Upon completion of this lab, you should be able to:
Introduction
In this laboratory investigation, you will have the opportunity to visualize several different types of plant, animal and protistan cells and organisms. As you view them, try to keep in mind that, whether they are unicellular or multicellular, organisms all have the same basic problems to solve. They also have many of the same cellular structures to carry out their life functions.
As you view the slides, try to think about the various cell structures that these cells, of all types, have in common.
a.
Elodea leaves and cells- Use the embedded links to show both low and high powers (100X, 400X)http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/plan/planaq/plaq0100.htm and find individual cells. The circular green structures around the edge of the
cell are chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll for the process of
photosynthesis. As this animation shows http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov00/dwelodea.html, as the molecules move the cytoplasm will begin to flow around the edge of the cell and the chloroplasts will move with them. It will look like little green circular cars moving around the edge of the cell. This process of cytoplasmic movement is known as CYCLOSIS. Note any structures other than the chloroplasts that are part of the individual cells.) Here are some additional links that show cyclosis and cellular structure.
Link 1 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/Botany_130/Eukaryotic_Cell/movies/Cyclosis.html)
Link 2 (http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/Botany_130/Eukaryotic_Cell/movies/through-focusing.html)
Link 3 (http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/Botany_130/Eukaryotic_Cell/movies/Detail.html)
Link 4 (http://science.exeter.edu/jekstrom/WEB/CELLS/Elodea/Elodea.html)
b. Spirogyra (green algae) - these common algae note to editor – add new link (http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/alg/filamen/fila0100.htm#spiroglink) is found in ponds and carries on photosynthesis. It is also a source of food for animal organisms in the pond or stream. Look at the cell arrangement - a long string of cells attached end to end. This arrangement is known as a FILAMENT note to editor – add new link (http://www.lima.ohio-state.edu/academics/biology/images/spiro2.jpg. Note the shape of the chloroplast and any other cellular details.
c. Zygnema
note to editor – add new link (http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/bioref/Chlorophyta/Zygnema.html)
- this filamentous alga is often found with Spirogyra note to editor – add new link (http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/LucidKeys/Carolina_Key/html/Zygnema_Ecology.html)
floating at the top of still or stagnant bodies
of water. Zygnema have
two distinctive star-shaped
chloroplasts note to editor – add new link (http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun99/sdzyg.html)
per cell which make them easy to identify under
the microscope. Like Spirogyra, Zygnema serve as food sources for water organisms and often
exist as tangled green or
yellow-brown mats. note to editor – add new link (http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Chlorophyta/Zygnema/sp_1f2.html)
d. Euglena - these protists have features of both plant and animal note to editor – add new link (http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/alg/motil/moti0100.htm#euglenalink)organisms. They are very small and can direct their own movement by means of a whiplike appendage called a FLAGELLUM note to editor – add new link http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/flagdr.html which is located at the front end of the cell. The flagellum will probably be difficult to see. You may be able to see a small orange or red spot note to editor – add new link (http://bio.rutgers.edu/euglena/) near the base of the flagellum. This mass of pigment materials senses light and helps the organism remain near sunlight so it may carry on photosynthesis note to editor – add new link (http://taxa.soken.ac.jp/WWW/PDB/Images/Mastigophora/Euglena/index.html). See if you can find the chloroplasts. You should be able to see the nucleus.
e. Paramecium caudatum - this animal-like protist has a slipper like body structure. It moves by mean of CILIA note to editor – add new link (http://www.lima.ohio-state.edu/academics/biology/images/paramec.jpg) which are a short version of the flagellum. You may see the effect of their movement as the organism moves through the water. Food is taken in through a channel called the oral groove, note to editor – add new link (http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/protis/cili/cili0100.htm#holotrich) which may show up as a roundish dented area in the cell. This organism has two nuclei-a large Macronucleus and a smaller Micronucleus.note to editor – add new link (http://www.silkentent.com/gus1911/ParameciumSp.htm) Paramecium gets rid of excess water through a structure called the CONTRACTILE VACUOLE. This link has a labeled diagram of paramecium. note to editor – add new link
(http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-2b/Paramecium_Model/paramecium_model.htm)
This link has a number of Quick Time movies of
different protozoans note to editor – add
new link (http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/OLLM/112s99/protozoa/proto4.html)
f. Allium Onion This link will provide you with a number of pictures of the onion skin taken at both low and high power. Also visit the website of Steve Durr who is mentioned at the bottom of the onion site and note many of the organisms previously seen. note to editor – add new link (http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov03/wdonion.html)
g. Trypanosoma - these slides are blood slides, so most of what you will see are blood cells. Scattered throughout the slide will be squiggly-looking cells. These organisms are parasitic protozans note to editor – add new link (http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/trypanosoma.html) that are spread by tsetse flies and various beetles and cause African Sleeping sickness note to editor – add new link (http://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/WWW/224/Trypano.html) and other neurological disorders. note to editor – add new link (http://www.cdfound.to.it/html/trip1.htm) Note the cell structure. The flagellum runs along the long side of the cell and is connected on the surface to the membrane note to editor – add new link that acts like a fin (http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/science/zoology/faculty/dick/z346/tryphome.html). The nucleus note to editor – add new link (http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/labmanua/lab22/trypan.html) will be near the center of the cell and there may be a dark structure near the front of the cell where the flagellum is attached.
i. Blood slides - human and other animal blood slides are available for viewing. The red blood cells are small and may have a light orange-red to brown color. There are several larger and more colorful cells scattered amongst the red blood cells. These are the white blood cells and in humans there are 5 different types of white blood cells. See how many different types you can find in both human and other animal blood cell slides.
note to editor – add new links
Highly magnified view of bird blood cells.
http://www.vet.purdue.edu/courses/ai/vm550/Spring%202003/Bird/figure10label.htm
1000X
magnification of fish blood – white blood cell
is a lymphocyte
http://www.aqualex.org/elearning/fish_haematology/english/mature_lymphocyte.jpg
1000X magnification of fish blood – white blood cell is a basophil which contains
lysosomal granules and is thus called a granulocyte
http://www.aqualex.org/elearning/fish_haematology/english/granulocyte.jpg
Low power view of frog blood
http://www.greencastle.k12.in.us/HS/Biology/Images/frogblood.jpg
Phase contrast view of frog blood cells
http://www.microscopyu.com/galleries/phasecontrast/images/frogbloodpositivelarge.jpg
Site that explains all types of blood cells
http://www.unomaha.edu/hpa/blood.html
Low power view of human blood cells. White blood cells have prominent purple nucleus. (http://sciweb.hfcc.net/Biology/jacobs/bio131/cells/images/humanblood40.jpg)
High power view of human blood cells.
http://www.visualsunlimited.com/images/watermarked/979/97962.jpg
Highly magnified view.
Lab Written
Assignment
QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions using complete sentences. You may have to do a little research to find some of the answers.
1. What is the difference between Brownian movement, ameboid movement and self-propelled movement? Give examples of organisms that move using these types of movement.
2. Identify three structures shown in the images of plant cells that are not found in the images of animal cells.
3. Identify three differences between human blood cells and the blood cells of the other animals shown.
