Jean-Paul Sartre, (1905-1980) born in Paris in 1905,
studied at the École Normale Supérieure from 1924 to 1929 and became
Professor of Philosophy at Le Havre in 1931. With the help of a stipend from the
Institut Français he studied in Berlin (1932) the philosophies of Edmund
Husserl and Martin Heidegger. After further teaching at Le Havre, and then in
Laon, he taught at the Lycée Pasteur in Paris from 1937 to 1939. Since
the end of the Second World War, Sartre has been living as an independent writer.
Sartre is one of those writers for whom a determined philosophical position
is the centre of their artistic being. Although drawn from many sources, for example,
Husserl's idea of a free, fully intentional consciousness and Heidegger's existentialism,
the existentialism Sartre formulated and popularized is profoundly original. Its
popularity and that of its author reached a climax in the forties, and Sartre's
theoretical writings as well as his novels and plays constitute one of the main
inspirational sources of modern literature. In his philosophical view atheism
is taken for granted; the "loss of God" is not mourned. Man is condemned to freedom,
a freedom from all authority, which he may seek to evade, distort, and deny but
which he will have to face if he is to become a moral being. The meaning of man's
life is not established before his existence. Once the terrible freedom is acknowledged,
man has to make this meaning himself, has to commit himself to a role in this
world, has to commit his freedom. And this attempt to make oneself is futile without
the "solidarity" of others.
The conclusions a writer must draw from
this position were set forth in "Qu'est-ce que la littérature?" (What Is
Literature?), 1948: literature is no longer an activity for itself, nor primarily
descriptive of characters and situations, but is concerned with human freedom
and its (and the author's) commitment. Literature is committed; artistic creation
is a moral activity.
While the publication of his early, largely
psychological studies,L'Imagination (1936), Esquisse d'une théorie
des émotions (Outline of a Theory of the Emotions), 1939, and L'Imaginaire:
psychologie phénoménologique de l'imagination (The Psychology
of Imagination), 1940, remained relatively unnoticed, Sartre's first novel, La
Nausée (Nausea), 1938, and the collection of stories Le Mur
(Intimacy), 1938, brought him immediate recognition and success. They dramatically
express Sartre's early existentialist themes of alienation and commitment, and
of salvation through art.
His central philosophical work, L'Etre
et le néant (Being and Nothingness), 1943, is a massive structuralization
of his concept of being, from which much of modern existentialism derives. The
existentialist humanism which Sartre propagates in his popular essay L'Existentialisme
est un humanisme (Existentialism is a Humanism), 1946, can be glimpsed in
the series of novels, Les Chemins de la Liberté (The Roads to Freedom),
1945-49.
Sartre is perhaps best known as a playwright. In Les
Mouches (The Flies), 1943, the young killer's committed freedom is pitted
against the powerless Jupiter, while in Huis Clos (No Exit), 1947, hell
emerges as the togetherness of people.
Sartre has engaged extensively
in literary critisicm and has written studies on Baudelaire (1947) and Jean Genet
(1952). A biography of his childhood, Les Mots (The Words), appeared in
1964.
From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and later published in the book series Les Prix Nobel/Nobel Lectures. The information is sometimes updated with an addendum submitted by the Laureate. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.
Jean-Paul Sartre died on April 15, 1980.
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