Historical Issues Related to Hawaiian Sovereignty -- Revolution (Overthrow of monarchy), Annexation, Statehood, Indigenous Status, Hawaiian Language Ban, Ceded Lands, Etc.

There are approximately 800 webpages in the website "Hawaiian Sovereignty: Thinking Carefully About It." Each of those webpages has anywhere from just a few printed pages to perhaps as many as 300 printed pages. It can be hard to find things! That's why an internal search engine is provided.

This particular "Historical Issues" webpage is a compilation of links to the items in this website that are especially focused on history. A list of history books that can be found in libraries is available at
http://www.angelfire.com/hi2/hawaiiansovereignty/references.html
But the purpose of this webpage is to provide links to other internet webpages, not to books available only offline in libraries.

Here are the main sections in the order listed below.

Internal search engine

Major items featured: Books by Ken Conklin (2007, text partly online) and Thurston Twigg-Smith (1998, text and photos entirely online); Morgan Report (Official U.S. Senate report,1894, text and summaries entirely online); Native Hawaiians Study Commission official Congressional report, 1983, text entirely online).

Revolution of 1893 (overthrow), Republic of Hawaii, and Annexation of 1898

Statehood (1959) and today's secessionist challenges to it

Broader historical topics such as: alleged indigenous status of ethnic Hawaiians; alleged banning of Hawaiian language; ownership of the ceded lands, whether Hawaii citizens of Asian ancestry have a duty to subordinate themselves to ethnic Hawaiians and help throw off the yoke of American colonialism.

Other compilations of webpages: Introductory topics of interest to novices; Reparations (Does the U.S. Owe Anything to Ethnic Hawaiians?); Land Issues; Federal recognition (Akaka bill); Legal issues; Impact of Hawaiian sovereignty on businesses and communities; Conklin's candidacy for OHA trustee in Fall 2000.

===================

Here is an internal search engine allowing you to find all pages on this website which discuss the topic you're interested in.

=====================

Kenneth R. Conklin, Ph.D. "HAWAIIAN APARTHEID -- RACIAL SEPARATISM AND ETHNIC NATIONALISM IN THE ALOHA STATE" (paperback, 302 pages, March 2007). This book is not available in bookstores. It is available direct from the publisher's internet bookstore or from other internet bookstores such as Amazon, or Barnes and Noble. It is print-on-demand: when you order a book, they print one and mail it to you. This book includes a discussion of the history of racial separatism in Hawai'i, beginning in the Kalakaua/Lili'uokalani regime, continuing with the Home Rule Party during the Territorial period, and then the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act of 1921, Alu Like, the founding of OHA in 1978, the Akaka bill, etc. See COVER, DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS, AND ENTIRE CHAPTER 1, FREE OF CHARGE, plus information on how to order the book; at
http://www.angelfire.com/planet/bigfiles40/BookPromo.html

Thurston Twigg-Smith, "HAWAIIAN SOVEREIGNTY: DO THE FACTS MATTER?" (Honolulu, HI: Goodale Publishing, 1998). This book focuses on the revolution of 1893 that overthrew the monarchy, and the annexation of Hawai'i to the United States (1898). But other topics are also covered, including the role of the missionaries. Mr Twigg-Smith is grandson of Lorrin A. Thurston, a leader of the revolution; and his great-great grandparents were Asa and Lucy Thurston who were in the first company of missionaries to arrive in Hawai'i in 1820. Mr. Twigg-Smith's entire book, including historical photos, can be downloaded free of charge in pdf format by clicking the following link (might take about 7 minutes with a 56 K modem):
http://bigfiles90.angelfire.com/HawnSovDoFactsMatterTTS.pdf

THE MORGAN REPORT -- OFFICIAL U.S. SENATE REPORT OF 1894 REGARDING THE 1893 REVOLUTION THAT OVERTHREW THE HAWAIIAN MONARCHY. 808 PAGES of historical documents and testimony under oath in open hearings under cross-examination. BLOWS A BIG HOLE IN THE TWISTED HISTORY IN THE APOLOGY RESOLUTION OF 1993 AND THE AKAKA BILL. Morgan Report website released to the public on January 17, 2006 in honor of the 113th anniversary of the Hawaiian revolution. The website includes all 808 pages of the official report; plus a detailed outline of topics; both short and long summaries of major testimonies; plus commentaries and highlighted portions of testimony on topics of special interest to historians. Morgan report includes the full text of a treaty of annexation offered by Kauikeaouli Kamehameha III; lengthy descriptions of the geography and economy of Hawaii including the school system and the sugar plantations, etc. Please visit
http://morganreport.org

The Native Hawaiians Study Commission was created by the Congress of the United States on December 22, 1980 (Title III of Public Law 96-565). The purpose of the Commission was to "conduct a study of the culture, needs and concerns of the Native Hawaiians." The report includes lengthy sections written by scholars about the history of Hawaii. The Commission published and released to the public a Draft Report of Findings on September 23, 1982. Following a 120-day period of public comment, a final report was written and submitted on June 23, 1983 to the U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and to the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs.
http://wiki.grassrootinstitute.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Native_Hawaiians_Study_Commission_Report

Hawaii Statehood -- straightening out the history-twisters. A historical narrative defending the legitimacy of the revolution of 1893, the annexation of 1898, and the statehood vote of 1959.
http://www.angelfire.com/big09a/StatehoodHistUntwisted.html

What Does the United States Owe to Native Hawaiians? Two reports commissioned by Congress (Morgan 1894 and NHSC 1983) contain the answers, which are directly applicable to the Akaka bill.
http://www.angelfire.com/hi5/bigfiles3/USOwesNatHawns.html

OHA published a 67-page document suddenly on November 13, 2007 which tried to smear the Hawaii Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights just two days before a scheduled public meeting. The document also tried to twist history to support the Akaka bill and tried to discredit earlier testimony opposing the bill. Civil rights activists rushed to produce a rebuttal to the OHA document one day later. The rebuttal explains that conflicting historical narratives battle to influence public opinion on issues in the political arena, and cites the Morgan Report and Native Hawaiians Study Commission report to straighten out OHA's twisted history.
http://www.angelfire.com/planet/big60/AkakaOHAcivrtscomshisttwistrebut111307.html

===================

Revolution of 1893 (overthrow), Republic of Hawaii, and Annexation of 1898

Was the 1893 revolution illegal? Was it a theft of a nation owned by ethnic Hawaiians and stolen by non-ethic-Hawaiians?

Lies told on the U.S. Senate Floor by Senators Inouye and Dorgan regarding the revolution of 1893, while pushing the Akaka Bill.

Was the 1898 annexation illegal?

The Republic of Hawaii was created on July 4, 1894, with the publication of its Constitution. At least five native Hawaiians were delegates to the Constitutional Convention; and the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Republic was native Hawaiian John Kaulukou. The full text of the Constitution, and information about the Constitutional Convention that produced it, are available at:
http://www.angelfire.com/planet/big60/RepubHawConst1894.html

New York Times article of July 22, 1894 repeats a news report that arrived in San Francisco by ship from Honolulu; about the creation of the Republic of Hawaii on July 4, the huge multiracial crowd celebrating it, and the immediate informal recognition given to the Republic by U.S. Minister Willis and various local consuls from other nations. This pdf file was downloaded from the New York Times website at
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9C05E1DF143EEF33A25751C2A9619C94659ED7CF
http://www.angelfire.com/big09a/RepublicNYT1894July22.pdf

INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF THE REPUBLIC OF HAWAII -- Emperors, Kings, Queens, Princes, and Presidents of at least 19 foreign nations personally signed formal letters of diplomatic recognition de jure, received by the Republic of Hawaii between July 1894 and January 1895. Those letters are available in the state Archives. Photographs of them have been placed on a webpage at
http://tinyurl.com/4wtwdz
Historical significance and implications for statehood, Akaka bill, and ceded lands; are explained at
http://tinyurl.com/2pxqgz
along with a detailed example of the Hawaiian sovereignty lie that such letters do not exist.

Thurston Twigg-Smith, "Hawaiian Sovereignty: Do the Facts Matter?" (Honolulu, HI: Goodale Publishing, 1998). Mr. Twigg-Smith's entire book, including historical photos, can be downloaded free of charge at:
http://bigfiles90.angelfire.com/HawnSovDoFactsMatterTTS.pdf

July 4 double holiday for Hawaii -- 1776 and 1894 (including some internet links to important documents of the Republic of Hawaii)

"Hawaii Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand" Major monograph by constitutional law scholar Bruce Fein opposing the Akaka bill, including a lengthy point-by-point rebuttal of the apology resolution. The essay can be downloaded in pdf format from this webpage, and can also be seen here as it appeared in three installments in the Congressional Record; along with three other major essays about the Akaka bill by Fein that were also published in the Congressional record.

Who Owns The Crown Lands of Hawaii? -- Book by Professor Jon Van Dyke, book review by attorney Paul M. Sullivan, and links to some related materials available on the internet.

Sanford Ballard Dole -- Elected Legislator and Appointed Supreme Court Justice of the Kingdom of Hawai'i; President of the Provisional Government and of the Republic of Hawai'i; Governor of the Territory of Hawai'i, and Presiding Judge of the U.S. District Court for the Territory of Hawai'i
Note that President (then Governor) Dole was "ruling chief" of Hawaii at Iolani Palace for almost eleven continuous years (January 17, 1893 to November 23, 1903) -- a longer time ruling from the Palace than any other King, Queen, President, or Governor. So where is his statue (or even portrait painting)?

Unconquerable Rebel: Robert W. Wilcox and Hawaiian Politics, 1880-1903 by Ernest Andrade, Jr. -- notes taken by Ken Conklin on topics of importance regarding current Hawaiian sovereignty issues

Book Review of: Noenoe Silva, "Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism"

Was Hawaiian language ever illegal in Hawai'i? Was Hawaiian language illegal in the schools? The truth about this malicious claim.

Are kanaka maoli entitled to reparations? (a lengthy legal argument by attorney Patrick Hanifin)

Does the U.S. Owe Hawaiians Anything? (informal short essay from 2000)

Twisting History -- Reverend Kaleo Patterson Cites 112 Year Old Joke as Fact And Launches Media Blitz -- National Day of Prayer set for April 30, 2006 (and again 2007 and 2008) to support ethnic Hawaiian economic and political causes, based on fake 1894 proclamation attributed to President Grover Cleveland
In anticipation of Kaleo Patterson once again seeking publicity in 2008 for this bogus holiday based on a historical falsehood, the following April Fools flyer was circulated in Hawaii, New Jersey, and elsewhere:
http://bigfiles90.angelfire.com/AprilFoolsGroverClevelandHawResoFlyer.pdf

The Goebbels Award For Outstanding Use of Media for Propaganda Disguised As Fact -- Honolulu Star-Bulletin Wednesday April 23 2008, page 2 (The newspaper falsely stated that President Grover Cleveland signed a proclamation in 1894 that set April 30th as a day of prayer and remembrance for Queen Liliuokalani and the overthrown monarchy of Hawaii; and the newspaper refused to publish a correction despite being given proof of falsehood).

Official report of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights opposing the Akaka bill, May 5, 2006. Written testimony of four expert panelists includes discussion of important issues regarding the history of Hawai'i.

S1929 -- Federal legislation to provide a racial entitlement for healthcare -- a point-by-point rebuttal of false and twisted historical and legal claims buried in the fine print by sovereignty activists.

Lili'uokalani v. United States, 45 Ct Cl. 418, 1910. In 1909 ex-queen Lili'uokalani filed a lawsuit against the United States demanding payment for the lands of the Kingdom of Hawaii which had been ceded to the United States at the time of annexation. The court ruled against her in 1910. Her claim is interesting partly because she did not challenge the legitimacy of the revolution or annexation; and indeed the court's ruling specifically included the full text of the treaty of annexation offered by the Republic of Hawaii and accepted in a joint resolution by the U.S. Congress. Her claim is also interesting because she never asserted that the ceded lands belonged communally to ethnic Hawaiians; rather she claimed the lands belonged to her personally.

Prince Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole -- Just how princely was he? (Kuhio was absent from his nation for many years on an adventure trip during the crucial period in the late 1890s leading to annexation; and he filed a lawsuit in 1915 to have Liliuokalani declared mentally incompetent so he could steal her Waikiki lands she had set aside for her Childrens Trust)

JONAH KUHIO KALANIANAOLE v. LILIUOKALANI, Supreme Court of Hawaii, 23 Haw. 457; 1916. (Court-approved syllabus and complete text of ruling)

Was Hawaiian language ever illegal in Hawai'i? Was Hawaiian language illegal in the schools? (Claim is based on a law passed by the Republic of Hawaii in 1896 clarifying the requirements a "school" must meet to be certified as satisfying the compulsory attendance law) The truth about this malicious claim.

===================

Statehood (1959) and today's secessionist challenges to it

HAWAI'I STATEHOOD: The History of the Struggle to Achieve Statehood, and Current Challenges. Large webpage has subpages including: a statehood day celebration resolution from 2002 and 2003 which contained a list of the milestones in the 110 year history of efforts to achieve statehood from 1849 to 1959; Governor Cayetano's outstanding Statehood Day message of 2002 and Governor Lingle's ineffective one from 2003; and a blatantly secessionist resolution passed by the state Senate in 2001 and thereafter delivered to the United Nations.

Hawai'i's Great Statehood Petition of February 1954 had 120,000 signatures gathered in 2 weeks on a petition for statehood for Hawai'i. A huge roll of newsprint was unrolled for a block in downtown Honolulu for people to sign the petition. Two weeks later a sendoff celebration was held at �Iolani Palace including chants, hula, kahili, and torch bearers before sending the 250 pound petition to Congress. Quotes are provided from 1954 newspaper articles, and photo captions, describing the events of those two weeks. Information is provided about what has happened to the petition and where it is stored today. The contents of one signature page are provided including 32 names and addresses.

STATEHOOD VOTE OF 1959: There were 132,773 votes "yes" and 7971 votes "no" for an astonishing 94.3% "yes" vote. For those who like to say ethnic Hawaiians were opposed to Statehood: Do the math. If 20% of the voters were ethnic Hawaiians, that would mean there were 28,149 votes cast by ethnic Hawaiians = 20% out of the total 140,744. Supposing ALL the 7971 "no" votes had been cast by ethnic Hawaiians; then there were still 20,178 "yes" votes from ethnic Hawaiians, representing 72% of the 28,149 ethnic Hawaiian votes. The vote count was also broken down by individual representative district. The district with the highest percentage of ethnic Hawaiians -- sparsely-populated Moloka'i -- had 1904 "yes" and 75 "no" for a 96.2% "yes" vote -- the highest percentage among all the 17 districts. A 3-page pdf file (unfortunately 5.4 Megabytes!) shows the statistics as certified by Hawaii Chief Elections Officer Dwayne Yoshina in his letter dated January 7, 2000:
http://www.angelfire.com/planet/big60/HawaiiStateHoodVote.pdf

Hawaii Statehood Day 2005 -- No celebration on any island, but an anti-statehood rally was attempted on Maui, led by Charles Kauluwehi Maxwell, who was at that time Chair of the Hawaii Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and also a strong advocate for the Akaka bill.

Celebration of Statehood Day 2006 in Hawai'i turned ugly. The 47th anniversary celebration of Hawai'i statehood, at the Capitol of the former Territory, was disrupted by Hawaiian sovereignty activists using a sound-system, bullhorns, and direct in-your-face yelling as the celebration was about to get underway. First to be targeted by the terrorists were the high school students who are members of the band invited to perform -- as they sat seated with their instruments, ready to play patriotic songs, numerous protesters walked right up to them, shouting and cursing, while the bullhorn warned there would be trouble and they should leave. Needless to say, their parent-chaperones escorted them to the bus. Then the goon-squad turned attention to the legitimate participants in the celebration, standing nose-to-nose while yelling loudly and continuously; cursing, spitting, coming between celebrants, and surrounding individuals while telling them to leave and to take their American flags with them because this is not America. For details, see:
http://www.angelfire.com/planet/bigfiles40/statehoodday2006.html

Statehood Day and Queen's Birthday, 2006 -- Which Is More Appropriate To Celebrate At Iolani Palace (Or At All)? [Essay includes information about Wilcox rebellion of 1889 and Wilcox attempted counter-revolution of 1895, and documented statements by Liliuokalani acknowledging that annexation was the best thing that could have happened for her people.]

Hawaii Statehood Day August 17, 2007 -- Holiday hijacked by Hawaiian sovereignty activists, with cooperation of state government officials, for celebration of 125th anniversary of Iolani Palace; Zero celebration of Statehood

BOOK REVIEW OF Aran Alton Ardaiz, Hawaii -- The Fake State (A Manifesto and Expose of a Nation in Captivity). Hawaiian Islands, Truth Of God Ministry, 2008. [review includes a well-documented narrative of major events leading to statehood, to rebut the book's claims that the state is illegitimate]

Proposed new rules for Iolani Palace and grounds -- testimony to DLNR offered by Ken Conklin in honor of Statehood Day, August 15, 2008

Hawaii King Akahi Nui -- His coronation at Iolani Palace in 1998 and how he fits in with others claiming power

Iolani Palace and the Golden Jubilee of Hawaii Statehood. The Palace was the Capitol of the Republic of Hawaii (1894-1898), Territory of Hawaii (1898-1959), and State of Hawaii (1959-1968), where the transition to Statehood took place in 1959. But the state government is now prohibiting use of the Palace for jubilee celebration due to threats from secessionists and concerns for political correctness.

The Hawaii Annexation Resolution (1898) and the Hawaii Apology Resolution (1993) -- Do they have the force of law?

=====================

Broader historical topics such as: alleged indigenous status of ethnic Hawaiians; the growth of citizenship and voting rights in Hawaii; full partnership for Caucasians and Asians; Kingdom holidays then and now; alleged banning of Hawaiian language; ownership of the ceded lands; whether Hawaii citizens of Asian ancestry have a duty to subordinate themselves to ethnic Hawaiians and help throw off the yoke of American colonialism.

Are ethnic Hawaiians indigenous to Hawai'i? Would the status of being indigenous give them special rights?

Are ethnic Hawaiians an Indian Tribe? Open letter to State legislators. Federal Criteria for Recognition of Tribal Status.

Native(?) Hawaiian Gathering Rights(?) Attorney Paul M. Sullivan's extensive legal analysis of the underlying issues in the PASH case, with 371 hot-linked footnotes.

Indigenous Intellectual Property Rights -- The General Theory, and Why It Does Not Apply in Hawai'i

Kamehameha vs. Akaka -- Kamehameha unified Hawai'i 200 years ago; Akaka bill's main purpose is to divide Hawai'i (includes history of Kamehameha Day holiday; lack of certainty about Kamehameha's birthdate within a range of 25 years; Battle of Nu'uanu Pali and Herb Kane's painting of it and Adair's political cartoon based on it; newspaper advertisement comparing Kamehameha's unification of a multiracial Hawai'i against divisiveness of Akaka bill)

New June 11, 2009 (Kamehameha Day): What Kamehameha hath joined together, let not Akaka rip asunder

Henry Opukaha'ia (Obookiah) -- Native Hawaiian Travels to New England in 1809, Converts to Christianity, and Persuades Yale Divinity Students to Come to Hawai'i as Missionaries in 1820 to Rescue His People From Their Heathen Beliefs and Lifestyle

Saint Damien, the Leprosy Colony on Molokai, Hawaiian Sovereignty, and the Akaka Bill. Sovereign monarchs of the Hawaiian Kingdom badly abused the victims of leprosy. Today Damien, the patron saint of Native Hawaiians, would not be allowed to join the Akaka tribe.

Caucasians and Asians were historically full partners in Hawai'i, not merely second-class guests.

St. Patrick's Day was chosen by King Kauikeaouli Kamehameha III to be his "official birthday." But why was it that neither he nor anybody else knew his actual biological birthdate?

Charles Reed Bishop, philanthropist who donated far more money to found Kamehameha School than the value of the land donated by his wife (Bernice Pauahi Bishop)

A Brief History of Citizenship and Voting Rights in Hawai'i (Kingdom, Republic, Territory, and State) by attorney Patrick W. Hanifin.