and Jack built while continuing to fell the bush on the 108 acre property, developing their farming enterprise and associating themselves very strongly with the newly founded dairying industry of the area, as well as trying their hands at hop growing on poles.
During the developmental stages on the farm it was necessary for the boys to supplement the income by engaging in contract work away from the property and to accomplish this they contracted for the Collingwood and Takaka County Councils. Their teams gravelled roads, put in culverts, made cuttings, built and repaired bridges and cleaned ditches. Then, when the summer season was over, they put all their resources into further development of their own property.
More of the life of George can be learnt through reports by the Golden Bay Argus:
Friday, November 16th 1894: "Collingwood Road Board minutes noted that George Hickmott would contribute portion of the cost of a crate, 30 ft long, 12ft high and 18 ft at the base, cost £25 approximately, as flood protection on the Kaituna River."
Friday, 5th April 1895, on a Collingwood Road Board meeting: "Mr. Hickmott attended re the material for wire bridge at Kaituna. He pressed the importance of constructing this bridge upon the board, as nine children were prevented from attending school through the want of it." The matter was held over for one month.
July 4th 1895: "Messrs H. Skilton and Hickmott again attended in reference to the footbridge over the Kaituna, asking when the ironwork would be ready and suggesting that the bridge be made longer than originally intended. Resolved the bridge be made 30 ft longer and Mr. Hickmott offered to pay half of gravel costs of gravelling Kaituna Road. Board didn't have enough funds."
25th April 1901:” Mr. G. Hickmott Senior, an experienced dryer, turned out a marketable article, well-grown, clean, bright-coloured and attractive. He had a crop of four bales this season.” (They are talking of hops!) George brought with him “considerable expertise in hop-growing and processing, which he had done first in ‘Surrey’ England and then at Riwaka.” This should have read Kent - not Surrey.
April 7th 1910: "Collingwood County Council Meeting; Mr G. Hickmott attended asking for repairs to road alongside river at Lower Kaituna. Resolved that one team (of horses) and one man be put on for two days".
May 12th 1910: "Collingwood County Council; Supply 250 yards of gravel on Main Road Rockville, Hickmott Bros. £45.2s.6d”
June 9th 1910. “Mr. G. Hickmott attended meeting 6th June to say that he was disposing of his property at Kaituna and wanted some written agreement as to right-of-way through the property to the suspension bridge over Kaituna Bridge about which a verbal understanding existed. Resolved that an agreement be drawn up charging a nominal rental of 1/- (one shilling) per year for the privilege."
On 7th August 1909, the Central Aorere Rifle Club celebrated its opening day and the group photograph shows George, looking robust and proudly holding his rifle. Targets were made of painted calico.
4 November 1909. “The newly formed Rifle Club was open to inspection by Capt. Colclough on Friday last, 29th instant, when the Corps was mustered in Grant’s paddock….. Subsequently the men went to the range and indulged in firing practice, some really good scores being put up”
April 14 1910: “ Aorere Defence Rifle Club; President, Mr. George Hickmott.”
So George’s life was not all work! There was also participation in varying social events, one of these being a Kaituna School tea party at the Kaituna Hall, near the school on Pah Road in 1905. A group photograph of the 1905 event includes George and names some of his family present.
There are wonderful photos in the book Collingwood to the Heaphy Track by Carol Dawber and some of these show George and family at work and play. Page 48 pictures a haymaking scene on the Hickmott farm, using a grab to lift hay from the horse drawn sledge, onto the haystack. Haymaking in those times was a community affair, with family and neighbours assisting. Other photos show the Hickmott Brothers participating in wood chopping events and in later years (1919) the visit of English relatives, which include Ford and Studebaker cars, showing that the Hickmott family were moving with the times.
Little has been said of Clarissa during this time, but the lot of pioneering women was not an easy one and with ten children to raise in conditions we would consider as somewhat primitive today, her life would have been one of industry from dusk to dawn, keeping the family fed, clothed and the home in some semblance of cleanliness and tidiness.
The strenuous years of establishing and encouraging the family had not been easy on Clarissa and after a period of ill-health, she returned from Nelson Hospital to Takaka, to stay with her eldest son, Tom. She travelled by the vessel Wairoa, landing at the Waitapu Wharf on 25th June 1907 and was taken to Tom’s home in Commercial Street, Takaka. However, that night at the age of 59 years, she passed away. Her death certificate shows cause of death as “Morbus Cordis Coma,” with a duration of her last illness as 6 years, as testified by Dr. Noble R. Adams, who last attended her on 25th June 1907. She was buried at Collingwood, the Rev. F. Quintrell, of the Church of England conducting the service. Her father was noted to be a Surveyor.
The Golden Bay Argus of Thursday, 27th June 1907 ran this obituary:
“It is our painful duty to also record the death of Mrs. G. Hickmott, Senior, wife of Mr. G. Hickmott, the well known settler of Kaituna, which occurred at the residence of her son Thomas, at Takaka on Tuesday afternoon. The cause of death was pleurisy, and the illness was of short duration. The deceased lady was the mother of a large family of worthy sons and daughters, most of whom are married and settled in this, the Takaka and Motueka districts, and with sympathy will be felt by a large circle of friends. The funeral took place this afternoon at the new Cemetery, the body having been brought to Collingwood by steamer last night”
It appears that the family thought that the pain she was suffering in her chest was pleurisy, but the death certificate states that she had been suffering from heart problems for some years.
Because we have been researching the name Hickmott, it has been the male lines that have been emphasized. However, we cannot overlook the female nurturing, because the large families they bore and the hardships they endured while following their respective husbands in their endeavors must earn our respect. The men could not have achieved what they did, without the effort put in also by the wives in the background. The descendants scattered around the world would not have been here without each and every mother!
Mention is made of the blue eyes and light-colored hair of many of the Hickmott descendants, yet George in his police uniform looks decidedly dark haired, as are the majority of the Hickmott male convicts who were transported to Australia. Most of them also had hazel eyes, with only one of them blue eyed. It is not necessarily through the Hickmott genes that the blue eyes and lighter hair was passed on. Clarissa undoubtedly contributed her own characteristics to her family, as would her parents and theirs before them. We are all a blend of the ancestors from whom we descend, both male and female.
In the later years of George’s life, he lived alone in a three-roomed cottage he built for himself at the side of the road at Aorere, having sold the farm to Jack.
Here he found life enjoyable by travelling to Riwaka each year, helping members of the family in their hop drying, making baskets from supple jacks and native vines, mainly for family use and re-living his earlier experiences in the English police force and the vicissitudes of the family in New Zealand. He had keen interests in music, fishing and sporting activities and true to family heritage, enjoyed his regular pint of ale.
The story is told of George’s three sons William, Jack and Charles, collecting their father’s body from Nelson. The coffin was strapped to the side of the car, then they travelled back to William’s place in Riwaka where they were to stay the night. It was while the sons were drinking to their late father that William’s wife, Dessie, said “I do hope you have put the car in the shed, as he might get cold out there!” Next day they continued their journey to Collingwood for the funeral.
Ellis Hickmott, grandson of George remembers:
“Granddad used to come from Collingwood and stay for about a week during the hop-picking season at our farm in Riwaka. I remember he made a lot of baskets, probably out of supple jack. He made clothes baskets and shopping baskets, they were extremely long lasting. Our family had a shopping basket that was passed to my sister Rita; it may still be around somewhere.
When I was a child, our family used to go over to Collingwood and stay at the Kaituna farm with Uncle Jack, Aunt Alice and their children. Granddad lived in a cottage before you got to the farm. We used to stop at Granddad’s first. Mum and the kids would be sitting in the car, while Dad and Granddad were talking and having a drink, sometimes for up to an hour! We kids became very impatient, as we wanted to get to the farm to see our Hickmott cousins!
Granddad died in Nelson Hospital in 1926. In those days it took two days to travel between Nelson and Collingwood. Uncle Jack went over to get Granddad’s body in his Dodge open tour car. Granddad’s coffin fitted inside the car from front to back. They travelled to Riwaka and stayed the night at our place before continuing the journey to Collingwood. I was only 12 at the time and I remember thinking it was awful having a dead man in the car outside!”
Granddaughters Grace Solly and Ella Flowers recall:
Grace: “ When I was a girl, Granddad would come to our farm at Kaituna and we would help him to collect supple jacks from the bush on our farm, Granddad used to make baskets. I used to sit and watch him. I think I must have learnt something, as I used to make baskets myself in later years.” Ella still has a supple jack basket made for her by Granddad George. “He made it for me in the 1920’s, when I was in my teens. I use it as my peg basket.”
Grace continues - “Granddad made a very nice pudding called a Well Pudding. He would make it for us at our place” Ella recalls the Well Pudding also. “A stoneware basin was lined with suet pastry and then the middle was filled with a syrup mixture made of butter and sugar. Then more pastry was put on top”. Grace remembers that it was steamed and lovely to eat.
Ella and her brother Jack would walk to visit Granddad George in the school holidays. “We loved to go down there.” They would walk through the paddocks and have lunch with him. Often smoked fish would be on the menu. “He was a real gentleman, he never tried to cuddle you, like some old men tried to do!”
The memories of Mavis Riley, also a granddaughter, are a little different.
“When I was in my youth, children were not encouraged to ask questions - a fact which I have regretted very much as I have grown older. However, I do remember, on different occasions and sometimes quite unknowingly, Dad (Charles) would mention something of his childhood life with George and Clarissa.
It is mentioned, in the Hickmott Centennial booklet (page 13) the arrival of the family in Motueka in order for George to find work. George’s possible first employment was thought to be in the area known as Waiwhero. At that time, that area was very swampy and Dad told me his father helped dig a big ditch or drain to dry out the swamp. That drain became part of what we now know as the Lower Moutere Stream, which flows alongside the Upper Moutere to Motueka Highway in places.
Fishing played a big part in George’s life in later years on a recreational basis, especially after some members of the family became established in the Collingwood area and transport became easier. In the 1920’s, when the tides suited at either the Pakawau or Parapara beaches several miles away, weekends would often be spent fishing with a long net. One end would be anchored to the shore by 2 or 3 men whilst the rest of the net was baled out from the back of a small wooden boat being rowed out to sea and then in a semi-circle back to shore a short distance along the beach. By this time, the full extent of the net would be used and then it would be all hands divided into two groups to haul the net in hopefully with some fish. Meanwhile it was always George’s job to have a bonfire prepared and burning, and potatoes peeled or scrubbed ready in a large cooking boiler. When the first fish was caught, scaled and cleaned, usually a large schnapper, it was placed on the potatoes and all cooked for lunch in a little salt water.
George always carried a small flask with him on fishing expeditions. On one such occasion, Charlie was injured by a Stingray when trying to untangle it from the net. Stingrays have a lethal barbed end to their long tail and when opportunity offers, flip their tail with a strong swift movement. In Charlie’s experience, its tail pierced his left hand between the palm and his wrist. George’s quick thinking by filling the wound with whisky undoubtedly prevented the wound bring possible unfortunate results.
I was only 6 years of age when George died and sadly my memories of him are of a very old man with a white beard living on his own in his cottage who didn’t tolerate young children. We were always sent outside to play when our mother visited him, taking a basket of goodies, such as jam and small cakes for his enjoyment.”
Tom Hickmott, his great-grandson adds: -
“I have the impression that some of the younger grandchildren found him a bit old and grumpy!! I think the boys on the farm used to brew their own beer, but the old chap had a propensity to drink “Square Gin”, which later generations carried on to a greater, or lesser degree!”
Now this “grumpiness” is not necessarily the character of George in his younger years. It is now recognized that many men in older age tend to get a bit impatient and short tempered, due to the shrinkage of the brain. With no female influence to temper his behaviour, past frustrations, possible regrets, as well as a selfishness that grows from living alone, it makes the intolerance of an elderly man, unable to relate easily to young children, more understandable. Ella’s recollections of him as a “real gentleman” and “she loved to go there” show him in a different light and no doubt he was a man with differing personalities, to various members of several different generations.
The memories of Viola Farrell , second daughter of Charles add further colour to this personality. She was four years of age when he died.
“I remember he had a very long, scruffy beard and drank tea from enamel mugs. He was a very big man (to her). I believe Jack Carter used to cut Granddad’s hair. His shanty had a bedroom, a living room and you went down a step to the kitchen, where he washed up. The walls were papered with shiny pictures from the "Auckland Weekly", later called the "Weekly News". When we visited we went inside but always had to keep quiet. He used to get books sent over from England. I remember they had a yellow cover. He used to get them every week. We children enjoyed looking at the pictures when he sent them over for Dad.
His was the first funeral I ever went to. I remember looking down into this big, black hole wondering where the coffin was going.”
Perhaps George Hickmott epitomized his own character when one year before his death he wrote in his grand-daughter Rita’s autograph book:
It was George’s lifetime ambition, so we are told, to live to 80, his number as a police officer, which tells us that this period of his life did make it’s mark on him in some way. Without this period of service, which ended somewhat unsatisfactorily, perhaps he would not have experienced the desire to “get away from it all and begin anew”. He lived until 28th July 1926 and his death certificate establishes him as 81 years, though in fact he would have been 80 years, so he achieved his ambition.
The cause of his death is given as “(a) Senile enlargement of Prostate; (b) Haemorrhage from bladder; (c.) Exhaustion, with the duration of the illness noted as (a) 10 years, (b) 7days and (c.) 3 days as certified by his medical attendant, Trevor G. Le Clivehowe, who last saw him the day he died. His occupation at the time was Farmer and he was survived by his 10 children who were then aged (males) 57,55, 53, 51, 44 and 40 years and (females) 48, 46, 42, and 38 years. He was buried at Collingwood on 30th July 1926, the Rev. Wm. Berry, Presbyterian Minister presiding over the service. J.W. Bradbury of Nelson was the Undertaker and informant.
The Nelson Evening Mail carried the following death notice:
“HICKMOTT - at Nelson Public Hospital, Nelson on July 28th 1926, George, relic of the late Clarice Hickmott: age 81 (late of Collingwood.)”
So ended the life of George Hickmott, early pioneer of New Zealand, father of a large family, forebear of many descendants now scattered in many countries. He took a gamble, departing from England, with his wife and young family and settled in New Zealand. In doing so, he opened up lifestyles for his family that they would never have achieved in England. Farmers, businessmen, landowners, respected in industry and commerce, the Hickmott family and their descendants have thrived and grown, adapting to their new environment, taking advantage of the opportunities the young Colony offered and not afraid of working hard to achieve their aims.
Who knows - if George had been happy and successful in his Police career in London - perhaps the family would now be living different lives! In retrospect we can see the larger vistas and recognize the way in which the life is shaped and enriched by change!
Let us not judge him by his eccentricities, but admire him for the achievements he and his large family have accomplished.
Compiled by
Dawn Miles
Hervey Bay, Qld, Australia.
22nd November 2001
Hickmott Centennial 1875-1975 booklet
Golden Bay Argus
Collingwood to the Heaphy Track by Carol Dawber ISBN 0-9598041-7-X Pub. River Press, Picton
Memories of Viola Farrell, Mavis Riley, Ellis Hickmott, Grace Solly, Ella Flowers, Thomas Hickmott (2)
The Metropolitan Police Records Branch
Death Certificates
To Kay Woolf - thank you for the hours of research in the Golden Bay Argus