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Exploration




Search for Trade Routes



I. Portugal
   A. Wanted to go to the Far East
   B. Route - around Africa
   C. Prince Henry
      1. School for navigators
      2. Compass, astrolabe
   D. Explorers
      1. Dias
         a. 1487
         b. Cape of Good Hope (bottom of Africa)
      2. De Gama - 1487 - India

II. Spain
   A. Wanted to go to the Far East
   B. Route - sail west
   C. Explorers
      1. Christopher Colombus
         a. landed on San Salvador
         b. October 12, 1942
         c. he made four trips
      2. Ferdinand Magellan - (1519-1522)
         a. first person to sail around the world
         b. proved the world was round, and larger than previously thought.
   D. Conquistadors - "Conquerors"
      1. Balboa - 1513
         a. discovered the Pacific Ocean (South Sea)
         b. claimed the land for Spain
      2. Ponce De Leon - 1513
         a. searched for the Fountain of Youth
         b. Discovered Florida
      3. Cortes - 1519
         a. conquered Aztec Indians
         b. They lived in Mexico
         c. Aztec chief was Montezuma
      4. Pizzaro - 1532
         a. conquered the Inca
         b. they lived in Peru
      5. De Soto - 1539
         a. Discovers Mississippi River
         b. Southeast North America
      6. Coronado - 1541
         a. Southwest North America
         b. looked for the Seven Cities of Gold
         c. did not find them

III. England
   A. Wanted to reach the Far East
   B. Looked for a Northwest Passage
   C. Explorers
      1. John Cabot - 1497 - Nova Scotia
      2. Frobisher - 1576
         a. Canada - Frobisher Bay
      3. Henry Hudson - 1610
         a. Hudson Bay

IV. France
   A. Wanted to go to the Far East
   B. searched for a Northwest Passage
   C. Explorers
      1. Verrazano - 1524
         a. Coast of North America
      2. Cartier - 1534
         a. St. Lawrence River
      3. Champlain - 1609
         a. started Quebec
         b. discovered Lake Champlain
         c. called the "Father of New France"
      4. Marquette and Joliet - 1674
         a. priest and fur trapper
         b. sailed 3/4 of the way down the Mississippi River
   D. New France
      1. Colonized along the St. Lawrence River (Canada)
      2. Great Lakes
      3. Mississippe River (Lousiana)
   E. Furs
      1. French traded furs with Indians
      2. Made a lot of money
      3. Fur traders themselves made $1.02 per fur

V. Dutch (Netherlands)
   A. Wanted to go to the Far East
   B. Northwest Passage
   C. Explorers
      1. Henry Hudson - 1609
         a. found the Hudson River
         b. New York

VI. Defeat of the Spanish Armada
   A. Elizabeth I Queen of Englad
   B. English Sea Dogs "Pirates"
      1. Sir Francis Drake
      2. 1577 - second person to sail around the world
   C. Storms "Protestant Wind"



English Colonies



I. Roanoke (North Carolina)
   A. 1587 - John White
      1. First child born here - Virginia Dare
      2. 117 people stayed - White went back for supplies
   B. Colony disappeared

II. Jamestown
   A. Virginia Company of London
   B. Problems
      1. starvation
      2. attacks by indians
      3. cold winter
      4. swamps and mosquitoes
      5. nobody wanted to work
   C. Leader - John Smith
   D. Tobacco (main crop)
   E. House of Burgesses - 1619
   F. Slavery started here



Thirteen Colonies



I. New England
   A. Massachusetts
      1. Plymouth - 1620
         a. pilgrims - Mayflower - Squanto
         b. separated from Church of England (Separatists)
         c. Leader - William Bradford
      2. Massachusetts Bay - 1630
         a. Puritans
         b. wanted to purifty the church
         c. John Winthrop
   B. Connecticut - 1636
      1. Thomas Hooker
      2. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
         a. limited the governor's power
         b. Democratic governments
      3. disagreed with the Puritans
      4. good farm land
   C. Rhode Island - 1636
      1. Roger Williams
      2. separate leaders for the church and the state
      3. true religious toleration
   D. New Hampshire - 1679
      a. formed by Massachusetts colonists
   E. Land and Climate
      1. cold, long winters
      2. ship building
      3. fur trading - Iriquois
      4. whaling - oil, ivory
      5. farming
         a. subsistence - grew only enough food for their family
         b. surplus - extra
      6. Puritan Ministers

II. Middle Colonies
   A. New York (New Netherlands)
      1. started by the Dutch - Peter Minuit in 1624
      2. patroons - owners of large estates who brought over 50 families
      3. Governor - Peter Stuyvesant - absolute power - not liked
      4. conquered by the English in 1664 - renamed New York
   B. New Jersey - 1664
      1. formerly Dtuch, then English
      2. given to Lord Berkely and Sir George Carteret
      3. proprietary colony - king gave them land and they gave the king a yearly payment
   C. Pennsylvania - 1682
      1. Quakers - Religious Society of Friends
         a. believed men and women were equal in God's sight
         b. no need for ministers
         c. refused to pay taxes
         d. wars were wrong
      2. William Penn
      3. Frame of Government - how the colony should be governed
      4. Pennsylvania Dutch (Germany)
      5. Philadelphia - "City of Brotherly Love"
   D. Delaware - 1638 - three lower counties
      1. started by Sweden
      2. conquered by the Dutch
      3. then conquered by the English
   E. Land and Climate
      1. fertile land
      2. winters not harsh
      3. warm summers, long growing seasons
   F. Farming
      1. cash crops - crops sold for money (wheat, barley, rye)
      2. "Bread Basket" - these colonies exported much grain
      3. raised cattle and pigs
      4. tenant farming - New York - farmer paid rent to owners
   G. Manufacturing
      1. hardware, clocks, watches, locks, guns, nails
      2. iron ore - used for nails, farm tools, and gun parts
   H. Homes
      1. Swedes - log cabin
      2. Dutch - brick homes
      3. Germans - woodburning stove
      4. Quakers - elaborate meals
   I. Backcountry
      1. conestoga wagons

III. The Southern Colonies
   A. Virginia - 1607
      1. Jamestown
   B Maryland - 1634
      1. Sir George Calvert - Lord Baltimore
      2. Catholic
      3. Act of Toleration (religious freedom)
      4. Mason-Dixie Line
   C. Carolinas \
      1. Started in 1663
      2. In south grew rice and indigo
      3. Divided in 1712
   D. Carolinas /
   E. Georgia - 1732
      1. James Oglethorpe
      2. debtors in prison
      3. plantations (tobacco, rice, indigo)
   G. Slavery
      1. Why?
         a. profitable
         b. used to a warm climate
         c. hard to escape because of skin color
         d. one time expense
      2. Slave codes - laws that controlled the behaviors of slaves and denied them basic rights
      3. Middle Passage - trip from Africa to the Americas
      4. Plantation life
   E. Backcountry South
      1. log cabins
      2. cattle and pigs
      3. few rich families - more democratic



French and Indian War



I. New France in the 1700s
   A. by 1750 there were about 80,000 people in New France
   B. most settlers spent their time fur trading
   C. Missionaries (Jesuits)

II. The French and English in North America
   A. French advantages
      1. more land
      2. single government
      3. sent soldiers in ships
      4. Indian allies - Hurons and Algonquins
   B. English advantages
      1. more people
      2. closer together
      3. defending families and homes
      4. Indian allies - Iriquois

III. French and Indian War (fourth war)
   A. The first three wars started in Europe
   B. Both countries claimed the Ohio Valley
      1. France tried to defend this region by building forts
      2. In 1573 the English sent Washington with a message to the French
      3. The letter told the French to leave Fort Duquesne
   C. The war started when Washington attacked a French scouting party
      1. Braddock - English commander
      2. Montcalm - French commander
      3. The English lost most of the early battles because
         a. failed to send enough troops
         b. not used to fighting in the wilderness
         c. colonies did not send enough men or money
         d. colonies were slow to work together
      4. 1758 William Pitt became British Prime Minister
         a. sent troops and money
         b. inspired British to fight harder
         c. sent younger commanders
      5. The deciding battle was Quebec - English won
   D. Treaty that ended the war - Treaty of Paris (1763)
      1. France gives land east of the Mississippi River to England
      2. France gives land west of the Mississippe River to Spain
      3. Spain gives Florida to England



A New Nation




Causes of the Revolutionary War



1. Revenue - incoming money
2. Boycott - refuse to buy items from a particular country
3. repeal - to cancel an act or law
4. import - a good bought from foreign markets
5. propaganda - ideas designed and spread to influence opinion
6. King George III - the king of England in the late 1700s
7. militia - a group of civilians trained to fight in an emergency
8. minutemen - companies of civilian soldier who boasted that they were ready to fight on a minute's notice
9. Proclamation of 1763 - set the colonies' boundaries to the Appalachian Mountains
10. sugar act - lowered the tax on molasses and established courts for smuggling cases
11. writs of assistance - documents issued that allowed officers to search homes for smuggled goods
12. stamp act - placed taxes on nearly all printed items: newspapers, letters, wills, and playing cards
13. sons of liberty - an organization that was formed to protest the stamp act
14. declaratory act - stated that Parliament could tax the colonies "in all cases whatsoever"
15. Townshend acts - laws passed under Townshend's leadership of Parliament; placed taxes on tea, lead, paper, paint, and glass
16. Boston massacre - a fight that broke out between the soldiers and townspeople because of a tense atmosphere; soldiers fired into the crowd, killing 5 people
17. committee of correspondence - an organization that wrote letters; used in earlier protests
18. tea act - this measure gave one company the right to ship tea without tax
19. Boston tea party - At midnight the sons of liberty boarded a ship and threw 342 chests of tea overboard
20. intolerable (coercite) acts - closed Boston Harbor, illegalized town meetings, allowed soldiers to stay in people's homes
21. continental congress - 56 men from 12 colonies met for the first time



Revolutionary War



I. Lexington and Concord
   A. Beginning of the war
   B. April 19, 1775
   C. minutemend fired at the British

II. Bunker Hill - June 16, 1775
   A. Americans were on Breed's Hill outside Boston
   B. Americans retreated because they ran out of gun powder

III. Working towards independence
   A. Britain becomes stricter, more unreasonable
   B. Hessians - German mercenaries hired by British
   C. Outspoken Patriots
      1. Sam Adams
      2. Thomas Paine - "Common Sense" pamphlet
   D. Second Continental Congress - May, 1775
      1. Declaration of Independence - July 4, 1776
         a. rights to the people
         b. list of complaints against King George III
         c. broke all ties with England
      2. Written by Thomas Jefferson

IV.
   A.
      1.
      2.
      3.
      4.
      5.
      6.
   B. Strengths
      1. Fighting on own land
      2. George Washington
      3. Reason to fight



The Revolutionary War



I. Early Years
   A. opposing sides
      1. British advantages
         a. strongest navy in the world
         b. experienced, well-trained army
         c. money
         d. more people
      2. Colonist Disadvantages
         a. weak army and navy
         b. lacked military experience
         c. few weapons, little ammunition
         d. volunteers enlisted for short time (1 year)
         e. loyalist worked against them
         f. many Americans stayed neutral
   B. Fighting in New York
      1. Long Island
         a. Continental army defeated
         b. Nathan Hale, an American spy, is hanged
         c. Washington and his army escape at night
         d. Continental army dwindles from 20,000 to 3,000
      2. Retreat across New Jersey - October, 1775
         a. Washington crossed the Delaware River to Pennsylvania
         b. Washington's army crossed the Delaware and makes a surprise attack, capturing 900 Hessians
         c. Washington left campfires burning and escaped
         d. Princeton - another victory for Washington
      3. British plan to capture Albany, N.Y. - fails
         a. plan to attack from three directions
         b. General Howe captures Philadelphia, Continental Congress flees
         c. Benedict Arnold stopd British general at St. Leger
         d. General Burgoyne is surrounded and surrenders at Saratoga - October 1777 - turning point

II. The War Continues
   A. Allies
      1. France sends money, equipment, and troops to the U.S.
      2. Spain and Holland declare war on Britain
      3. Volunteers
         a. Lafayette - France
         b. Koscuiszko - Poland
         c. Pulaski - Poland
         d. von Steuben - Germany
   B. Valley Forger
      1. Winter of 1777-1778
      2. Washington's camp - 20 miles from Philadelphia
      3. Lacked blankets, shoes, shirts, and food
      4. No money for supplies - Pamphlet: "The Crisis"

III. War moves West and South
   A. Americans capture Kaskaskia and Vincennes (George Rogers Clark)
   B. War at Sea
      1. British blockade American ports
      2. Americans use privateers - privately owned ships
      3. John Paul Jones - Commander of Bohomme Richard, defeated British ship Serrapis
   C. Struggle in the South
      1. British win in Georgia, Charleston, and Camden
      2. Americans use geurrilla warfare - Francis Marion "swamp fox"
      3. Nathaniel Green defeats British at Cowpens - Cornwallis retreats

IV. War is won
   A. Yorktown
      1. Got help from French army and navy
      2. Cornwallis was trapped at Yorktown
      3. Cornwallis surrenders on October 19, 1781
   B. Treaty of Paris
      1. U.S. is independent
      2. our land extended to Mississippi River
      3. British promise to withdraw all troops from forts



Expansion




The Northwest Territory



I. Ordinance of 1785
   A. divided the land into townships
      1. 6 miles wide by 6 miles long
      2. 36 sections - 1 mile wide by 1 mile long
      3. sold land at auction for at least $1 an acre
      4. money from the sale of section 16 was reserved for school

II. Northwest Ordinance - 1787
   A. Made rules for statehood
      1. under 5,000 free males - government was appointed
      2. over 5,000 free males - territory could elect a legislature
      3. over 60,000 - territory could become a state

III. States made from the old northwest
   A. Illinois
   B. Ohio
   C. Wisconsin
   D. Michigan
   E. Indiana

IV. States made from the old southwest
   A. Kentucky
   B. Tennessee
   C. Mississippi
   D. Alabama



The Louisiana Purchase



I. Background
   A. claimed by France
   B. During French and Indian war, Spain gets land west of Mississippi
   C. In 1800 France got the land back

II. We wanted to buy New Orleans
   A. Napoleon Bonaparte wanted to sell all of Louisiana
   B. We paid $15,000,000 for it
   C. 1803

III.
   A. Cost 2 cents per acre
   B. Doubled size of our country

IV. Problems
   A. we didn't know what we bought
   B. Napoleon promised the Spanish that he would keep the territory
   C. we were only supposed to spen $10,000,000 to buy it
   D. was it constitutional?

V. Explored by
   A. Lewis and Clark
   B. Sacajawea
   C. Zebulon Pike



The Oregon Country



I. Claimed by four countries
   A. Spain - Balboa
   B. Russia - Vitus Bering
   C. Great Britain - Sir Francis Drake
   D. U.S. - Captain Robert Gray, Lewis and Clark

II. What happened to the claims
   A. Spain gives up their claim
   B. Russia gets Alaska
   C. 1818 - U.S. and Britain agree to joint occupation

III. Settling Oregon
   A. Mountain Men
      1. Fur Traders
      2. Rendezvous - annual meeting to trade furs
   B. Guides - discovered South Pass
   C. Missionaries
      1. Dr. Marcus Whitman
      2. measles epidemic



Texas



I. In 1821, Mexico became independent
   A. In 1822 Stephen Austin led 300 American families into Texas
      1. Become Mexican citizens
      2. Beomce Catholic
      3. Obey the laws
   B. Too many Americans with slaves moved in
   C. Santa Anna, the ruler of Mexico, tried to stop Americans from movin into Texas
   D. On March 2, 1836, Texas declares independence from Mexico
   E. Battles
      1. Alamo
      2. Goliad (Texans lost)
      3. San Jacinto - Santa Anna is captured
   F. In 1836 Texas became independent - Lone Star Republic
   G. We did not let Texas become a state
      1. It would've been a slave state
      2. We would go to war with Mexico



Mexican War



I. In 1845 - James Polk becomes president
   A. Manifest destiny - the belief that our country should extend from ocean to ocean
   B. 1845 - Texas becomes a state
   C. A boundary dispute
      1. The U.S. said the boundary was the Rio Grande
      2. Mexico said it was the Neuces River
   D. Zachary Taylor moves army to the Rio Grande
      1. Shots are fired
      2. Polk asks Congress to declare war on Mexico

II. War - 1846
   A. Buena Vista - U.S. wins
   B. California declares independence (Bear Flag Republic)
   C. Mexico City - U.S. wins

III. Peace Treaty
   A. The Rio Grande becomes out border
   B. We gain the Mexican Cession
   C. We paid $15,000,000 for the Mexican Cession and $2,500,000 in debts



The Gold Rush



I. In 1848 gold was discovered in California
   A. near Sacramento
   B. on John Sutter's property
   C. discovered by Jim Marshall
   D. "49ers" - people who went to California for gold in 1849

II. Three routes to San Francisco
   A. Land - wagon train
      1. Five to six months
      2. cheapest way
   B. Water - around South America - 14,000 miles
      1. Took 3-4 months
   C. Land and Water
      1. ship to Central America, walk across, ship to California
      2. Fastest and most expensive

III. 1850 - California becomes a state
   A. Nearly 100,000 people came for gold in 1848-1849
   B. by 1852, population was 220,000

IV. Gadsden Purchase
   A. From Mexico
   B. 1853
   C. To build a railroad
   D. We paid $10,000,000

V. Mormons
   A. Religious group started by Joseph Smith
   B. Forced to move several times
   C. Brigham Young led the group to the Great Salt Lake in 1846
   D. 12,000 Mormons moved - single largest migration in American history



The Civil War




Causes of the Civil War



1. Tariff - tax paid by merchants who imported goods. The Northeast wanted a tariff because it would make European good cost more, and American good would be in higher demand. The South didn't want it because it would increase the price that they paid on their cotton.
2. States' rights - the idea that states have many powers separate from the national government. The south supported it; the north didn't
3. Abolitionists - people who worked to end slavery
4. Underground Railroad - a network of safe houses owned by free blacks and whites who opposed slavery and offered assistance to runaways
5. Missouri Compromise - Henry Clay's proposal that Maine be made a free state and Missouri a slave state to keep the balance of free and slave states
6. Sectionalism - an exaggerated loyalty to a particular region of a country
7. Popular sovereignty - the idea that people living in a territory had the right to decide by voting if slavery would be allowed there
8. Compromise of 1850 - laws passed in 1850 that admitted California as a free state, placed restrictions on slavery, settled the New Mexico-Texas border dispute, abolished slave trade in Washington D.C., and pushed for a stronger slave fugitive law
9. Uncle Tom's Cabin - a book published in 1852 that showed slavery as a cruel, brutal system
10. Bleeding Kansas - A violent outbreak between proslavery and antislavery forces in Lawrence, May 1856
11. Dred Scott Decision - Dred Scott, an African-American, was considered as a slave by the Supreme Court in a ruling for his freedom
12. Lincoln-Douglas Debates - Seven heated debates in which Lincoln debated with Douglas about slavery. Douglas becomes Senator of Illinois
13. Harper's Ferry - Abolitionists tried to attack the arsenal in Harper's Ferry and start a slave riot, but it failed
14. Election of 1860
   A. Northern Democrats
      1. Stephen Doulas
      2. Popular Sovereignty
   B. Southern Democrats
      1. John Breckingridge
      2. Wanted to spread slavery
   C. Constitutional Union
      1. John Bell
      2. Wanted another compromise
   D. Republican
      1. Abraham Lincoln
      2. Platform
         a. Tariff
         b. Railroad to the West
         c. free land
         d. stop spread of slavery



The Civil War



I. Secession
   A. South Carolina leaves first
   B. Confederate states of America (Confederacy)
      1. Jefferson Davis becomes president
      2. two states

II. Fort Sumter, South Carolina, April 12, 1861
   A. Union troops in fort refuse to leave
   B. South attacked the fort

III. Comparing the North and the South
   A. Advantages - North
      1. more railroads
      2. more factories
      3. navy
      4. better banking system
      5. more money
      6. more people
      7. more natural resources
      8. trained army
   B. Advantages - South
      1. fighting on own land
      2. strong military leader - Robert E. Lee
      3. strong support for war
   C. Border states - slave states that stayed in the Union
      1. Missouri
      2. Kentucky
      3. West Virginia
      4. Maryland
      5. Delaware
   D. War goals - Union
      1. blockade southern ports
      2. divide the South along the Mississippi River
      3. capture Richmond
   E. War goals - Confederacy
      1. fight until North gets tired
      2. every now and then win an important battle
      3. hoped for aid from England

IV. 1861-1863
   A. battle of Bull Run - Union retreated
   B. blockade successful
   C. Ironclads
      1. South - 1 ship, the Merrimac
      2. North had the Monitor
      3. Battle between the two ended in a draw
      4. North had resources to make more iron clads
   D. Mississippi River
      1. Grant started in North and went South along the river
      2. Farragut and his navy started in New Orleans and went North
   E. Emancipation Proclamation
      1. Statement by Lincoln that freed slaves in the Confederacy

V. 1863-1865
   A. Vicksburg - July 4, 1863
      1. final holdout on the Mississippi River
      2. lasted 6 weeks
      3. seige - bombed constantly
   B. Gettysburg - July 1-4, 1863
      1. Lee invades Pennsylvania
      2. Battle lastes two-and-a-half days
      3. 60,000 men killed
      4. Gettysburg Address - speech written by Lincoln to dedicate cemetery
   C. Grant is put in charge of Union Army
   D. Sherman's "march to sea"
      1. Atlanta falls - September 1864
      2. total war - path of destruction 60 miles wide from Atlanta to Savannah
   E. Richmond falls
      1. Grant in charge
      2. Slow - Grant loses 50,000 men in 4 days
      3. Lee abandons Richmond - Spring 1865
      4. April 19, 1865 - Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House
   F. April 14, 1865 - Lincoln is assassinated at Ford Theater



Reconstruction



I. Lincoln is assassinated on April 14, 1865
   A. Andrew Johnson becomes president
   B. Johnson was a Southerner and a former Democrat

II. Lincoln's Plan
   A. No punishment of the South
   B. When 10% of the people of a state took the Oath of Allegiance to the Union, the state was readmitted

III. Congress's Plan
   A. Amendments
      1. 13th - freed slaves
      2. 14th - made free blacks citizens
      3. 15th - gave them the right to vote
   B. Southern leaders could not hold office
   C. Set up five military districts in the South

IV. Impeachment
   A. Johnson accused of two crimes
   B. found not guilty

V. Reconstructed South
   A. Freedman's Bureau - food, shelter, and education for blacks
   B. Black Codes - restrictions, often unfair
   C. Carpetbaggers - Northerners who came to the South to help rebuild
   D. Scalawags - Southerners who helped the carpetbaggers
   E. K.K.K.



Business and Industry




Industrial Revolution



I. Industrial Revolution - Men started to use machines on a large scale to do work that was formerly done by hand
   A. Started in England in the late 1700s
      1. In the 1700s most homes had a spinning wheel for thread and a hand loom for weaving cloth
      2. In the 1760s James Hargreaves built the Spinning Jenny, which could spin eight threads at a time
      3. Edmund Cartwright invented a loom that was run by water power
      4. Richard Arkwright started the first factory by putting both machines in one building
      5. Cotton Gin - 1785 - Eli Whitney
      6. Industry was called "Textile" - Woven Cloth
   B. Brought to America
      1. In 1789 Sam Slater memorized the plans for the machines and came to America
      2. He started a mill in Rhode Island and Massachusetts
      3. Manufacturing increased during the war of 1812
      4. Lowell factories in Massachusetts
   C. Most factories were located in New England states
      1. Had streams and rivers for water power
      2. Poor farm land, so there were people to work
      3. Had ships for transportation

Vocabulary Words



1. Mass Production - a method used to produce large quantities of goods at low prices. Three parts:
2. Standard Parts - uniform or interchangable parts. Invented by Eli Whitney (guns)
3. Division of Labor - a worker does one or two jobs all day long
4. Assembly Line - the product comes to the worker. Started by Henry Ford
5. Employer - someone for whom you work
6. Employee - a worker
7. Rebate - moneyback or discounts for buying a product
8. Single Proprietorship - a business owned by one person
9. Partnership - a business owned by two or three people
10. Franchise - a chain store
11. Corporation - a large company owned by many people. People who buy shares of a stock are called stockholders. Each stockholder gets one vote for each stock he owns
12. Stock - shares in a business
13. Dividends - profits the company gives to its stockholders
14. Board of Directors - group of people chosen by the stockholders of a corporation
15. Monopoly - Having complete control of a product or service
16. Trust - group of corporations that are run by a single board of directors
17. Consolidate - combine
18. Law of Supply and Demand
   a. when the supply is small and the demand is high, the price goes up
   b. when the supply is large and the demand is small, the price goes down



Growth of Industry



I. Railroad Expansion
   A. Transcontinental railroad completed in 1889
   B. Consolidation - practice of combining separate companies (railroads bought out smaller companies)
   C. Railroad barons - men who controlled the nation's railroads
      1. Cornelius Vanderbilt - New York Central Railroad from New York to Chicago
      2. James J. Hill - Great Northern Railroad (Minnesota to Seattle)
   D. Improvements
      1. Standard gauge (width of track)
      2. Air brakes (George Westinghouse - easier to stop train)
      3. Janney Car Couplers (easier to link cars together)
      4. Refridgerated cars (Swift)
      5. Pullman sleeping car
   E. Competition for customers
      1. Rebates - moneyback; discounts
      2. Pools - divided business and set rates for a region

II. Inventions
   A. Telegraph, cable, telephone, camera
   B. Thomas Edison
      1. "Wizard of Menlo Park"
      2. More than 1,000 patents
      3. Phonograph, storage battery, lightbulb
   C. Automobile
      1. Model T - Henry Ford - 1908
      2. Assembly Line
   D. Wright Brothers - Plane - 1903

III. Captains of Industry
   A. Corporations
   B. John D. Rockefeller
      1. Standard Oil Company
      2. Monopoly
   C. Andrew Carnegie
      1. Steel - Carnegie Steel Co.
      2. later became United Steel Co.
   D. J.P. Morgan - Banker

IV. Industrial Workers
   A. Terms to learn
      1. sweatshop - crowded factory for garment workers
      2. trade union - a union that represents workers in a craft or trade
      3. collective bargaining - union representatives try to make an agreement with management
      4. strikebreakers - person hired to replace a striking worker
      5. injunction - court order telling striking workers to return to work
   B. Working conditions
      1. factories, mines, sweatshops etc. were noisy, unsafe, and unhealthy
      2. By 1900, women were working in industry
      3. Long hours, low wages
      4. Child Labor - 2,000,000 children worked
   C. Labor Unions
      1. Knights of Labor, led by Terrance V. Powderly - open to all workers
      2. The American Federation of Labor - led by Sam Gompers - skilled workers
         a. higher wages
         b. shorter hours
         c. safer working conditions
         d. collective bargaining
      3. Triangle Shirtwaist Company
   D. Unions Act
      1. Strike - workers refused to work
      2. The Haymarker Riot - 1886 - Chicago
   E. C.I.O. - Company of Industrial Organizations
      1. President John L. Lewis
      2. unskilled workers
   F. 1955 the A.F.L. and C.I.O. merged



Progressivism

I. 1900 -1914 - Middle Class
   A. Corruption in Government
   B. Government was controlled by the few who were the captains of industry
   C. Child Labor
   D. Spoils System - giving government jobs to friends and family
   E. Political Machines
      1. New York City boss - William Tweed
      2. Stole $100,000,000

II. Reformers
   A. Muckrakers - writers who exposed the corruption (dirt)
      1. Jacob Riis - took pictures of the slums of New York City
      2. Lincoln Steffens - wrote about city bosses
      3. Ida Tarbell - wrote about the Standard Oil Company
      4. Upton Sinclair - The Jungle about the meat-packing industry in Chicago
      5. Thomas Nast - drew political cartoons
   B. Government
      1. Initiative - voters can introduce bills
      2. Referendum - voters can vote on a bill to become a law
      3. Recall - voters can remove an elected official from office
   C. Amendments
      1. 16th Amendment - Income tax
      2. 17th Amendment - Voters can elect Senate
      3. 18th Amendment - Prohibition - made alcohol illegal
      4. 19th Amendment - Women's right to vote (suffrage)
   D. Laws
      1. Pure Food and Drug act - listed the ingerdients in food
      2. Interstate Commerce Commission - regulated railroad rates
      3. Clayton Antitrust Act - made trust illegal

III. President Theodore Roosevelt
   A. Background
      1. Sickly Child
      2. New York City Police Commissioner
      3. Assistant Secretary of the Navy
      4. Rough Riders
      5. Vice President
   B. 1901 McKinley is assassinated and Teddy becomes president
      1. nicknames trust buster
      2. passed pure food and drug act
      3. conservations - 148 million acres of land for national parks
      4. Arbitrated Labor disputes
      5. Panama Canal
      6. won the Nobel Peace Prize
      7. author of 27 books
      8. read 2-3 books a day
      9. expert on north american wildlife
      10. president for 7 years
   C. Taft was president for 4 years
      1. Teddy runs for president on the Bull Moose party
      2. Didn't win



Immigration



I. Old Immigration
   A. Before 1880
   B. Where they came from - Northern or Western European countries

II. New immigration
   A. after 1880
   B. Eastern and Southern Europe

III. Ellis Island - New York



Overseas Expansion



I. Alaska
   A. owned by Russia
   B. in 1867 U.S. bought Alaska
      1. paid $7,200,000
      2. called "Seward's Folly" or "Seward's Icebox"
   C. In 1959 Alaska became our 49th state

II. Hawaii
   A. sugar planters lived in Hawaii
      1. America put a tax on the sugar
      2. Sugar planters overthrow Queen Lilluokalani
      3. President denied annexation of Hawaii and said it didn't agree with it
   B. In 1900 Congress agreed to annex Hawaii as a territory
   C. 1959 - it became our 50th state

III. Spanish American War
   A. Spain owned Cuba
      1. United States was concerned
   B. Cuba wanted independence and revolted against Spain
   C. Spain sends an army to stop the revolution
   D. General Weyler (butcher) was sent from Spain
      1. Detention Camps - over 200,000 people died
      2. Yellow Journalism called him "The Butcher"
   E. We sent the ship the Maine to Havana
      1. February 15, 1898 - the ship blows up
      2. April 25, 1898 the U.S. declares war on Spain

IV. The War - "A splendid little war"
   A. Cuba
   B. Puerto Rico
   C. The Phillipines

V. Peace Treaty
   A. The U.S. gained Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Phillipines
   B. We received Wake Island and Guam



War




World War I



I. Background Causes
   A. The formation of armed hostile camps
      1. The triple alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)
      2. The triple entente (France, England, Russia)
   B. Strong feelings of natonalism
      1. lead to jealousy
      2. some people did not have a country of their own
   C. Economic Competition
      1. Primarily between Germany and England
      2. Competing for world markets
      3. Competing for raw materials
      4. Largest Fleet
      5. Competing for colonies
   D. Psychological - People felt war was inevitable

II. The War
   A. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
      1. June 28, 1914
      2. by a Serbian
      3. in Sarajevo
   B. Austria Hungary declares war on Serbia on July 28, 1914
      1. Serbia and Russia were allies; Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary
   C. Central Powers
      1. Germany
      2. Austria-Hungary
      3. Bulgaria
      4. Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
   D. Allies
      1. Russia (Drops out in 1917)
      2. England
      3. France
      4. Italy (enters 1915)
      5. America (enters 1917)
   E. Trench Warfare
      1. Trenches were on the Western front - 400 miles
      2. Stalemate for three-and-a-half years
   F. Wilson said the U.S. would remain neutral
      1. People from both sides had come to the United States
      2. U.S. wanted to trade with both nations
         a. Britain stopped us from trading with Germany
            1) Blockaded German ports
            2) Made mine fields in the North Sea
         b. Germany stopped us from trading with Britain
            1) submarines
            2) sank the Lusitania - May 7, 1915
            3) January 31, 1917 - Germany announces unrestricted submarine warfare
            4) Zimmerman telegram - from Germany to Mexico