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.
The American War of Independence
(1775–1783) |
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also known as
The American
Revolutionary War
.
or simply the
The Revolutionary War |
The
war began as a war between the Kingdom of Great
Britain and thirteen
British colonies in
North America, and ended in a global war between
several European great powers. |
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European settlement began on September 3, 1609
when Englishman Henry
Hudson in
the employ of the Dutch
East India Company sailed
the Half
Moon through The
Narrows into Upper
New York Bay. Like Christopher
Columbus, Hudson was looking for a westerly
passage to Asia.
He never found one, but he did make note of the
abundant beaver population.
Beaver
pelts were
in fashion in Europe, fuelling a lucrative
business. Hudson's report on the beaver
population of the New York area served as the
impetus for the founding of Dutch trading
colonies in the New
World, among them New
Amsterdam, which would become New York City.
The beaver's importance in New York City history
is reflected by its use on the city's official
seal.
(http ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_York_City)
Fort Orange on the Hudson River and was the
center of the colony’s fur trade with the
powerful Iroquois Native Americans.
In 1664, England renamed
the colony New York. New
York City gained
prominence in the 18th century as a major trading port in
the Thirteen
Colonies.
2.
Print off, paste in and lightly colour
this map of the
13 Colonies.
On the map, mark in and label the the cities of Boston, New
York, Philadelphia and Washington.
Then write in the names of the 13 colonies that became the
first 13 States of the United States of America.
The War For
Independence - a
brief overview
The British
government passed
many laws that
restricted the
American Colonists,
and imposed many
taxes that the
Colonists thought
were unfair. The
British adopted
stern measures to
enforce obedience to
its authority,
especially in
Massachusetts.
In
1774,
representatives of
all the original
colonies except
Georgia attended a
meeting in
Philadelphia to
consider united
action against the
British actions. This
gathering, known as
the first
Continental
Congress, adopted a
declaration of
rights and
grievances and
called for halting
trade with England
unless the
grievances were
redressed. The
declaration did not
mention
independence.
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In
1775 armed clashes
occurred between
British troops and
colonial volunteers,
or minutemen,
starting with the
battles of Lexington
and Concord.
These
clashes in
Massachusetts proved
to be the start of
the American
Revolution. Not
until 1776, however,
was the goal of
independence
proclaimed—in the
Declaration of
Independence,
written largely by
Thomas Jefferson. |
The war, in which
France helped the
revolutionary forces
under
General George
Washington, went on
for
five more years
of active fighting,
ending with the
British surrender at
Yorktown in 1781.
By the Treaty of
Paris in 1783, Great
Britain recognized
the independence of
the new United
States of America.
(http ://history.howstuffworks.com/revolutionary-war/the-path-towards-american-independence1.htm)
2.
Go to the following site
and make brief notes on all of the background
issues and events, that together caused the
American war of Independence:
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/73530967/Causes-of-the-American-Revolutionary-War
(click full screen)
Write your notes as a
mind map or design a Glogster
poster that explains the causes of the American War
of Independence. (Year
7 examples of Glogster Posters)
The Revolutionary War in
More Detail
Revolutionary War
battles:
Pennsylvania, New
Jersey, and New
York.
This map
locates major
battles in the
Revolutionary War
and the routes of
the Colonial and
British troops.
In
Pennsylvania, New
Jersey, and New
York, Washington and
the redcoats fought
a seesaw campaign.
The patriots lost
several battles but
kept on fighting.
The war was the result of the political American
Revolution.
Colonists galvanized around the
position that the Stamp
Act of 1765, imposed by Parliament
of Great Britain, was unconstitutional. The
British Parliament insisted it had the right to
tax colonists. The colonists claimed that, as
they were British
subjects, taxation
without representation was
illegal. Many in those colonies believed the
lack of direct representation in the distant
British Parliament was an illegal denial of
their rights as Englishmen...and
unconstitutional.
3.
A popular slogan in the
colonies at the time was: "No
Taxation Without Representation!"
Explain in your own words what this slogan
means, and why the tax laws being passed in
Britain greatly angered many of the colonists.
The American colonists formed a
unifying Continental
Congress and
a shadow government in each colony, though
ostensibly claiming loyalty to the monarch and a
place in the British
Empire. The American boycott of directly
taxed British
tea led to the Boston
Tea Party in
1773.
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London responded by ending self-government
in Massachusetts and
putting it under the control of the British army
with General Thomas
Gage as
governor. In April 1775 Gage learned that
weapons were being gathered in Concord,
and he sent British troops to seize and destroy
them. Local militia,
known as 'minutemen,'
confronted the troops and exchanged fire
in what are now know as
The Battles
of Lexington and Concord.
After repeated
pleas to the British monarchy for intervention
with Parliament, any chance of a compromise
ended when the
Congress were declared traitors by
royal decree. Congress responded with a declared
independence forming
a new sovereign
independent
nation external
to the British Empire, the United
States of America, on
July 4, 1776. |
France, Spain and
the Dutch
Republic all
secretly provided supplies,
ammunition and weapons to
the revolutionaries starting early in 1776.
After early British success, the war became a
standoff. The British used their naval
superiority to capture and occupy American
coastal cities while the rebels largely
controlled the countryside, where 90 percent of
the population lived. British strategy relied on
mobilizing Loyalist
militia, and was never fully realized.
A British invasion from Canada ended in the
capture of the British army at the Battle
of Saratoga in
1777. That American victory persuaded France to
enter the war openly
in early 1778, balancing the two sides' military
strength. Spain and
the Dutch
Republic—French allies—also went to war with
Britain over the next two years, threatening an invasion
of Great Britain and severely testing British
military strength with campaigns in Europe. Spain's
involvement culminated
in the expulsion of
British armies from West
Florida, securing the American southern
flank. |
British army uniforms. 'The Red
Coats'. |
French involvement proved decisive yet
expensive as it ruined France's economy. A
French naval
victory in the Chesapeake led
to a siege by
combined French and Continental armies that
forced a second British army to surrender at Yorktown,
Virginia in
1781.
In 1783, the Treaty
of Paris ended
the war and recognized the sovereignty of the
United States over the territory bounded roughly
by what is now Canada to
the north, Florida to
the south, and the Mississippi
River to
the west.
4. a) Briefly summarise the above
information under the heading: The American Revolutionary War.
Pick out the main words/points and make point
form notes.
OR
b) Using the above information,
design an
interesting, original looking timeline of the American Revolutionary
War. If you wish, you only need to use the dates of key events listed above, so
your timeline is not too
detailed and complicated.
You could illustrate your timeline with small
illustrations, cartoon figures or characters of the events listed;
Or you could use symbols and artefacts (eg weapons) commonly seen during that time.
How to make an
eye-catching timeline in Word.
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The Boston Massacre |
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Print issued by Paul Revere |
In 1770 tensions were high between Bostonians and Redcoats sent
to Boston in the wake of the Stamp Act riots. Occasionally things would
erupt into fist fights and angry confrontations. On March 5, Private
White, on guard at the Custom’s house in King’s Street (now State
Street) left his sentry box and struck young Edward Garrick in the face
with the butt of his musket for insulting his commanding officer. White
soon found himself surrounded by an angry mob that hurled taunts and
snowballs at him.
Captain Preston of the 29th Regiment arrived with eight Redcoats to
reinforce White. The troops forced their way through the increasingly
hostile crowd, now swollen to several hundred people. Amidst a hail of
snowballs and rocks, a club thrown from the crowd struck Private
Montgomery in the face. Witnesses said Montgomery then fired the first
shot. The crowd continued to press on the soldiers and more shots were
fired. When the smoke cleared, five men lay dead or dying.
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Samuel Adams held funerals for the victims and organized a vigorous
propaganda effort, labeling the event a bloody massacre. His
second-cousin John Adams defended the soldiers in court and all but two
were acquitted of all charges. Today, a simple ring of stones marks the
site of the Boston Massacre and reenactments take place on the
anniversary every year.
http: //www.thefreedomtrail.org/visitor/boston-massacre.html
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| Riot and self
defense, or massacre?
The extract on the right,
suggests that the above illustration of this incident in Boston,
is unreliable and inaccurate.
4.
a)
List in your
workbook the criticisms that the writer makes about the above
illustration from the time of the 'massacre'.
b)
Also add to your list, the criticisms made of the illustration
on the following site:
http://www.historywiz.com/bostonmassacre.htm
c)
Following your own research
on this incident, do you think that this above engraving could
be described as an early example of political propaganda?
Include a few brief quotes from different sources to support
your view.
d)
What motive would the
American 'patriots' have for producing this engraving, and
circulation it throughout the colonies? |
The Bloody Massacre
With ongoing protests against the
Townshend Duties, waterfront jobs scarce due to
nonimportation, and poorly-paid, off-duty British troops
competing for jobs, clashes between American laborers
and British troops became frequent after 1768. In
Boston, tensions mounted rapidly in 1770 until a
confrontation left five Boston workers dead when panicky
troops fired into a crowd.
This print issued by Paul Revere three
weeks after the incident and widely reproduced depicted
his version of what was quickly dubbed the “Boston
Massacre.” Showing the incident as a deliberate act of
murder by the British army, the print (which Revere
plagiarized from a fellow Boston engraver) was the
official Patriot version of the incident.
In reality, British soldiers did not
fire a well-disciplined volley; white men were not the
sole actors in the incident; and the Bostonians provoked
the soldiers with taunts and thrown objects.
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6804 |
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e)
How does the details
of the following video compare to the written accounts?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iloGkp5f_Hk&feature=related
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The Boston 'Tea Party'.
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5.
Print off
this drawing. Lightly
color it
in and then paste it in your workbook or folder.
Also put a red X
on your map at the site of the Boston Tea Party.
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6.
Pretend you were
a young person standing in the excited crowd on the
wharf. It is now evening, and by candle light in your
room, you are writing a letter to your cousin.
Write the letter now, and in the letter describe what
you saw at the docks that day, and explain who the
people were wearing feathers in their hair.
Explain also what they were throwing into the harbor
and what motivated them to do this. Try and make your
letter look like it was really written in the1700s.
These Sources will
show you the style of writing that was common at the
time.
The document on the right is a Boston handbill published
on 2 December 1773 and signed 'The People'. It states
the possible outcome of
any tea being landed in Boston and preceded the
Boston Tea Party. The handbill was sent to Britain
from the
American colonies by Governor
Thomas Hutchinson.
This document below is an extract from an account of the
Boston Tea Party that was published in the
Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Weekly
Newsletter.
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Whereas it
has been reported that a permit will be given by
the Custom house for landing the tea now on
board a vessel laying in this harbor, commanded
by Captain Hall: this is to remind the public
that it was solemnly voted by the body of the
people of this and the neighboring towns
assembled at the Old South meeting-house on
Tuesday the 30th day of November, that the said
tea never should be landed in this province, or
pay one farthing of duty.
And as the aiding or assisting in procuring or
granting any such permit for landing the said
tea, or any other tea o circumstanced, or in
offering any permit, when obtained, to the
master or commander of the said ship, or any
other ship in the same situation, must betray an
inhuman thirst for blood, and will also in a
great measure accelerate confusion and civil
war; this is to assure such public enemies of
this country that they will be considered and
treated as wretches unworthy to live, and will
be made the first victims of our just
resentment. |
http: //www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/america/bostp1.htm |
...When
the tide rose it floated the broken chests and
the tea insomuch that the surface of the water
was filled therewith a considerable way from the
south part of the town to Dorchester Neck, and
lodged on the shores.
There was the greatest care taken to prevent the
tea from being purloined by the populace. One or
two, being detected in endeavoring to pocket a
small quantity, were stripped of their
acquisitions and very roughly handled....
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| The Battle of Bunker
Hill |
June 17, 1775: (often referred to as the
battle of Breed’s Hill) opens when British Army
forces and Royal Marines under the command of
Gen. William Howe attack American forces under
Gen. Israel Putnam and Col. William Prescott who
have taken up position on the hills above
Boston. The British will ultimately take Bunker
and Breed’s Hills, but British losses make it a
pyrrhic victory.
http://jamespatrick1.wordpress.com/2011/06/14/bunker-hill-to-the-marianas-turkey-shoot-human-events/ |
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Click to enlarge and then
study the following paintings |
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http: //www.awesomestories.com/assets/Patriots-Dug-in-at-Breeds-Hill
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7.a)
After reading more about the Battle of Bunker Hill, explain the
different fighting methods or strategies used by both sides
during the battle.
b)
This link
will show you a wide variety of illustrations of this famous
battle (both primary source contemporary drawings and later
artists impressions.) Draw and colour, or find, copy and paste,
an illustration of each of the different uniforms worn by both sides in the
conflict.
c)
If the American forces were
'dug-in' on the high ground behind defensive earth embankments,
why were the British able to defeat them? Write one or two
paragraphs for your answer, and include in your argument a brief
assessment of how important cannon fire was in the eventual
British victory. (Note the sources or sites you use.)
As well of the sites you'll find through the above link, this
map of the battle may help you
in answering this question.
Also try these search words in Google's 'search/article' mode,
and 'image' mode:
'british cannon used in the battle of
bunker hill'.
The American Colonists Return Fire.
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The Role of New York (the City and the
State) in the American War of Independence. |
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Enlarge these
two maps to
see the location of the city of New York, it's
environs and the
borders of the later State of New York. |
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British troops land in Manhattan, New York. |
New York played a pivotal role during
the Revolutionary
War. The Battle
of Saratoga was
the turning point of the war. New
York's constitution was
adopted in 1777, and strongly influenced the United
States Constitution.
New York City was the national
capital at various times between 1785 and 1790, and the
city of Albany became
the permanent capital
of the State of New York in 1797. New York was the eleventh state admitted
to the Union, in 1787.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_York) |
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The New York
and the New Jersey campaign (just to the south) was a series
of battles for control of
New York and the state of
New Jersey in the
American Revolutionary War between
British forces under
General Sir William Howe and the
Continental Army under General
George Washington in 1776 and the winter months of 1777.
Howe was successful in driving Washington out of New York,
but overextended his reach into New Jersey, and ended the active
campaign season in January 1777 with only a few outposts near
the city. The British held New York for the rest of the war,
using it as a base for expeditions against other targets. The
British under General Howe focused on keeping New
York City, which then was then limited to the
southern tip of Manhattan Island.
General Howe
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| 8.
Print off
this map. As you read the
following account, circle on the map any locations mentioned in
the account. Where possible also label on the map the date and
name given to different battles. In late August, the
British first transported about 22,000 men (including 9,000
Hessians - soldiers hired by their ruler from different
German Principalities) to Long Island. In the
Battle of Long Island on August 27, 1776, the British
outflanked the American positions, driving the Americans
back to the
Brooklyn Heights fortifications. General Howe then began to
lay siege to the works, but Washington skillfully managed a
night time
retreat through his unguarded rear across the
East River to
Manhattan Island. Howe then paused to consolidate his
position and consider his next move.[17]
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Hessians |
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During this time, Washington, who had previously been ordered by
Congress to hold New York City, was concerned that he might have
escaped one trap for another, since the army was still
vulnerable to being surrounded on Manhattan.
To keep his escape routes open to the north, he placed 5,000
troops in the city (which then only occupied the lower portion
of Manhattan), and took the rest of the army to
Harlem Heights. In the first recorded use of a
submarine in warfare, he also attempted a novel attack on
the Royal Navy, launching the
Turtle in a failed attempt to sink the
HMS Eagle, Admiral Howe's flagship.[20]
On September 15, General Howe
landed about 12,000 men on lower Manhattan, quickly taking
control of New York City. The Americans withdrew to Harlem,
where they
skirmished the next day, but held their ground.[21]
Rather than attempting to dislodge Washington from his strong
position a second time, Howe again opted for a flanking maneuver.
Landing troops
with some opposition in October in
Westchester County, he sought once again to
encircle Washington. To defend against this move, Washington
withdrew most of his army to
White Plains, where
after a short battle on October 28 he retreated further
north.
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| This isolated the remaining Continental Army
troops in upper Manhattan, so Howe returned to Manhattan and
captured
Fort Washington in mid November, taking almost 3,000
prisoners. Thus began
the infamous "prison ships" system the British
maintained in New York for the rest of the war, in which more
American soldiers and sailors
died of neglect than died in every battle of the entire
war, combined. General Howe, after consolidating British
positions around New York harbor, detached 6,000 men under the
command of , Henry Clinton, and
Hugh, Earl Percy to take
Newport, Rhode Island (which they did without opposition on
December 8),[23]
while he sent
General Lord Cornwallis to chase Washington's army through
New Jersey. The Americans withdrew across the
Delaware River into
Pennsylvania in early December.[24]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign
Watch this video on the winter exploits
of Washington:
http://www.ambrosevideo.com/items.cfm?id=1071
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George Washington
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| Despite, and in fact,
because of New York's prominence in pre-Revolutionary activism, New York
was therefore incapacitated throughout the American Revolution; the British
had made
New York their primary target at the beginning of the war. At every
stage the British strategy had assumed a large base of Loyalist supporters
(American colonists still loyal to Britain) would rally to the King
given some military support. But the Loyalists proved too few, and were
too poorly organized to be effective. Yet, even if New York's port had little to do with the Revolution, a
good number of its seamen did participate by joining the American Navy.
This same group of seamen was unwilling to be recruited by the British
Navy stationed in New York. When impressed, they were hardly loyal
fighting against their fellow patriots.
New York remained in British hands until November 25, 1783(the
year the Revolutionary War ended), when
George Washington retook the city. After the Revolution, New York was
named as one of the five capitals under the Articles of Confederation
and served as the American Capital under the Constitution between March
4, 1789 and August 12, 1790.
(http://www.fordham.edu/academics/colleges__graduate_s/undergraduate_colleg/fordham_college_at_l/special
_programs/honors_program/seaportproject/orig/index.html#amrev)
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Click to enlarge. |
Print off a copy of
this blank map. Paste
the map in the center of an A3 page, and then draw on the map the main
routs taken by the British and colonial forces. Include the dates and a coloured key on your map.
Then around the map, on the A3 sheet, make a few
brief points on each of the main events or actions of both sides during
the conflict.
From the place on the map of
each event, draw a line to your notes, that outline the main actions
that took place at that location.
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The Battle
of Saratoga in
1777
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Battle
of Saratoga |
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Research the role played by Margaret_Kemble_Gage during the American
war of Independence. |
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A letter written by a British soldier from Charleston, South
Carolina, in the spring of 1781
I wish our ministry could send us a Hercules to conquer these
obstinate Americans, whose aversion to the
cause of
Britain grows stronger every day.
If you go into company with any of them occasionally they are barely
civil, and that is, as Jack Falstaff says, by compulsion. They are in
general sullen, silent and thoughtful. The King's health they dare not
refuse, but they drink it in such a manner as if they expected it would
choke them.
The assemblies which the officers have opened, in hopes to give an
air of gaiety and cheerfulness to themselves and the inhabitants, are
but dull and gloomy meetings; the men play at cards, indeed, to avoid
talking, but the women are seldom or never to be persuaded to dance.
Even in their dresses the females seem to bid us defiance; the gay toys
which are imported here they despise; they wear their own homespun
manufactures, and take care to have in their breasts knots, and even on
their shoes something that resembles their flag of the thirteen stripes.
An officer told
Lord
Cornwallis not long ago, that he believed if he had destroyed all
the men in North America, we should have enough to to to conquer the
women. I am heartily tired of this country, and wish myself at home.
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Name, describe and provide illustrations for the most common weapons
used during the American war of Independence.
What bullets were used and how did the firing mechanism work in the
most commonly used rifle? Include a labeled diagram.
Write three fictionalised diary entries that describe battle field
medical treatments common during the Revolutionary war.
Include accurate
historic details from information you can find by researching the common
medical practices of this time.
Find out about the story of Molly
Pitcher. Record ten key points about her background and actions in the
battle and find a different illustration of her exploits and paste it in
your workbook. Remember to list two of the sources you use in your
research.
Outline the main details of one naval
battle or action during the war. Include a picture.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHGtT6-JN3I&feature=related
naval battles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rc_MIxPeAXc&feature=related
What parts did Native Americans play in the American Revolutionary Wars?
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Make a
crossword... |
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http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/america.htm |
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A
French naval
victory in the Chesapeake led
to a siege by
combined French and Continental armies that forced a
second British army to surrender at Yorktown,
Virginia in
1781.
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/rebels_redcoats_01.shtml |
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http://www.posters.co.uk/Revolutionary-War-Battle-Scenes/Framed-Prints/106179/16 |
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Battles at Sea
http://www.continentalline.org/articles/article.php?date=9802&article=980202
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_operations_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War
In June 1776 the largest expeditionary force ever launched
to date began to arrive in
New York Harbor under Britain's Admiral
Richard Howe. Eyewitnesses reported that it appeared
"all of London was afloat" and the masts of so many ships
appeared as a "forest." [3]
The fleet carried approximately 12,000 British soldiers and
9,000
German auxiliaries, which engaged the
Continental Army in the largest battle of the war, the
Battle of Long Island that August. Howe failed to secure
the
East River at the Continental Army's
rear, which Washington exploited after his defeat to
perform a
tactical retreat to
Manhattan over the course of a single night, with all of
his remaining troops and supplies intact." [4]
In contrast to the British, the American colonists had no
navy whatsoever. The lack of armed vessels to dispute
British naval activities in coastal waters and to facilitate
the seizure of commercial and military
prizes prompted individual colonies to
commission armed vessels, and eventually led the
Continental Congress to authorize the creation of a
small
Continental Navy on October 13, 1775. The Continental
Navy never launched any ships of the line, so the small
vessels were primarily used for
commerce raiding. On December 22, 1775,
Esek Hopkins was appointed the naval
commander-in-chief. With his small fleet, Hopkins led
the
first major naval action of the Continental Navy, in
early March 1776, against
Nassau,
Bahamas, where stores of much-needed gunpowder were
seized for the use of the Continental Army. On April 6,
1776, the squadron
unsuccessfully encountered the 20-gun
HMS Glasgow in the first major sea battle of the
Continental Navy.
The Americans also relied heavily on privateering to
harass British shipping, with some colonial assemblies
taking the lead in authorizing such activity. On March 23,
1776, several months before the
Declaration of American Independence, Congress
authorized the issuance of
letters of marque and reprisal. American privateers took
about 600 British vessels during the war. These privateers
were not always working directly for the American cause,
since prizes were often sold to the highest bidder, and the
British sometimes bought back their own captured cargoes.[5]
On the other hand, although the British did not recognize
the legality of American letters of marque they could not
make good on threats to execute captured privateers for
piracy without inviting reprisals against British
prisoners of war.
Engraving based on the painting "Action Between the
Serapis and Bonhomme Richard" by
Richard Paton, published 1780
Captain
John Paul Jones soon emerged as the first well-known
American naval hero, capturing the
HMS Drake on April 24, 1778, the first victory
for any American military vessel in British waters. He also
captured the
HMS Serapis on September 23, 1779, while in
command of the
USS Bonhomme Richard. In 1778, an American naval
squadron led by Jones raided the
Cumbrian port of
Whitehaven. The landing was a surprise attack, taken as
an action of revenge by Jones, and was never intended as an
invasion. Nevertheless, it caused hysteria in
England, with the attack showing a weakness that could
be exploited by more powerful states such as France or
Spain. One consequence of the raid was an intense period of
fortification in British ports.
In America, the British navy covered the retreat of the
British Army from
Boston to
Halifax in March 1776, and then conveyed it to
New York City in June. It assisted in the
expedition to Philadelphia in July 1777. On the
St Lawrence and the
Great Lakes, it was able to play a more aggressive part.
The relief of
Quebec by British
Captain Charles Douglas in May 1776 forced the
Continental Army to retreat. The destruction of
Benedict Arnold's squadron on
Lake Champlain in the October
Battle of Valcour Island secured the frontier of Quebec
and supplied a basis for the advance of British General
John Burgoyne in 1777, which ended, however, in his
surrender at Saratoga
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In the first recorded use of a
submarine in warfare, he also attempted a novel attack on
the Royal Navy, launching the
Turtle in a failed attempt to sink the
HMS Eagle, Admiral Howe's flagship.[20] |
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