Germany Timeline

GERMANY TIMELINE

800
Charlemagne was crowned emperor in Rome.
814
Charlemagne died in Aachen.
843
Charlemagne's grandchildren divided the empire. Lothar received the central area, Charles the Bold received the western area, and Ludwig got German and eastern territories.
870
The duchies of Franconia, Saxony, Bavaria and Swabia formed.
Around 900
Lorraine formed.
911
The Conrad of Franconia became King of Germany.
919

Saxon Duke, Henry I became King.
Saxon dynasty ruled Germany until 1024.

955
Otto I defeated the Hungarians at Lechfeld near Augsburg.
962
Otto I was crowned Emperor in Rome and got recognized by Byzantium.
968
The archbishopric of Magdeburg as the center of the colonizing movement to the east was created.
1024 - 1255
Salian dynasty.
1075
The "investiture" dispute between the Emperor and the Pope began. One example is the fact that they could not agree on who had the right to appoint the bishops.
1096
The first Crusade began.
1122
The "investiture" dispute was finally settled by the concordat of Worms.
1138-1254
Hohenstaufen dynasty.
1180
Frederick I (Barbarossa) outlawed the Saxon Duke Henry the Lion.
1190
The Teutonic Order was founded in Akko. It dominated the vast territories along the Baltic Coast in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
1235
Emporer Frederick II proclaimed the Peace of Mainz, which was the first imperial law in the German language.
1256-1273
The Great Interregnum
1273

Rudolf of Hapsburng became King of Germany.
His power increased by his victory over King Ottocar II of Bohemia.

1293
Lübeck became the leading city of the Hanseatic League.
1348
The first German university in Prague was founded. Chales IV made it the permanent capital of the empire.
1348 - 1352
The Plague (or "black death") was going around.
1356
The Golden Bull made rules to elect the King and was to be elected in Frankfurt and crowned in Aachen.
1370
Victory of the Hanseatic League over the Danes.
1400
King Wenceslas was removed from the throne by the electors on account of his incapacity.
1417
The Hohenzollern Frederick I, burgrave of Nuremberg, became elector of Brandenburg.
1452
The last coronation of a German emperor in Rome who was Frederick III.
1493
The peasants' uprising on the upper Rhine.
1495
The proclamation of the "Eternal Peace" at the Diet of Worms.
1499
Switzerland seperated from the Empire.
1517

Luther proclaimed his 95 theses.
The Reformation began.

1522 - 1523
The uprising of the knights.
1524 - 1525
The Peasants' War began.
1529
The Turks laid siege to Vienna.
1546 - 1547
The Protestant princes was defeated by Emperor Charles V and the towns allied against him.
1555
The princes from this time forth determined the religion of their territories, which is called the Peace of Augsburg.
1618
The Thirty Years War began with a protest by Bohemian Protestants in Prague.
1648
The Thirty Years War ended with the Peace of Westphalia that concluded at Muenster and Osnabrueck.
1663 - 1806
The congress of representatives of the princes and towns of the empire took place, which is called the "permanent imperial diet" at Regensburg.
1683
The repulsion of the second Turkish attack on Vienna occurred.
1697
Prince August the Strong of Saxony became King of Poland.
1701
The elector Frederick III of Brandenburg crowned himself King Frederick I of Prussia in Koenigsberg.
1717
General compulsory education in Prussia was introduced.
1740 - 1742
THe first Silesian War between Prussia and Austria.
1744 - 1745
This was the second Silesian War.
1756 - 1763
The Seven-Year War was happening. Prussia was against Austria, France Russia, Sweden and most of the imperial electors.
1763
The peace of Hubertusburg has established the Dualism of Prussia and Austria.
1792
The beginning of the war against revolutionary France.
1803
Germany redistributed.
1806
The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation came to an end.
1807

Peace of Tilsit between France and Prussia.
The beginning of the Stein-Hardenberg reforms in Prussia.

1813 - 1815
Liberation wars against Napoleonic France.
1815

The German Confederation was founded.
Holy Alliance between Russia, Austria and Prussia to suppress liberal movements.

1834
The German Customs Union was founded.
1835
The first German railway between Nuremberg and Furth was made.
1848

Revolution in Germany.
Frankfurt National Assembly.
Dissolution of the Prussian National Assembly
A constitution was granted.

1849

Campaign for a constitution for the Reich
Uprisings in Saxony,k Breslau and Baden are violently repressed.
Three Kings' Alliance between Prussia, Saxony and Hanover.
The 'Erfurt Reich Constitution' based on the Prussian policy of union has passed.

1850

The Prussian Constitution was implemented.
The three-class electoral system in Prussia was introduced.

1861

The German Progress Party was founded.
Frederick William IV has died.
Accession to the throne of William I.

1862
Bismarck became the Prime Minister of Prussia.
1863
The General German Workers Association (predecessor of Social Democracy) in Leipzig under the leadership of Ferdinand Lasalle was founded.
1864
Prussian-Austrian victory over Denmark occurred.
1866

A war between Prussia and Austria formed.
The German Confederation was terminated.

1870 - 1871
The Franco-German War was formed.
1871
The German Empire with Bismarck as Reich Chancellor Coronation of Emperor William I in Versailles was founded.
1872 - 1880
Bismarck's "Kulturkampf" (cultural struggle) against the Catholic Church happened.
1878 - 1890
The Social Democrats (Anti-Socialist Act) was persecuted.
1882
The Tripartite alliance with Austria and Italy formed.
1883 - 1889
The enactment of progressive social security legislation formed.
1888

Kaiser William I and Frederick III died.
Accession to the throne of William II.

1890
Bismarck was dismissed.
1900
The Civil Code was formed.
1914
The outbreak of World War I has formed.
1918

The November revolution formed.
Truce.
A republic by the Social Democrat Scheidemann was declared.

1919

An election of a National Assembly in Weimar accured.
Friedrich Ebert elected Reich President.
The Peace Treaty of Versailles formed.

1923

Raging inflation.
Attempted coups by right-wing and left-wing radical groups.

1925
Hindenburg elected Reich President.
1926
Germany admitted to the League of Nations.
1933
Adolf Hitler became Reich Chancellor.
1935
Anti-Jewish "Nuremberg Laws" formed.
1938
Annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland formed.
1939

German-Soviet non-agression pact formed.
Germany attacked Poland, which started World War II.

1942
The Wannsee Conference occurred.
1945

Adolf Hitler committed suicide.
Unconditional surrender and occupation of Germany Potsdamn Conference on Germany occurred.

1946 - 1948
The German Länder (states) adopted the constitutions.
1948

The Allied administration has ended.
Separate currency reforms in East and West Germany has been formed.

1948 - 1949

The blockade of West Berlin by the Soviet Union has occurred.
The Berlin Airlift has been formed.

1949

The Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic Proclamation of the Basic Law (Consititution) of the Federal Republic of Germany was founded.
The election of the first Budestag has formed.
Theodor Heuss has become the Federal President (1949 - 1959).
Konrad Adenauer became Federal Chancellor (1949 - 1963).

1950 - 1971
Walter Ulbricht became the leader of the SED (Communist Party of East Germany).
1951
The Federal Republic of Germany has become a member of the Council of Europe and of the European Coal and Steel Community.
1953
The German Democratic Republic (GDR) has started to uprise.
1955
Accession of the Federal Republic of Germany to NATO and of the GDR to the Warsaw Pact has formed.
1957
The Saarland became a part of the Federal Republic of Germany.
1959 - 1969
Heinrich Lubke has become Federal President.
August 13th, 1961
At midnight that night, the East German Army has built barbed wire barriers along the borders to the wester part of Berlin to seperate Western Allies, France, Great Britian and the United States.
August 24th, 1961
A refugee was shot by the Volkspolizei (People's Police Force) for the first time.
June 23 - 26, 1963
John F. Kennedy has made a speech in Berlin.
1963 - 1966
Ludwig Erhard was Federal Chancellor.
1966 - 1969
Kurt Georg Kiesinger was Federal Chancellor (Grand Coalition of CDU/CSU and SPD).
1968
A student unrest and "extra-parliamentary opposition" in the Federal Republic of Germany occurres.
1969 - 1974
Willy Brandt becomes Federal Chancellor while Gustav Heinemann becomes Federal President.
1970

Four Power (Quadripartite - United States, Great Britain, France, and USSR) Agreement on Berlin occurres.
Chancellor Willy Brandt has received a Nobel Peace Prize.
Walter Ulbricht has been removed.
Erich Honecker has become the leader of the SED.

1972
The Basic Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR has been formed.
1973
East and West Germany become members of the United Nations.
1974 - 1979

Walter Scheel has become Federal President.
Helmut Schmidt has become Chancellor (1974 - 1982).
GDR deletes all references to the German nation from its constitution.

1976
Erich Honecker becomes Head of State of the GDR.
1977
Escalation of extreme left terrorism by the Red Army Faction in the Federal Republic of Germany has occurred.
1979 - 1984
Karl Carstens became Federal President.
1982

A vote of no-confidence against Chancellor Schmidt has come to place.
Helmut Kohl became Federal Chancellor (1992 - 1998).
CDU/CSU and FDP form government coalition.

1984
Richard von Weizsaecker became Federal President.
1987
Erich Honecker, Chairman of the Council of State of the GDR, made an official visit to the Federal Republic of Germany.
June 12, 1987
Ronald Reagan has challenged the Soviet Communist Party Cheif Gorbachev to open Brandenburg Gate and to tear down Berlin Wall.
1989

Richard von Weizsaecker was re-elected for Federal President.
Pressure by the East Germans for greater freedom and reform in the GDR has occurred.
Exodus of East Germans and mass deomstrations in GDR has formed.
There was a meeting between Chancellor Kohl and GDR Prime Minister Modrow in Dresden.

July 17, 1989
A tradition of peace has started with Leipzig residents.
October 7, 1989
Gorbachev has urged reform on GDR during his visit to the celebration of the anniversary of the founding of GDR.
November 4, 1989
More than 500,000 people has demanded free elections, freedom to travel, and democratic restructuring. Writers Christa Wolf, Stefan Heym, and Christoph Hein along with actress Steffi Spira was included with those people.
November 9, 1989
Günther Schübowski has told people that applications may be made for private travel abroad and that permits will be granted at short notice. Because of this, hundreds of East Berliners went to the border crossing points. That evening, the crossings opened. Berliners celebrated the fall of the Berlin Wall and their reunion.
November 10, 1989
Willy Brandt says that he was convinced that divisions that were made with barbed wire and death strips were against their history.
December 22, 1989
The Brandenburg Gate has finally opened.
February of 1990
The foreign ministers of the Four Powers and of the two German states begin formal talks ("Two-Plus-Four") on German unity.
March of 1990
The first three elections in the GDR has occurred.
May of 1990

A treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic has occurred.
A Monetary has been established.
An Economic and Social Union has been formed and was signed in Bonn.

July of 1990

The treaty has entered into the force.
A visit by Chancellor Kohl to the Soviet Union to reach an agreement with President Gorbachev that united Germany shall have full sovereignty.

August of 1990
The Unification Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR has signed in Berlin.
September of 1990
The "Two-Plus-Four Treaty" on the Final Settlement with respect to Germany has been signed by the United States, British, French, Soviet and two German foreign ministers in Moscow.
October of 1990

A document suspending the Four Powers rights was signed in New York.
The GDR accedes to the Federal Republic of Germany.
Berlin has become the capital of unified Germany.

October 3, 1990
Germany has reunited.
December of 1990
The first all-German elections to the Bundestag has occurred.
January of 1991
Bundestag has elected Helmut Kohl for Federal Chancellor of unified Germany.
March of 1991
The "Two-Plus-Four Treaty" has formally made Germany a sovereign state and has entered into the force.
June of 1991
Bundestag has decided to move the seat of government and parliament to Berlin.
1992
The Treaty on the European Union in Maastricht has been signed.
May of 1994
Roman Herzog has become Federal President (1994 - 1999).
July of 1994
Germany's Constitutional Court has ruled that German troops may participate in multinational military operations within the framework of the United Nations and has been given parliamentary approval.
August 31, 1994
The Russian troops have finally left.
September 8, 1994
The Western Allies have left, which was celebrated at the Brandenburg Gate with Grosser Zapfenstreich (military tatto).
1998

The Social Democrats have finally won the Bundestag elections.
Helmut Kohl has stepped down after sixteen years as the head of the government.
Gerhard Schroeder has become Chancellor and formed a coalition government with the Green Party.

1999

The euro for non-cash transactions in eleven participating European countries have been introduced.
Reichstag in Berlin has become the official location of the Bundestag.
Johannes Rau has become the Federal President.

2000

The European Court of Justice ruling has opened the German armed forces to women participating in the combat roles.
Federal President Johannes Rau was the first German politician to address Israeli Knesset in German.
The expo 2000 in Hanover was the first world fair held on German territory.

2001

Women have joined Germany's military combat forces for the first time ever.
Germany's parliament condemns the terrorist attacks of September 11^th in the United States and endorses Germany's solidarity with the United States.
Chancellor Schröder has prevailed in a crucial tying vote of confidence to the parliamentary approval of German military participation in the international war against terrorism.
A total of 3,900 German troops have been made available for Operation Enduring Freedom.
The Bundestag has approved the participation of the German armed forces in the Internation Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan.

2002
The Euro banknotes and coins have replaced national currencies in twelve participating member states of the European Union, uncluding Germany.

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