AD 47: Eastern Wales, or Kingdom of Cambria, was conquered by the Romans. It was a client-kingdom at first, but thirty years later in AD 77 became a Roman province.

59-62: Western Wales, or Kingdom of Aberffraw, was conquered by the Romans. After a period of martial-law the former kingdom was converted into a special district which was governed directly by a Roman consular, and oddly never became a Roman province.

Roman Wales was divided into cantrefs. A "cantref" was a unit comprised of more than one "commote". A "commote" was the equivalent to the Anglo-Saxon "hide" = 100 dwellings or hamlets. The local rulers of the cantrefs were usually native Welsh tribal elders.

Yr 67: St. Cyllin (Coellyn), a British prince [son of British hero-king Caratacus], representative of the Old Iron Age [pre-Roman] British Royal House, was granted the estate of Ewyas [Gwent-Glamorgan-Gower] and is reckoned its first king, under Roman sponsorship.

Yr 71: Joseph "Ha-Rama-Theo", the desposynic prince, one of Jesus’ so-called “brothers” (Mt. 13:55), was given an estate in Britain by the British King Arviragus that comprised 160 acres of land [= “one hide”] surrounding an old hill-fort as his residence, which estate was raised in status to a kingdom, Garthmadrun, by the Roman Emperor Maximus in AD 383. His descendants represented one of the three holy families in Britain according to the "Triads".

Yr 180: Decion, a British prince [descendant of St. Cyllin (Coellyn), above], appointed by Roman authorities as the first "civitas" of Gwent [I], whose descendants held sway there as local rulers during the entire Roman era.

Yr 184: Casnar "Wledic", a British prince, appointed "civitas" of Caerwent, which estate came to be the seat of the descendants of Britain's dispossessed Old Iron Age [pre-Roman] British Iron Age Royal House.

c 305: Llieyn, prince/leader of a clan of the Laigin of Leinster led the migration of his clan to Roman Wales where they were settled by the authorities in North-West Wales, in Lleyn, the peninsula of Caernarvonshire, and founded a line of local rulers there.

c 305: Echach "Almuir", prince/leader of the Deisi, an Irish tribe, whose chiefs/kings represented the senior-line of the Milesians of Meath-Connacht, during a period of civil wars in Ireland, led the Deisi from Ireland to South-West Wales where they were settled in Pembrokeshire by the Roman authorities of Britain. His descendants later inherited the Welsh kingdom of Dyfed [Demetia], through its heiress.

c 305: Lethan, prince/leader of a branch of the Eoganacht of Munster, and his sons, led the migration of their clan from Ireland to Mid-West Wales where they were settled by the Roman authorities in Cardiganshire, and founded a line of local rulers.

c 305: Corpre of Kerry, representing another branch of the Eoganacht of Munster, came to Britain and were settled in England, in Devonshire, by the Roman authorities, and also founded a line of local rulers, c 305. And,

c 305: Fidaig, who represented a third branch of the Eoganacht of Munster, came from Ireland and settled in Kincardineshire, in Scotland, about the same time, and founded a line of local rulers there, c 305.

c 369: Cerdic of Gwent, 1st Earl of Salop, a British prince, was appointed "civitas" of Salop by Roman authorities; and the shire became his estate and was inherited for several centuries by his descendants.

c 383: Ruduac, native Welsh heir, restored to the Kingdom of Cambria, which was reconstituted as a British client-kingdom by Roman Emperor Maximus.

c 399: Corpre of Munster, prince/leader of the "Cenel Crimthann", elder of the sons of the late Irish High-King Crimthann "Mor", expelled from Ireland during a period of civil wars, led the migration of the "Cenel Crimthann" from Ireland to Wales, and settled in Ystrad Tywi, where his descendants reigned as regional-kings.

called the British "West Country", was resolved into a patchwork of regional-kingdoms by the late fifth century and early sixth century.

Yr 401: Cunedda "Guledig" [= "prince"], a British prince, the "civitas" of Gododdin, the territory of the Votadini, in Roman service, was moved by the Roman General Stilicho to Wales to help defend against Irish attacks on that country, and was given the title "dux" [="duke"] by Stilicho. He was accompanied by eight sons, who served as his captains. It is noteworthy that some of his sons bear Roman names.

Yr 418: Pebid "Penllyn", 1st King of Penllyn

Here, a British prince, with his followers, establishes himself in the old Roman fort at Penllyn following its evacuation by the Romans.

Yr 418: Tidlet "Prydyn", 1st King of Powys

Yr 418: Mabon "Penrhyn", 1st King of Penrhyn

Yr 429: Catell Durnluc, a British prince, founds 2nd-Dynasty of Powys, upon his anointing by St. Germanus of Auxerre as Powys' next king

a. Rhufon, 1st Earl of Rhufonion

b. Osmail, 1st Earl of Osfeilion

c. Dunodd, 1st Earl of Dunoding

d. Cerdic, 1st King of Ceredigion [Cardiganshire]

e. Abolyc, 1st Earl of Afloegion

f. Dogfael, 1st Earl of Dogfeiling

g. Ederyn, 1st Earl of Edeyrnion

note: the share to the eldest son, Tybion (Tipiaun), who had predeceased his father, passed to his sons (a) Meridaun, King of Manau, i.e., Lothian [grandfather of Mynyddog "The Wealthy", King of Manau, i.e., Lothian] and (b) Meirion (Meriaun), 1st King of Merioneth (below)

Yr 457: Eogan "Albanach" [grandson of Corpre of Munster, above], 1st King of Ystrad Tywi, founded a dynasty of regional-kings under patronage of the British King Ambrosius

Yr 457: Guitolin (Vitalinus), 1st King of Gwerthrynion [Guorthegirnain] [Middle Powys]

Yr 457: Pascent, 1st King of Buellt

c 475: Gwrawd Gwent

a cadet of Gwent-I Line, became 1st King of Gwent-III [3rd Dyn.]; elevated his estate to the status of a kingdom; and changed his title from "sire" to "king"; divided inheritance with his brother

c 475: Glywys Gernyw, brother, became 1st King of Glywysing

Yr 481: Brychan, 1st King of Brecon [Brycheiniog; Brecknockshire]

son of Prince Anllach of Galloway [whose mother was an Irish princess] and Marchell of Garthmadrun, its heiress; succeeded his grandfather as King of Garthmadrun but re-named the kingdom after himself as Brycheiniog, also called Brecon, or Brecknock

Yr 499: Cadwal "Lauhir", grandson of Cunedda "Guledig", became 1st King of Gwynedd

drove out Irish from Gwynedd and established himself there

Yr 499: Meirion, grandson of Cunedda "Guledig", became 1st King of Merioneth

drove out Irish from Merioneth and established himself there

Yr 519: dispute over the throne of Gwynedd on the death of its king, Cadwal "Lauhir", was settled by King Arthur who put Maelgwn "Hir" in his office, who founds another dynasty

Yr 519: Cynan "Clotrydd", a British prince, founds Third-Dynasty Powys

Yr 519: the descendants of Joseph of Arimathea, that is, the "Grail-Kings", were relocated to Britain under King Arthur's patronage, and were given the old iron age hill-fort at Castell Dinas Bran, at Llangollen, in Clwyd, Wales, as their estate.

c 538: Cyngalyn, scion of Gwent-I Line, became King of Gower

an Arthurian prince, established himself in the old Roman fort at Ercing [Archenfield] and became its first "sire"

499-517 01. Cadwal "Lauhir", 1st King of Gwynedd [son of Enniaun "Yrth", Lord of Caernarvonshire (d479), son of Cunedda "Guledig", Duke of Wales (d441)], drove the Irish out of Caernarvonshire and founded the kingdom.

note: Owain "Danwyn" (Eugein "Dantguin"), the brother of the late king Cadwal "Lauhir", claimed that Maelgwn "Hir", the reputed son of Cadwal "Lauhir", was not the son of his late brother and therefore challenged his right to the throne. Legend says the Maelgwn "Gwynedd" was the illegitimate son of King Arthur from a “tryst” with Meddyf, wife of Cadwel “Lauhir” of Gwynedd, daughter of Maeldaf “Hnaef” [son of Dylan Draws]. The legend is hinted at by Saint Gildas, his contemporary, who called him "Dragon of The Isle".The dispute was settled by the murder of Owain "Danwyn" traditionally by Maelgwn "Gwynedd".

519-538 02. Maelgwn "Gwynedd", 1st time [parentage questionable], had five wives:

=1 Upinit, a Pictish princess, the mother of a son, Brut, and a dau [name];

=2 Alswyn, dau of Sawyl "Benisel", a British prince, &, mother of a son, Einion, and a dau, Eurgen, wife of Elidur "Mwynfawr", King of Lancaster;

=3 Gwallwen, mother of five sons, namely, Rhun, Beli, Iago, Hvrn, & Doeg, and a dau, Rimo, 1st wife of Hoel II of Brittany;

=4 Sanant, mother of a son, St. Alser; and,

=5 Lorile, mother of a son, Hual, boy-king of Britain

538 03. Cinglas "Tawny-Butcher", son of Owain "Danwyn", see note above

547-589 04. Rhun "Vawr", son of Maelgwn "Gwynedd"

589-593 05. Beli, bro, [another] son of Maelgwn "Gwynedd"

593-XXX 06. Cangan (Cyngen), son of Maig, Lord of Rhos, son of Cinglas "Tawny Butcher" (above)

XXX-613 07. Cadwal "Crysban" ["Cryshalog"], son

613-XXX 08. Ytigoy (Idgwyn), son

XXX 593 09. Iago, abd, d606, son of Maelgwn "Gwynedd", &, bro of Rhun and Beli (above)

593-613 10. Cadvan (Cadfan), son

613-634 11. Cadwallon, son

654-657 13. Cadwaladr I, son

657-664 14. Cadwaladr II "Fendigaid", dep, d682, son of Cadwallon (above)

XXX-712 15. Idwal (Iutguaul) "Iwrch", son of Cadwaladr II "Fendigaid"

712-754 16. R[h]otri "Molwynog", son [note: his widow, Fermael of Ireland, married 2ndly her late husband's successor]

754-798 17. Caradoc, son of Meirion, son of Rhufon, son of Einion, son of Ytigoy (above)

798-816 18A Cynan "Tindaethwy", co-ruler, son of R[h]otri "Molwynog" (above)

798-825 18B Hywel (Higuel) "Farf-Fehinog", son of Caradoc (above)

816 19. Esyllt, regent & heiress, dau of Cynan "Tindaethwy" (above)

816/825-844 20. Merfyn, son of Gwriad of Isle of Man & wife Esyllt, heiress of Gwynedd

844-878 21. Rhodri "Mawr", son

878-916 22. Anarawd, King of Gwynedd, son

916-942 23. Idwal "Foel", son

942-950 24. Hywel I "Dda" ["The Good"], son of Cadell, King of Seisyllwg, son of Rhodri "Mawr". He expelled the heirs of Idwal "Foel", and took over Gwynedd; re-unified the Welsh kingdom. On his death the sons of Idwal "Foel" of Gwynedd returned to claim their inheritance.

950-979 25A Iago I, dep, d985?, son of Idwal "Foel"

950-969 25B Ieauf (Levan), co-ruler, dep, d988, bro

979-985 26. Hywel II "The Bad", son

985-986 27. Cadwallo, bro

986-999 28. Maredudd I, son of Owain, King of Deheubarth, son of Hywel I "Dda" (above)

999-1005 29. Cynan, son of Hywel II "The Bad"

1018-1023 31. Llywelyn I, see

1023-1033 32. Riderch, usurper, killed versus the Irish

1033-1039 33. Iago II, son of Idwal (d996), son of Meurig (d986), bro of Iago I & Ieauf (above)

1039-1063 34. Gruffydd I, son of Llywelyn I (above)

1063-1075 35. Bleddyn, half-bro

1075-1081 36. Trahern, sister's son

XXXX 1081 37. Gruffydd II, 1st time, son of Cynan, son of Iago II (above)

1137-1170 38. Owain "Gwynedd" or "The Great", son

1170-1173 39A Maelgwn, co-ruler, dep, d1174, son

1170-90&1193 39B Rhodri [II], dep, reasserted rights 1193, d1195, bro

1170-1195 39C Dafydd I, dep 1195, abd 1198, d1203, bro

1194-1240 40. Llywelyn II "The Great", son of Iorwerth "Drwyndwn", son of Owain "Gwynedd" (above)

1240-1246 41. Dafydd II, son of Llywelyn II "The Great"

1246-1282 42. Llywelyn III "The Last", son of Gruffydd, son of Llywelyn II "The Great"

1282-1283 X. Dafydd [III], anti-king, bro

X(375)X 01. Pwyll, Lord of Dyfed, parentage unsure

XXX 03. Nyfed [Nimet] [Ednyfed], son

XXX 04. Clydwyn [Gloitguin; Clutouinos; Gletwin], son

XXX 05. Clotri [Clutorix], son

XXX 06. Seithyn "Saidi", King of Dyfed, parentage unsure [poss. son of Gware "Wallt Afwyn", son of Pryderi, son of Pwyll, Lord of Dyfed, above]

XXX 07. Seithinin [Septentinus], son

XXX 08. Gwythno, son

XXX 9A Gwledyr, heiress & co-ruler, dau of Clotri [Clutorix] (above)

XXX 9B Tryfyn "Farfog", co-ruler, husband, son of Owain "Fraisc", son of Kyndeyrn (Cyndwr), son of Owain, son of Cyngar, son of Aeda "Broisc", son of Corath (Corach), son of Echach "Allmuir", prince of the Irish Deisi tribe (AD 305)

XXX 10. Echu (Eochaid), son, his brothers were Urdudfyl & Drudwas

XXX 11. Stater, son [his brothers were Aergul "Lawhir" & Meigen]

XXX-527 12. Aergul "Lawhir" (Agricola), bro

527-538 13. Votepore (Voteporix; Uotecorix; Guortepir; Gwrthefyr), son [his elder bro was Erbin of Dyfed, and, his younger bro was Eilws "Hen"]

538-XXX 14. Congar (Cincar; Kyngar), son

XXX X. Bledri, Lord of Dyfed, son of Eilws "Hen", bro of Votepore (above) & Erbin of Dyfed

XXX 15. Petuir (Retheoir) (Petroc), son of Congar (above)

XXX 16. Artuir (Arthur), bro

XXX-598 17. Margadudd I (Margitiut; Morgetiud; Maredudd) (Meredith), son of Dyfyr, son of Alun [bro of Cadrieth & Cass], son[s] of Meigen, bro of Aergul "Lawhir" & Stater (above)

XXX 18. Nougoy (Nennue), son of Artuir (above)

XXX 19. Gwydion (Gwlyddien), also called Cloten (Celeothen) (Clutonus), son

XXX 20A Cathen (Catgocuan) (Catheu), son of Gwydion (above)

XXX-654 20B Margadudd II (Meredith), bro

XXX 20C Tryfyn (Tryphun; Tryffyn), bro

XXX 21. Cadwgon "Trydelig", son of Cathen (above)

X(730)X 22. Rhian I (Rhein; Rigin), son

XXX 23. Tewdws (Teudos), son [his bro, Tewdwr [Teudor], inherited Brecon]

XXX-796 24. Margadudd III (Maredudd), son

796-808 25. Rhian II, son

808-809 26. Iddon (Ithon), bro

809-811 27. Owain (Ewein), bro

811-814 28. Tryffyn [II], son of Rhian II (above)

XXX-872 29. Iudon, dep, d876, son of Tryffyn [II] (above)

878-893 31. Hyfeidd (Himeylt), son of Bleddri of Glamorgan & wife Tancoyslt, dau of Owain (above), bro of Iddon & Rhian II

893-904 32. Llywarch (Loumarch), son

904-905 33. Rhodri [II], dep, bro, deposed by Cadell of Seisyllwg, who conquered the country

905-909 34. Cadell of Seisyllwg, son of Rhodri "Mawr" (above)

combined forces with his brothers to subjugate the whole of Wales; attacked Hyfeidd, King of Dyfed; Eliseg, King of Brecon; & Owain, King of Gwent

909/928-950 35. Hywel I "Dda" ["The Good"] married Elen, heiress of Demetia, dau of Llywarch (above)

in 950 he and his brothers came under attack of Prince Iago of Gwynedd, who was determined to regain Gwynedd and avenge his father and the loss of his inheritance; and was killed in battle

his death in 954 left Owain sole ruler

husband of Queen Angharad [I] of Powys; warred against Morgannwg in 960, 970, 977, and 984

succeeded his father in Demetia [Dyfed]; began his reign with an invasion of Gwynedd, slew King Cadwallo of Gwynedd same year and took over the country; occupied Powys in his mother's name; forced other Welsh states to acknowledge his rule; re-unified the Welsh kingdom; was attacked by Vikings in 987, but made peace with them and allowed the Vikings to settle in his realm. He took advantage of the weakness of the English King Ethelred "The Unready" to tackle English encroachment into Wales, and drove the English back across the border. Maredudd employed Vikings in his army for an attack on Morgannwg in 992. His only son died in 992, and upon his own death in 999 his kingdom fell apart with a number of claimants who struggled over the succession. He was survived by a daughter, Queen Angharad [II].

1005-1018 39A Edwin, co-ruler, he and his bro, Cadell, were the sons of Maredudd's brother, Einion

1005-1018 39B Cadell, co-ruler, he and his bro, Edwin, were expelled by Aeddan, who succeeded them. Their fate is unknown.

1st husband of Queen Angharad [II] of Powys; defeated the usurper Aeddan and his sons and made himself king; reunited Gwynedd, Deheubarth, and Powys. In 1022 he defeated the pretender Rhian at Abergwili. On his death in 1023 his kingdom broke up; Gwynedd was claimed by Iago [ap Idwal]; Deheubarth was seized by Riderch [ap Iestyn].

1023-1033 42. Riderch I, usurper, was a popular ruler; was killed in battle

1033-1035 43. Maredudd II, was killed in a border war

1035-1043 44. Hywel II, dep, d1044, was defeated in battle by Gruffydd of Gwynedd in 1041, but retained his throne. He was expelled by Gruffydd I of Gwynedd 1043, returned with a force of Dublin Danes in 1044, but was killed in battle.

1043-1047 45. Gruffydd I of Gwynedd, 1st time, expelled by rival claimant

son of Riderch I (above); expelled Gruffydd I after three years of fighting. In 1049 he repulsed an attack by the Norse. Then, in 1052 defeated a Norman force that had been brought to England by the English King Edward "The Confessor". In 1055 he was defeated and killed in battle by Gruffydd I of Gwynedd, who regained Deheubarth.

1055-1063 [45] Gruffydd I of Gwynedd, 2nd time, employed English troops against the rival king Gruffydd [II] in 1055; was later defeated in battle by English troops under Earl Harold of Wessex [later King Harold II of England]. He escaped capture, however, the English Earl Harold bribed native Welsh agents to murder their prince, which they did and sent his head to the English king.

1063_XXX X. Aleth, rival-king

[son of Cadwgan "Fawr", son of Gruffydd, son of Cadwgon, son of Gruffydd, son of Llywelyn, son of Gwrgan, son of Ivor, son of Gwen, son of Collwyn, son of Llarwrodd, son of Seissylt, son of Cynan "Canys Gwydd", son of Sawle "Velyn", son of Meiric, Lord of Dyfed (above), son of Bledri, Lord of Dyfed, son of Eilws "Hen", son of Aergul "Lawhir", King of Dyfed (above), etc.]

[Aleth, rival-king (above), was the father of Cehdryd, father of Iorwerth, Lord of Tulgath (1112), father of Gwrgenau, father of Iorwerth, father of Nest, daughter & wife of Gwgon, Lord of Brnffenigl, an ancestor of the Tudors]

1063-1072 46. Maredudd III was placed on throne by English troops. He spent most of his reign opposing the Norman invasion. He was killed in battle on the banks of the river Rhymni against another Welsh prince, Caradoc [ap Gruffydd] of Powys, who was supported by Norman troops. His only son, Gruffydd, lived in exile in England, and was killed when he came to Wales to claim his inheritance in 1091.

was betrayed by King Rhys I [ap Owain] of Deheubarth that resulted in his murder

1072-1078 50. Rhys I succeeded his brother, Maredudd III, in 1072, with opposition. He was a weak ruler, defeated by Normans in 1073 and 1074 and was implicated in the murder of Bleddyn of Powys/Gwynedd in 1075, which outraged other Welsh princes. Rhys I was defeated in battle at Goodwick by Trahern of Gwynedd in 1078, after which he was tracked like a hunted animal by Trahern through Deheubarth. He was killed by Caradoc [ap Gruffydd] of Powys the same year, 1078.

1078-1093 51. Rhys II was attacked in 1088 by the sons of Bleddyn, King of Powys, but turned back Bleddyn with aid from the Danish Dublin fleet. In 1091 Bleddyn, King of Powys, launched another campaign against Deheubarth, at which time Gruffydd [ap Maredudd] asserted his claim to the throne; however, again Rhys II prevailed over his enemies and slew the rival claimant in battle. In 1093 Rhys was killed in battle against the Normans.

1093-1135 interregnum: occupied by Normans who partitioned Deheubarth among themselves, during which the Norman earldom of Pembroke was established with by the brother of the Earl of Shrewsbury, Arnulf Montgomery, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1093).

1135-1137 52. Gruffydd III was only a child on his father's death, and was taken to Ireland where he grew to manhood. He returned to Wales in 1113; after several years of ineffective resistance to Norman rule he finally achieved an agreement with the English King Henry I and received an estate on which to settle, and there he lived fairly quietly for several years. In 1127 he upset his Norman neighbors, which caused him to seek refuge again in Ireland where he remained until the death of the English King Henry I in 1135, when he returned to Wales and took part in the general rebellion against Norman rule, and succeeded in establishing himself on his father's throne as King of Deheubarth. He consolidated his position at the battle of Crug Mawr in 1136, but did not live long to enjoy it, and was killed the following year in battle against the Normans.

1137-1143 53. Anarawd slew the Norman governor of Deheubarth, Letard, and joined forces with Owain Gwynedd in his attacks on Norman castles in 1137. He attacked Cardigan Castle in 1138 which was held by the Normans, a truce put an end to the campaign. He was treacherously set upon and murdered by the agents of his father-in-law, one of Owain Gwynedd's own brothers.

1143-1153 54. Cadell II, abd, d1175, continued the fight to drive the Normans out of Deheubarth. In 1137 expelled the Normans from Ceredigion. In 1151 was caught by surprise by Norman troops, and severely wounded and left for dead, though recovered was incapacitated and unable to perform his duties, and abdicated in favor of his brother Maredudd in 1153. He then left for a pilgrimage to Rome, where he died in 1175. His body was returned for burial in Wales.

1153-1155 55. Maredudd IV continued resistance against the Normans, and gained a reputation as a capable leader; by 1155 had virtually rebuilt the old kingdom of Deheubarth to its pre-Norman borders; died premature of an illness.

1155-1197 56. Rhys III, "The Lord Rhys" held out for a year against the English King Henry II, who campaigned in Wales 1157-8; submitted to the English King Henry II in 1158, and dropped the title "king" and took the title "prince"; was known as "The Lord Rhys". He was obliged to return all the captured castles of the Norman barons; his realm, Deheubarth, was again partitioned and was left with only Cantref Mawr. In 1159 after the English King Henry II had departed the country, Rhys attacked several Norman castles in Deheubarth, which resulted in an Anglo-Norman force despatched by King Henry II; Rhys was driven back into his castle in Cantref Mawr, which the Normans were unable to take, and a truce was made. In 1162 Rhys began again on a series of attacks on Norman castles; in 1163 King Henry II opened another campaign in Wales; the English Army that King Henry II was so large that Rhys surrendered without a struggle; was taken prisoner, but a few months later was released by King Henry II to whom Rhys paid homage. Rhys, once back in Wales, began again attacking Norman castles. For King Henry II, this was the last straw. He raised a large force to subdue Wales in 1165. the threat of this united the Welsh together into a major uprising. Meantime, King Henry had his own domestic problems; and his Welsh campaign was a failure. Rhys took the opportunity to regain lost lands, and within a year rebuilt much of Deheubarth. For a period the Norman barons in Wales despaired and became unruly, such that King Henry's next expedition to Wales in 1170 was not to subjugate the Welsh but to bring his Norman barons back into line. In 1171 and 1172 King Henry II and the Welsh princes held a series of meetings, out of which Rhys emerged as King Henry's "justiciar" in Deheubarth, which meant that now Rhys acted with King Henry's authority. It was a turning-point in Welsh affairs. Rhys saw the benefits n his new status, and for the second half of his reign put aside his rebellious past and assumed the role of native governor. He adopted Norman dress and manners at his court. Rhys rebuilt castles that he had earlier destroyed, founded several abbeys. After King Henry's death in 1189 Rhys found it difficult to receive any co-operation from his successor, and during the absence of the English King Richard on the "Third Crusade" renewed his attacks against the Norman lords in Deheubarth, and brought them under his rule. The rivalry among his own sons in 1194 involved Rhys with his Norman neighbors. In 1196 Rhys led a major campaign against the Normans; took Norman castles; and razed Norman towns. The rivalry among his sons tore Deheubath asunder following his death in 1197.

1197-1201 57. Gruffydd III warred among his brothers. He was captured and imprisoned by his brother Maelgwn, and set free several months later, from pressure by English authorities. His short reign was occupied in his attempts to combat the growing ambitions of the other Welsh princes. He died of a fever.

1201-1216 58. Maelgwn, dep, d1230, ambitious, aggressive, annexed the inheritance of his brothers on their deaths. In 1204 lost Ystrad Tywi to the sons of Gruffydd III, Rhys "Ieuanc", Owain, ---. He was expelled from Dyfed in 1204 by William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke. In 1208 lost Ceredigion to Llywelyn "The Great" of Gwynedd. Maelgwn supported the English King John against Llywelyn "The Great" in 1211, but gained nothing in return. In 1216 he was expelled by Llywelyn "The Great", who distrusted him.

1216-1234 59. Rhys IV "Gryg" [="The Hoarse"] fought with his brothers during the great rebellion against the Normans in 1231; took part in the siege of Carmarthen Castle in 1234; was mortally wounded and died of his wounds soon after.

1234-1244 60. Rhys V "Mechyll" was confined to Cantref Mawr

1244-1271 61. Maredudd V was confined to Cantref Mawr

1271-1283 62. Rhys VI, dep, d1291/2 was confined to Cantref Mawr. He was dispossessed in 1283 by the English King Edward "Long-Shanks" who publicly humiliated him. In 1287 he led a rebellion to recover his estate; enjoyed some early success, but was short-lived and was defeated (1288), after which was a fugitive and went into hiding. In 1291was betrayed and arrested, tried for treason, and executed. His two sons were imprisoned in Norwich Castle and never heard of again

note: the senior line of Deheubarth escaped the conquest for in 1282 its representative, Llywelyn [ap Owain], was a mere child. He was given Iscoed as his estate. He died in 1309. His line ended in co-heiresses.

418-425 01. Tidlet "Prydyn", 1st King of Powys [Line "A"], son of Ruduac, last King of Cambria

425-429 02. Benlli "Gawr", son [his sis, Prawst, was the wife of Einion "Yrth", see Gwynedd], father of Beli, father of Bendel, father of Banadlinet, dau & 1st wife of Brychan, see Brecon]

429-? 03. Catell "Durnluc" (Catellus "Durnolucius") (Kadell "Ddyrnllug"), founds new dynasty [Line "B"]; installed by Saint Germanus

note: there is great confusion involved in the ancestry and immediate descendants of Catell "Durnluc" due to divergent accounts in medieval texts.

XXX 04. Iddig, son

XXX 05. Alaog "Wr", son

?-519 06. Cerdic, son

519-547 07. Cynan "Clotrydd" (Cyngen "Glodrydd"), founds [new] Third-Dynasty Powys [Line "C"]

547-? 08. Pasgen, son

XXX 09. Morgan, son

XXX 10. Brochwel I "Ysgithrog", uncle, son of Cynan "Clotrydd" [above]

?-582 11. Iago, son

582-? 12. Cinan "Garwyn" (Conan "The Cruel"), bro

XXX-613 13. Selyf "Sarffgadau", son

634-656 15. Cynddylan "Wyn", son

656-? 16. Beli [II], son of Eiludd (Eliudd), son of Selyf "Sarffgadau" (above)

XXX 17. Gwyllog (Cynllaw), son [his brothers were Cynollo & Gwinawc]

?-773 18. Eliseg (Elised; Elizet), son

773-784 19. Brochwel II, son

784-808 20. Cadell [II], son

808-854 21. Concen (Cyngen), abd, d855, son

854-878 22. Rhodri "Mawr" of Gwynedd, founds new dynasty [Line "D"]

878-904 23. Meurig (Merfyn), son, was killed by his own vassals

904-942 24. Llywarch I, son

942-986 25. Angharad I, queen, dau

986 X. Owain, husband, co-ruler, abd, d988, son of Hywel "Dda", King of Deheubarth

986-999 26. Maredudd I, son

999-1030 27. Angharad II, queen, dau

[son of Seisyllt, son of Ednywain, son of Einydd "Bach", son of Pyll, son of Sandde, son of Gwyddno, son of Geraint, son of Garannog "Glewddigar", son of Cynwas, son of Rhychwin "Farfog", son of Helig "Foel", son of Glannog [Glymawc], son of Gwgon "Gladdyfrudd", son of Cerdic, son of Gwrgan[t] I "Mawr", King of Glamorgan, son of Cynfyn, son of Pebiaw [Peibio], son of Erp (595), etc.] Llywelyn led an army into Gwynedd, which he subdued in 1018; then, occupied Deheubarth. He was killed in battle fighting the Irish who had come to Wales in support of his rival Edwin [ap Einion]. On his death Gwynedd regained its independence.

[son of Gwerystan, son of Gwaithfoed "Vawr", son of Cloddien, son of Gwrhydr "Hir", son of Caradoc, son of Lles "Llaw Ddearg", son of Ednyfed, son of Gwynnan, son of Gwynnawg "Farfsych", son of Ceidio [Ceidau], son of Coryf, son of Caenog [Caenawg; Cayndwc], son of Tegonwy, son of Teon, son of Gwineu "Deu Freuddwyd", son of Howyr "Lleu", son of Bywdec [or Clyedog], son of Rhun "Rhudd-Baladr", son of Llary [Llara], son of Kasanault "Wledic", son of Rhuddfedel "Frych", son of Cateyrn, son of Vortigern, King of Britain]

son of Queen Angharad II & her 1st husband, Llywelyn [I] [Line "E"].Gruffydd repulsed an invasion by the English under Earl Leofric of Mercia in 1039, successfully defending the Welsh border; then, turned his ambition to re-unite Wales. He was already the ruler of Powys; seized Gwynedd 1039; and conquered Deheubarth in 1041; then, overran Morgannwg and other Welsh states, thus, brought the whole of Wales under him.

1063-1075 31A Bleddyn, co-ruler, son of Queen Angharad II & 2nd husband, Cynfelyn [Line "F"], was murdered

1063-? 31B Rhiwallon I, co-ruler, bro

1063-? 31C Caradog, co-ruler, bro [or bro-in-law]

1075-1088 32A Madoc I, co-ruler, son of Bleddyn, killed at Llech-y-crau by Rhys II of Deheubarth

1075-? 32B Llywarch II, co-ruler, bro

1075-1103 32C Iorwerth, , co-ruler, dep, d1111, bro, deposed 1103; imprisoned at Shrewsbury until 1110; killed at Caereinion in 1111

1075-? 32D Rhiwallon II, co-ruler, bro

1075-1111 32E Cadwgon, co-ruler, bro

1075-1132 32F Maredudd II, co-ruler, sole ruler after 1111, bro, survived his brothers & re-united Powys

1075-1088 32G Rhiryd, co-ruler, bro, killed with brother Madoc (above)

1088-? 33A Madoc II, co-ruler, son

1088-1124 33B Ithel, co-ruler, bro

?-1116 34A Owain II, co-ruler, son of Cadwgon (above)

?-1123 34B Einion, co-ruler, bro

?-1124 34C Maredudd III, co-ruler, bro, fought valiantly against the Anglo-Normans; even repulsed an invasion of Wales by the English King Henry I

?-1128 34D Morgan, co-ruler, bro

1132-1160 35. Madoc III, son of Maredudd II (above), made an alliance with the English King in 1132 to protect his realm from the aggression of Owain Gwynedd, who in response occupied most of Powys.

1160-1165 36. Cadfan, usurper [descendant of Catell "Durnluc", above]

1165-1170 37. Cowryd, dep, son

1170-1187 38A Owain [III] "Fychan", co-ruler, son of Madoc III (above)

1170-1216 38B Owain [III] "Brogyntyn", co-ruler, bro

1170-1191 38C Gruffydd Maelor I, co-ruler, bro

1191            39. Madoc IV, son of Iorwerth "Goch", son of Maredudd III (above)

1191-1197 40A Owain IV, son of Gruffydd Maelor I (above)

1197-1236 40B Madoc V, bro, vacillated as a supporter of Llywelyn "The Great" for many years, finally adhering to his cause in 1215. His realm was partitioned among his five sons on his death in 1236.

1236-1238 41A Gruffydd "Ial", son

1236-1256 41B Maredudd IV, bro

1236-1268 41C Hywel, bro

1236-1269 41D Gruffydd Maelor II, bro

1236-1269 41E Madoc VI, bro

1269           42. Madoc VII "Fychan", son of Gruffydd, son of Owain [III] "Brogyntyn" (above)

1269-1277 43A Madoc VIII, son of Gruffydd Maelor II (above)

1269-1282 43B Gruffydd Fychan [I], dep, d1289, bro

1269-1282 43C Owain V, dep, bro

1170-1195         38. Owain [III] "Cyfeiliog", abd, d1197, son of Gruffydd, son of Maredudd II [above]. He joined with other Welsh princes against the English King Henry II, but made peace in 1167. In 1195 he abdicated and became a monk, and died a couple of years later.

1195-1208 dep 39. Gwenwynwyn, 1st time, son, rebelled against the English King John in a bid for independence; was deposed but restored two years later

1210-1215 dep (39) Gwenwynwyn, 2nd time, d1216, in 1214 swore an oath of allegiance to Llywelyn "The Great"; his failure to observe his oath led to his deposition and exile the next year

1241-1282 dep 40. Gruffydd, d1286, son, was invested with his father's estate by the English King Henry III in 1241; he, however, transferred his allegiance to Llywelyn III "The Last", Prince of Wales, in 1282, and, in consequence was deposed by the English King Edward "Long-Shanks", who conquered the country. [note: his descendants held title "Lord of The March" until 1421]

473-?     02. Mawgan (Maucant) (Morgan), son [his bro was Riagat, below]

?-478     03. Cynfor "Cadcathuc", son

478-?     04. Riagat (Braciat; Braigad), uncle, son of Pascent (above)

X(500)X 05. Idnerth, son

X(545)X 06. Meuprit, son

X(575)X 07. Paul (Pawle), son

XXX-598 08. Elodc (Eldog), son

598-613 09. Elaed (Eltat; Eddat), son

X(650)X 10. Morvo (Moriud; Morwd), son

XXX-664 11. Gwedgad (Gwyddgant; Gwyddaint; Guoidcant), son

664-? 12. Pascent (Pasgen) [II] "Buellt", son

X(745)X 13. Teudubir, son

X(785)X 14. Fernmail, son

X(810)X 15. Glowd, son

X(825)X 16.Braustud (Brawstydd), dau, heiress, wife of Arthfael II "Hen", King of Glamorgan

519-540 01. Rhun "Rhudd-Baladr" [son of Llary [bro of Cynan "Clotrydd" of Powys & Deigyr "Fychan"], son[s] of Kasanault "Wledic", son of Rhuddfedel "Frych", son of Cateyrn, son of Vortigern, King of Britain]

540-560 02. Bywdec [or Clywedog], son

X(575)X 03. Howyr "Lleu" [or Pywyr "Lewor"], son

590/600 04. Gwineu "Deu Freddwyd" (Gwynvw "dev vrevdwyr"), son

XXX 05. Teon, son

XXX 06. Tegony, son

XXX 7B Iorwerth "Hir Flawdd", bro

XXX 7C Caenog (Caenawg; Cayndwc), bro

XXX 08. Trallwng, son of Bladud (above)

XXX 09. Llywelyn, son

XXX 10. Gwrnerth, son

XXX 11. Meuric, son

XXX 12. Cadifor (Cador "Gwenwyn"), son of Cadfan, son of Owain, son of Idnerth, son of Iorwerth "Hir Flawdd" (above)

XXX 13. Seferus, son

XXX 14A Ifor (Iardur), son, his brothers were Caenawc "Mawr" & Anor

XXX 14B Caenawc "Mawr", bro

XXX 14C Anor, bro, the father of Meirchion, father of Io, father of Ypaen "Hen", father of Urien "Regen", father of Pasgen, father of Rhirid, father of Iago

XXX 15. Cynhelin, son of Ifor (above)

XXX 16. Elystan "Glodrudd", Lord of Twixt Wye & Severn, c 1000-40, son

XXX 17. Kadogan (Cadwgon), son

XXX 18A Hoedlyw [I], son, his brothers were Ieauf & Idnerth

XXX 18B Ieuaf, bro

XXX 18C Idnerth, bro

XXX 19A Hoedlyw [II], son of Ieauf (above)

XXX 19B Llywelyn, son of Idnerth (above)

XXX 20A Wrgeneu, son of Hoedlyw [II] (above)

XXX-1140 20B Madoc, son of Llywelyn (above)

1140-1141 20C Gwrgeneu, bro [father of Elidur, father of Goronwy "Goch"]

1141-1142 21A Hywel, nephew, son of Madoc (above)

1177-1179 21B Kadwallawn I, bro

1177_XXX 21C Einion "Clut", bro

1179-1197 23. Maelgwn, nephew, son of Kadwallawn I (above)

1197-1234 24. Kadwallawn II, son, last one

XXX 13. Seferus (above), son of Cadifor, a.k.a. Cador "Gwenwyn" (above)

XXX 14B Caenawc "Mawr", son

XXX 15. Bledrys (Blettrw), son

XXX 16. Bleddyn, son

XXX 17. Ednywain, son

XXX 18. Collwyn, son

XXX 19. Gwyn, son

XXX 20. Caradoc, son

XXX 21. Trahern, son

[note: his wife, Nest, was daughter of Gruffydd I of Gwynedd, her 1st =]

XXX 22A Llywarch, son

XXX 22B Owain, bro

XXX-1106 22C Gruffydd, bro

XXX-1130 23. Ieauf, son of Owain (above)

1130-1185 24. Howel, last King of Arwystli, son

XXX 26. Philip de Montgomery, Earl of Arwystli, son

XXX 27. Adam de Montgomery, last one 1277, son

XXX 7C Caenog (Caenawg; Cayndwc), son, bro of (7B) Iorwerth "Hir Flawdd" & (7A) Bladud

XXX 08. Coryf, son

XXX 09. Ceidio, son

XXX 10. Gwynnawg "Farfsych", son

XXX 11. Gwynnan, son

XXX 12. Ednyfed, son

XXX 13. Lles "Llew Ddeawg", son

XXX 14. Caradoc, son

XXX 15. Gwrhydr "Hir", son

XXX 16. Cloddien, son

XXX 17. Gwaithfoed "Vawr", son

XXX 18A Gwerystan, son

XXX 18B Cynan "Feiniad", bro, father of Ednowain "Bendew"

XXX 18C Elystan, bro, father of Gwaithgenau, father of Morgan, father of Morien, father of Einydd "Gwerngwy", father of Ithel

XXX 18D Aydan (Aeddan), bro

XXX 18E Cedryck, bro, the father of Aeddan, father of Gwilym, father of Seisyllt, father of Ievan, father of Meuric, father of Ievan, father of Caradoc, father of Meuric, father of Madoc, father of Griffith "Gethyn"

XXX 19. Cynfelyn (Cynfyn), son of (18A) Gwerystan (above)

XXX         03. Sarclotus, son

XXX         04. Emanuel "Erise", son

XXX         05. Enciede (Encride) "Ere", son

XXX         06. Othrac, son

XXX         07. Maxime, son

XXX         08. Llebryn (Luibuirne), son

XXX         09. Kornodd (Cornuithe), son

XXX         10. Mouric, son

XXX         11. Ottaviano, son

XXX         12. Marchudd, son

XXX         13. Gwrthryw, 1st King of Garthmadrun (383), son, bro of Oidisse (Odissus), father of Photaighe (Potitus), father of Calpinn (Calpurnius), father of Succat[us], aka Saint Patrick, Apostle of Ireland 457-493

XXX         14. Gwraldeg (Gwroldeg), son

XXX         15A Morfydd (Morvitha), dau, heiress & co-ruler

XXX         15B Teithfall (Teichfallt; Teithwalch ; Taith[w]al) (Tudwal), husband, co-ruler

XXX         16. Teuduric (Teithrin), son

XXX         17A Marchell, dau, heiress & co-ruler

XXX         17B Anllach, husband, co-ruler

XXX         18. Brychan, 1st King of Brecon, son

XXX 02. Rhian I "Dremrud" ["Red-Eye"], son [his half-sis, Gwrygon "Goddeu", wife of Cadrod [son of Porthor "Gotto"], was the mother of Aerea, wife of Amhar [who was King Arthur's eldest son], and, the parents of Cadrod "Calchvynydd"]

XXX 03. Awst I (Augustus), son, his brothers were Rigen & Neufedd

XXX 04. Elwydd (Elguid; Eiludd), son

XXX 05. Riwal I (Rhiwallon), bro

XXX 06. Rigen (Rhygeneu; Rigenew), uncle

XXX 07. Llywarch, son

XXX 08. Idwalawn, son

XXX 09. Riwal II (Rhiwallon), son

[note: his daughter, Keindrec "Merch", was the eventual-heiress, see below]

XXX 10. Teudric I, son of Neufedd, son of Neufedd, son of Rhian I "Dremrud" (above)

XXX 11. Dyfnwal I, son

XXX 12A Elisedd I (Elisetus) (Ellis), co-ruler, son of Ysgorda "Fychan", son of Ysgorda "Fawr", son of Elisedd, son of Neufedd, son of Rhian I "Dremrud" (above), 1st husband of Keindrec "Merch"

XXX 12B Keindrec "Merch", heiress & co-ruler, daughter of Riwal II (above)

XXX 12C Gwlyddien (Celeothen) of Demetia [see], co-ruler, 2nd husband of Keindrec "Merch"

XXX 13. Cathen (Catgocuan) (Catheu), son

XXX 14. Cadwgon "Trydelig" (Catgocuan), son

XXX 15. Awst II (Augustus), son [his bro was Rhian II]

XXX 16. Elwystl, son

XXX 17. Rhian II [I-Dyfed], uncle

XXX 18. Tewdwr [II] (Teudor), son, his bro Tewdws (Teodos) inherited Dyfed

XXX 19. Noe "Hen", son

XXX 20. Gruffydd I, son

XXX 21. Tewdwr III, son

XXX 22. Elise[d] II, d881, son

XXX 23. Tewdwr IV, son

XXX 24. Gruffydd II (Griffri), bro

XXX 25. Tewdwr V (934), son

XXX 26. Gwylog, son

XXX 27. Einion, bro

XXX 28. Dyfnwal II, bro

XXX 29. Elised III, nephew, son of Gwylog (above)

XXX 30. Gruffydd III (1045), son

XXX 31A Selyf, son, co-ruler

XXX 31B Tewdos, bro, co-ruler

XXX 31C Einon, bro, co-ruler

XXX 32A Maenarch, son of Selyf (above)

XXX 32B Mareddig, bro, father of Madoc, father of Elistan & Einion, father of Trahern "Fawr"

XXX 33. Bleddyn, last king (1093), son of Maenarch (above)

XXX 02. Coela, son

XXX 03. Owain, bro

XXX 04. Lleurig "Mawr", son of Coela (above)

XXX 05. Cadwallo, son

XXX 06. Meirchion "Fawd-Filwr", son of Owain (above)

XXX 07. Cwrrig "Fawr" (Gorug; Gorac), son

XXX 08. Gorddwfn (Gwrddwfn), son

?-328 09. Einudd "Wledic", King of Ewyas & "Prince" of Britain, son

[note: had issue of three wives; begot of 1st wife a son [Eudaf] & a dau [Thametes]; begot of 2nd wife three sons [Geraint, Arthfael, & Caradoc]; and, begot of 3rd wife a son [Griffin]]

328-382 10. Eudaf "Hen" [aka Octavius "The Old"], abd upon succ to the national-throne, son

[note: his full-sister, Thametes, married Agripanius, the Roman Prefect of Viennensis, the parents of Conan "Meriadoc", 1st King of Brittany]

382-? 11A Geraint, half-bro, father of Kenan

XXX 11B Arthfael, bro

XXX 11C Caradoc (Karadawc), 1st time, bro, the father of three sons: Cynan, Cynvelyn, and Cynog [note: his son Cynvelyn was the father of Owain, the father of Meirchion, the father of three sons, Meurig, Eidion "Darianlas", & Cerdic, each of whom had descendants]

XXX 12. Griffin, usurper, half-bro

XXX 13. Gwrgan[t] "Frych", King of Ewyas, son of Arthfael (above)

XXX 14. Meirchion, son

XXX 15A Peibio "Glafrog", son

XXX 15B Meurig I, King of Gwent, bro

XXX 15C Nynnio, bro

XXX 16. Erbic I (Erbin), King of Gwent, son of Meurig I (above)

XXX 17. Brechryw, son

XXX 18. Erbic II (Edrig), son

XXX 19. Meurig II, cousin

XXX 20. Ynyr I "Gwent", son of Cerdic (Caradoc), son of Meirchion, son of Owain, son of Cynvelyn, son of Caradoc (Karadawc), son of Einudd "Wledic" (above)

XXX 21A Ithon, co-ruler, son

XXX 21B Ceidio "The Saint", co-ruler, bro

XXX 21C Ethrys, co-ruler, bro

XXX 22. Llyr "Marini", King of Gwent, son

(500) 23. Caradoc "Freichfras", 1st King of Glamorgan, son

XXX 2A Art "Cois", son, father of Quintus, father of Corvus [Corb[ed], 1st King of Dumbarton & ancestor of the Kings of Strathclyde

XXX 2B Gloyw "gWlat Lydan", bro, father of Casnar "Wledic"

XXX 2C Lou "Hen", bro

XXX 03. Cinis "Scaplaut", "civitas" of Gwent, son

XXX 04. Decion (175), son

XXX 05. Cadell (Catell), son

XXX 06. Catlew (Cathleus)(Cadlaw), son

XXX 07. Lledan (Letan; Letam), son

XXX 08. Serwan (Sergawn; Serguan), son

XXX 09. Cawrdaf (Caurtam; Caurtom), son

XXX 10. Cathen, son

XXX 11. Neiton, son

XXX 12. Run, son

418-425 13. Owain "Finddu", King of Gwent, son, the bro of Custennin & Geidan [I], who each had descendants

XXX 14. Mor, son

XXX 15A Dolor "Deifyr", son, father of Pryder & Eliseg, father of Cerdic

XXX 15B Filwr, bro

XXX 15C Solor, bro

XXX 16. Cerdic (Carahes) (Cauritus) (Caradoc), son of Filwr (above); his bro was Cliges (Gluvias; Gliguis) "The Saint" [note: this Cerdic was the father of a son, Cynric (Cunorix), & two daus, Ysave, wife of Taredd "Wledic", & Gwawl, wife of Glywys "Cernyw"]

XXX 17A Gwrawd "Gwent" (Kywryt "Keint"), sometimes called "1st" King of Gwent (475/500), son of Solor (above)

XXX 17B Geidan II, King of Gwent, bro

XXX 17C Glywys "Cernyw" ["Cornubiensis"], 1st King of Glywysing (475/500), bro

XXX 18. Gwelleder, called "King of Britain" (485), son of Elvedd, son of Enweirdd, son of Erbin, son of Custennin, son of Run (above); &, father of Owain, father of Gwrthiron "Fendigaid", father of Kyndyron [Kyndeyrn], father of Owain, father of Tryfyn, father of Kynan "Kylched", father of Llywri, father of Dei, father of Iop, father of Arthavaf, father of Kynan "Archenad", father of Elgan "Wevelslouch", father of Riderch, father of Collwyn, father of Gwyn, father of Kadvor "Vawr" (d1091), who had descendants

XXX 19. Gwrgan "Frych" (Wrgannus "Varius"), King of Gwent, son of Gwrawd "Gwent" (above) [his sisters were Gwenhwyfarv, aka Guinevere, wife of King Arthur, & Gwenhwyvach, wife of Redon of Cornwall]

XXX 20A Cweldgil[s] (Weldgils), King of Gwent, son

XXX 20B Gwynllyw (Gundleus) "Varvoc", King of Glywysing, son of Glywys "Cernyw" (above)

XXX 20C Cyngalyn (Gingalin), King of Gower, son of Gwalchmai (Gawayne), son of Gwrgan "Frych" (above)

XXX 21. Cynfeddw, King of Gwent (585), son, father of Samlet "The Saint" and a dau [name], wife of Yspwys, Lord of Ercing

493-540 01. Caradoc "Freichfras" ["Vreichvras"], 1st King of Galmorgan, son of Llyr "Marini", King of Gwent (above)

540-? 02. Ynyr [II] "Gwent, son

XXX 03. Meurig [II], bro, had a bro, Cawrdaf

XXX 04. Erbic, son

X(595)X 05. Erp (Urban) (Erb), son

XXX 6A Pebiaw (Peibio), son

XXX 6B Idnerth, bro

XXX 6C Nynnio (Nyniaw), bro

XXX 7A Gwydgi, son of Pebiaw (above)

XXX 7B Tewdwr, bro, father of Llywarch, father of Briafael "Fridig"

XXX 7C Cynfyn, bro

XXX 08. Gwrgan[t] [I] "Mawr", son

XXX 09. Cerdic [II], son, father of Gwgon "Gladdyfrudd"

XXX-654 10. Morgan I "Mwynfawr", bro

XXX 11A Meurig [III], son of Teudric, son of Teitfal, son of Idnerth, son of Erp (above)

XXX 11B Meurig [III], son of Tewdrig, son of Llywarch, son of Nynnio, son of Erp (above)

XXX-663 12. Arthwys I (Arthwyr), son of Morgan I "Mwynfawr" (above)

663-685 13A Arthwys II (Athroys), son of either Meurig [III] above & wife Onbrawst, dau of Gwrgan[t] [I] "Mawr" (above)

XXX 13B Ffrioc, bro

XXX 13C Idnerth I, bro

XXX-710 14A Morgan II "Mawr" ["The Great"], son of Arthwys II (above)

XXX 14B Gwednerth, bro

XXX-705 14C Ithael I (Ithel), bro

710-735 15A Iudhael II (Ithel), son of Morgan II "Mawr" (above)

XXX 15B Nudd "Hael", bro

XXX 15C Idnerth II, bro

XXX 16A Morgan III, son of Iudhael II (above)

XXX 16B Rhys I, bro

XXX 16C Rhodri I, bro

XXX 17. Ithael III (Iudhael), son of Morgan III (above)

XXX 18A Howel I, son of Rhys I [above]

XXX-755 18B Brochwel I, bro

XXX 18C Arthfael I, bro

XXX 19. Brochwel II, son of Howel I (above)

XXX 20. Gwriad I, son of Brochwel I (above)

XXX 21. Meurig IV, son of Arthfael I (above)

XXX 22A Meurig V, son of Ithael III (above)

XXX 22B Rhodri II, bro

XXX-775 22C Fernfael I, bro

XXX 23. Arthfael II "Hen", son of Gwriad I (above)

XXX 24A Meurig VI, son of Fernfael I (above)

XXX 24B Gwrgant II (Gwrgafarn), bro

XXX 24C Arthwys III, bro

XXX-842 25. Idwal[lon], son of Gwrgant II (above)

842-848 26. Ithael IV, son of Arthwys III (above), his bro, Bleddri, married Tancoyslt, the heiress of Demetia, see

848-874 27A Meurig VII, son of Arthfael II "Hen" (above)

XXX 27B Rhys II, bro

XXX 27C Gwrgan[t] III "Frych", bro

XXX 28. Meirchion, son

XXX 29. Brochwel III, bro

XXX-884 30. Howel II, son of Rhys II (above)

XXX 31A Brochwel IV, son of Meurig VII (above)

XXX 31B Fernmael II, bro

XXX 32. Gwriad II, son of Brochwel III (above)

XXX-930 33A Owain I, son of Howel II (above)

he and his brothers (33B & 33C) were attacked by Vikings in 896, and appealed to the English King Alfred "The Great for assistance

XXX 33B Arthfael III [Aerthvael], bro

XXX 33C Morgan IV, bro

XXX 34. Cadell I, son of Arthfael III (above)

XXX 35A Gruffydd [I], King of Gower, d934, son of Owain I (above)

XXX-974 35B Morgan V "Hen", bro, sole ruler after 949, re-united Gwent, Glywysing, & Gower as "Morgannwg" [Glamorgan]

XXX-949 35C Cadwgan I (Kadogan), bro

974-1001 36A Owain II, son of Morgan V "Hen" (above)

XXX 36B Cadell II, bro

XXX 36C Idwal II (Idwallon), bro

XXX 37A Arthfael IV/II, son of Nogui, son of Gwriad II (above)

XXX 37B Fernmael III, bro

XXX 37C Elised[d] (Eliseg), bro

XXX 38A Iestyn I, son of Owain II (above)

XXX 38B Rhys III, bro

XXX 38C Howel III, bro

XXX 39A Ithel V "Ddu", cousin, son of Idwal II (above)

XXX 39B Blegywryt, bro, father of Aeddan

XXX 39C Howel IV, bro

?-1015 40A Rhodri III, son of Elised[d] (above)

?-1020 40B Gruffydd II, bro

XXX 40C Gwriad III, bro

?-1033 41. Riderch, son of Iestyn I (above)

1033-1042 42. Gwrgant IV, son of Ithel V "Ddu" (above)

1042-1045 43. Edwin, son of Gwriad III (above)

1045-1055 44. Meurig VIII, son of Howel III (above)

1055 45. Gruffydd, son of Riderch (above)

1055-1073 46. Cadwgan II, son of Meurig VIII (above)

1073-1091 47. Iestyn II, last one, deposed, d 1093, son of Gwrgan[t] IV (above)

deposed by Robert Fitz-Hamo[n], Earl of Gloucester, who defeated him in the Battle of Mynedd Bychan, near Cardiff, whereupon Robert Fitz-Hamo[n] occupied Morgannwg [Glamorgan] and divided it up into estates which he gave to his knights:

XXX 02. Cyngu "Carcludwys", son

XXX 03. Alltu "Redegog", son, his bro was St. Tegfan

XXX 04. Yspwys [II], son, his bro was St. Elmiad

XXX 05. Mwyntyrch (d692), son

XXX 06. Yspwys [III], son

XXX 07. Manan, son

XXX 08. Mor, son

XXX 09. Elvyw (Eiluyw; Aildyw; Elevan) (Elfyw), son

XXX 10. Kynan, son

XXX 11. Marchudd, Lord of Rhos, one of Rhodri Mawr's generals (850/875), son

XXX 12. Kerwit (Karwedh; Corwedd), Lord of Brnffenigl [Abergele], son

XXX 13. Senylt (Siaset; Iasedd; Jafsed; Jafeth), son

XXX 14. Nethan (Nathan; Methan; Inethan), son

XXX 15. Edred (Edryd; Edryt), son

XXX 16. Idnerth, son

XXX 17. Gwgon (Gwgawn), son

XXX 18. Iorwerth, son

XXX 19. Kendric (Cynwrig), son

XXX 20. Edynfed "Fychan" (d1246), son

XXX 02. Sulwych (Svlbych), son

XXX 03. Pebylic (Beblych), son

XXX 04. Koriwlic (Gorflwng; Gorvlwng), son

XXX 05. Kyndwlff (Cyndwlff), son

XXX 06. Pandwlff, son

XXX 07. Ystadwer (Stater), son

XXX 08. Pvder (Puter), son

XXX 09. Kaper (Karoyr) (Caper), son

XXX 10. Pybyr, son

XXX 11. Cadwr, son

XXX 12. Deinioc "Lyth", son

XXX 13. Dyfnwal, son

XXX 14. Brochwel, son

XXX 15. Ednyved, son

XXX 16. Tudwal, son

XXX 17. Dwned (Donodd), son

XXX 18. Koed (Roet), son

XXX 19. Llevodeu (Loudogu; Lleudogw; Llenwev), son

(975) 20. Merfaun (Meirion), son, last one

who with [his cousin] Robert of Rhuddlan, conquered the cantrefs of Tegengle [Clywd], Denbigh, and annexed Flintshire to his domain in 1073. His campaign against Gwynedd was made easier by the civil war in Gwynedd, and, during the exile of its king, Gruffydd [ap Cynan], other cantrefs of Gwynedd were occupied by the Normans. Robert built a Norman fort at Rhuddlan. The return of Gruffydd of Gwynedd from exile in 1081, he was captured by Robert of Rhuddlan, who laid claim to Gruffydd's kingdom, but Robert was killed before he was able to enforce his claim. His claim then fell to his master, Hugh of Chester, who occupied the whole of Gwynedd.

872-878 01. Rhodri "Mawr" [= "The Great"], the 1st King of Wales 872, united the major Welsh kingdoms of Gwynedd, Powys, and Seisyllwg, to form the Kingdom of Wales in 872. The name "Wales" comes from the old Saxon word "Weallas", which means "Roman", for the "Welsh" was what the Saxons called all inhabitants of the Roman Empire, while the Welsh called themselves "Y Cymri", meaning "compatriots".

Wales was united by a series of political marriages, unlike England where Alfred "The Great" was to unite the country by conquest. Rhodri "Mawr", a scion of the House of King Arthur of Britain, inherited Gwynedd (844) through his grandmother, the heiress of its old royal house; acquired Powys (855) upon the abdication of its last native king, whose sister was Rhodri's mother; and claimed Seisyllwg [Cardiganshire & Carmarthenshire] (871) upon the death of his wife's brother, its last native king. Too, Rhodri "Mawr" deposed Cuhelin, the last King of Dunoding; Cinan, the last King of Merioneth; and, Iudnyrt, the last of another line of local Welsh kings; thus, eliminating all of the remaining descendants of Cunedda "Guledig" in Wales; and annexed their domains to his realm. And, lastly, Demetia [Dyfed] was occupied by Rhodri "Mawr", whose king he expelled and seized the country. Thus, a large part of Wales came under the rule of a single king, Rhodri "Mawr", and those Welsh states which lay outside of his domains retained their independence by turning to the English king for protection. They were: (a) the estate whose lords descended from Lles "Llaw Ddeawg", which dynasty or its branches later married into Rhodri's dynasty and brought their estates with them which were also annexed to the Welsh kingdom; (b) the estate whose lords descended from Pebid "Penllyn", which was to be annexed to the Welsh kingdom in the eleventh century; and (c) Glamorgan [Morgannwg], which was partitioned into Gower, Glywysing, and Gwent, whose dynasty descended from Caradoc "Freichfras", 1st King of Glamorgan, which remained an independent kingdom throughout its history until its later conquest by the Normans in the twelfth century, and never came under the rule of Rhodri's dynasty.

The next year, 872, the Kingdom of Wales was officially proclaimed a national-state, and Rhodri "Mawr" took the title "Rex Brittonum" [="King of Britain"]. His title suggests that he considered himself the successor of the old sub-Roman and pre-Saxon Kings of Britain, which was an offense to the kings of Glamorgan who always claimed that title. He makes the old Roman fort at Caervarnon his capital, where he kept a splendid and cultured court. It was Rhodri Mawr who commissioned the Welsh historian Nennius to write his "Historia Britonum" to glory his ancestors and dynasty [like Alfred "The Great" in Enland, who commissioned the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle"], who was a cleric in King Rhodri's Court. The Latin poem of praise which Seldulud Scottus wrote for Rhodri Mawr testifies to classical culture promoted in King Rhodri's Court. Rhodri had hoped to re-conquer England [the former British kingdom of Loegria], and began the undertaking in 853 by attacking the Mercians [under their king Burgred], the Northumbrians [under their king Osbert], and the West Saxons [under their king Ethelwulf], however, attacking Vikings invading Wales obliged Rhodri to withdraw from England to deal with the threat back home. By 856 Rhodri "Mawr" had expelled the Vikings from Wales, and slew their leader, Gorm [Horm], in battle. His success against the Vikings was celebrated not only in Wales, but also in England, Scotland, and Ireland which were also suffering from Vikings' attacks.

In 865 Rhodri gathered a force to again attempt to retake England from the Anglo-Saxons, and began his campaign by attacking the Mercians, Northumbrians, and West Saxons, however, was obliged again to abandon the campaign due to renewed attacks by the Vikings. It seems every time Rhodri gathered an army to attempt to recapture England that his plans were thwarted by the Vikings, whose attacks preoccupied his whole reign. Rhodri, nevertheless, gave stern resistance to the Vikings, who were a constant thorn in his side. The Vikings returned in 876 and overran Wales. For a while Rhodri Mawr led the Welsh resistance against the Viking conquerors [like Alfred The Great in England], however, following his defeat at "Sunday's Battle" in Anglesey he was forced to flee the conquering Vikings. Rhodri took refuge in Ireland where he became the rallying-point to whom flocked Welsh patriots and the remnants of the Welsh Army as well as old royal retainers. It is written that Rhodri spent a year in exile at the court of Ireland's king. He returned to Wales the next year, in 877, and launched a counter-offensive, and drove the Vikings out of Wales. The country was in frenzy over the success of Rhodri "Mawr" which stirred the Welsh consciousness as that of a national-people, however, the Welsh kingdom was short-lived, for the next year, in 878, the country was shocked to learn of King Rhodri's death in battle at Prestatyn, Clwyd, against a coalition of Vikings [under Guthrum], Mercians [under Ceolwulf II], and others.

The unity of Wales achieved by Rhodri Mawr was broken upon his death. The Kingdom of Wales was divided back into Gwynedd, Seisyllwg, and Powys, by three of Rhodri's sons, namely Anarawd [got Gwynedd], Cadell [got Seisyllwg = Ceredigion & Ystrad Tywi], & Meuric [Merfyn] [got Powys], who each founded dynasties. Their descendants maintained themselves against the Vikings and eventually through inter-marriages Gwynedd, Powys, and Seisyllwg-Demetia were reunited and once more Wales was revived as a nation-state, yet this time not as a kingdom but as a principate of the English kingdom, and Welsh kings dropped the title "king" and took the title "prince" in recognition of the overlordship of the English kings. The House of Rhodri was dispossessed by the English Conquest of Wales; after which its title to the Welsh Throne passed through co-heiresses to the Tudors, which family was itself a collateral line of Rhodri's House as descendants of Britain's King Arthur through a separate descent-line, which family [the Tudors] later themselves through the double marriages with the Lancasterian heiress and the Yorkist heiress inherited the English Throne, succeeding the Plantagenets. England and Wales were eventually inherited by the Kings of Scotland through the Tudor heiress, which united the whole of Britain under one crown.

878-916 02. Anarawd, King of Gwynedd, and his brothers [Cadell, King of Seisyllwg, and Merfyn, King of Powys] joined forces against neighboring Welsh kings; including (a) Hyfaidd of Dyfed; (b) Elised of Brecknock; (c) Brochwel [IV] & (d) Fernmael [II] of Gwent; (e) Howel II of Glamorgan; (f) Penfoel [ap Meurig] of Gower; who could never hope to halt such a formidable host, and to save themselves turned to the English King Alfred "The Great" in 878 for his protection, and in return they acknowledged his overlordship. The brothers soundly defeated and turned back the Mercians [under Ethelred II, or Earl Ethelred] in battle at Conway in 880/881 which victory was taken by the Welsh to avenge Rhodri Mawr's death. Later, in 894, the sons of Rhodri Mawr were themselves assailed by the Vikings, and they too concluded that recognition of the English King's overlordship was the best way to secure their borders. Thus, the majority, if not all, of the native Welsh princes became vassals of the great English king. It is on these acts of voluntary commendation made by all of the Welsh kings [under attack by the Vikings] that the later claims of the English kings to overlordship of Wales has its basis. The sons of Rhodri drove the Vikings from Seisyllwg in 895. The Vikings evidently returned that year, 895, for they were reportedly seen again in the Vale of Severn. In 896 the Vikings attacked Gower, Morgannwg, and Gwent, whose kings appealed to the English King. In 902 a great host of Dublin Danes [Vikings] came and attacked Wales, and established settlements. The Normans [colony of Vikings from Normandy, France] plundered the Welsh coastlands in 915. The next year, in 916, Anarawd was killed defending Wales against an English attack in Brecknockshire, somewhere near Llangors Lake.

916-942 03. Idwal "Foel" along with Hywel "Dda", King of Ceredigion, and his brother Clydog, King of Ystrad Tywi, went to pay homage to the English King Edward in 918. He was the most reluctant of the Welsh rulers to enter into an alliance with the English. Idwal "Foel" was among the Welsh rulers who were present at a meeting [parliament] called by the English King Athelstan at Hereford in 926 when the river Wye was established as the border between England and South Wales. It was at this same meeting [parliament] at Hereford that the English King Athelstan exacted a large yearly tribute from the Welsh rulers as his vassals. This was put to the test in 934 when the Welsh rulers were obliged to accompany the English King Athelstan in his campaign against the Scots. Idwal "Foel" began to be restive against English supremacy, and on Athelstan's death in 942 the time seemed right to break free of English dominance. Idwal "Foel" was killed in battle by the new English King Edmund, who heretofore was unproven. His eldest son, Elise[g], fell in the same battle. His remaining two sons, Iago and Ieauf, were expelled from Gwynedd by Hywel "Dda" of Deheubarth who occupied the country.

942-950 04. Hywel I "Dda" ["the Good"] secured Dyfed by marriage to its heiress, Elen, niece of its last native king; got Ceredigion on his father's death as his share of the inheritance; annexed Ystrad Tywi on his brother's death 920, and, called the extended kingdom "Deheubarth". He also acquired Gwynedd on the death of his cousin, Idwal Foel, whose sons he expelled, in 942; and, then turned and took control of Powys whose son he married to its queen. Thus, he re-unified his grandfather's [Rhodri Mawr's] old Welsh kingdom. A sense of nationhood had been developing among the Welsh people since the reign of Rhodri Mawr, which was expressed in the poem "Armes Prydain", which was written and circulated among the Welsh people in the early 930s. It reminded the Welsh that the English were foreign occupiers, and sought to nurture a new Welsh patriotism and inspire its readers of the prospect of regaining England for the Welsh race. The issue the poem raised was settled at the Battle of Brunanburh (937) in which the English decisively defeated a coalition of the Welsh, Irish, and Scots. It was the end to resistance to the English ["Saxons"] settlers in Britain. King Hywel submitted to the English King Athelstan after the battle, in 937, and became one of his vassals. In 943 Dublin Danes [Vikings] invaded Wales. King Hywel appealed to the English King, who assisted the Welsh in driving the Vikings out of Wales following a fierce battle. Later, in 945, in an effort to further unite the country King Hywel summoned an assembly of representatives from every Welsh parish to meet with him at Ty Gwyn ar Daf, near Whitland, where the first Welsh parliament met. It sat for six weeks, during which steps were taken to codify the local laws and customs of the various Welsh states King Hywel reigned over into a single Welsh legal code, which did much towards unifying the Welsh as a nation. His efforts failed however for upon his death in 950 the political unity of Wales was once more broken-up with Gwynedd and Powys regaining their independence. His death in 950 was eulogized by the "Brut y Tywysogion" ["Chronicle of Princes"] as "the head and glory of all the Britons". He was the only Welsh ruler to mint his own coinage. He was succeeded in Deheubarth by his three sons, Rhodri, Edwin, and Owain; while Gwynedd and Powys regained their independence and invited back the heirs of their former rulers.

950-969 5A Ieauf, co-ruler, dep, d985?, who on the death of Hywel "Dda", the sons of Idwal "Foel" of Gywnedd [# 23] returned to claim their inheritance; and, had to fight the sons of [# 24] Hywel "Dda" in a civil war to maintain their positions; at first the brothers reigned together as co-rulers, but they soon began a struggle for sole possession of the kingdom. He was deposed and expelled by his brother; defeated in a civil war with brother, captured and imprisoned until his death.

950-979 5B Iago I was co-ruler with [4A] his brother for many years. He and his brother [the sons of Idwal "Foel"] defeated the sons of Hywel "Dda" [# 3], Rhodri, Edwin, and Owain, in battle at Nant Carno [Arwystli]. Their victory secured Gwynedd for them, and, in a series of battle between 950 and 952 carried the war into the domains of Hywel Dda's sons ravishing Deheubarth in the process. He repulsed attack by Dublin Danes in 966. Iago I was deposed, arrested, and imprisoned his brother and took sole possession of the kingdom in 969. Prince Hywel, the son of the ex-king Ieauf, took up his father's cause and fought against King Iago. A truce was observed in 973 among warring Welsh rulers to attend the council [parliament] at Chester, Cheshire, called by the English King Edgar, who was regarded as their overlord and they as his vassals. King Iago was expelled by his nephew, Prince Hywel, in 974; however, the battle continued, each side purchasing various mercenaries as might be available, and recovered his kingdom in 978. He was captured by the Vikings who ransomed him to King Hywel in 979, who imprisoned him. The ex-king Iago died in prison several years later.

979-985 06. Hywel II "The Bad" deposed his uncle, and took the throne. After eliminating opposition in Gwynedd, he now sought to capture the kingdom of Deheubarth, and invaded in 983 but the battle was inconclusive. His attempt to get English support went awry, and Hywel was tricked and murdered by his enemies.

985-986 07. Cadwallon reigned one year; was killed in battle by Maredudd of Deheubarth, who then occupied Gwynedd and took the throne.

986-999 08. Maredudd was already ruler of Deheubarth; and acquired Powys in 988 and united them with Gwynedd into a single Welsh kingdom. He was a strong king and brought peace. He succeeded his father in Demetia [Dyfed]; began his reign with an invasion of Gwynedd, slew King Cadwallo of Gwynedd same year and took over the country; occupied Powys in his mother's name; forced other Welsh states to acknowledge his rule; re-unified the Welsh kingdom. Maredudd was attacked by Vikings in 987, but made peace with them and allowed the Vikings to settle in his realm. He took advantage of the weakness of the English King Ethelred "The Unready" to tackle English encroachment into Wales, and drove the English back across the border. Maredudd employed Vikings in his army for an attack on Morgannwg in 992. His only son died in 992, and upon his death in 999 his kingdom fell apart with a number of claimants who struggle over the throne. He was survived by a daughter, Angharad, who reigned as queen in her own right.

999-1005 09. Cynan son of # 5; gained the throne of Gwynedd after King Maredudd's death

1005-1018 10. Aeddan, usurper, was a Glamorgan prince; slew the co-kings of Deheubarth, Edwin and Cadell.

1018-1023 11B Llywelyn I, 1st husband of Angharad, Queen of Wales, made himself ruler of Gynwedd on defeating the usurper Aeddan and his four sons in 1018; and an Irish pretender, Rhian, who claimed to be an illegitimate son of King Maredudd in 1022; died the following year. He led an army into Gwynedd, which he subdued in 1018; then, occupied Deheubarth. Llywelyn was killed in battle fighting the Irish who had come to Wales in support of his rival Edwin [ap Einion]. On his death Gwynedd regained its independence.

1023-1033 11C Cynfelyn, 2nd husband of Angharad, Queen of Wales

1033-1039 12. Iago II obtained throne in 1033 following a series of usurpations; after six years of oppressive rule, his own men turned again him. He was murdered by a hatchet-stroke on the head, which is mentioned in a "triad" and called one of the "Three Unfortunate Hatchet-Strokes" [TYP # 34], where he is confused with an ancestor [another] Iago, one of Maelgwn Gwynedd's sons. He was survived by his widow, Afandreg, daughter of Cynwrig, son of Cynddelw Gam, and, their son, Cynan, who sought refuge in Ireland from where his son [Gruffydd II] sailed to claim the throne nearly 40 years later.

1039-1063 13. Gruffydd I son of Queen Angharad and her 1st husband Llywarch I [above]. He seized power in Gwynedd when King Iago was murdered in 1039, and was generally welcomed by the populace. He expelled the Gwynedd heir, and took over the country. He then turned his attention to re-conquer Deheubarth, the throne of which had been occupied by an usurper since his father's death. He expelled the usurper Hywel II in 1042; then briefly lost Deheubarth when Hywel II returned in 1044; and, at length slew him in a third battle later that year. He fought other Welsh princes in civil wars for supremacy; it took him 15 years to bring the whole of Wales under him. He made an alliance with Mercia for its ruler "to look the other way" while he made a series of raids on the March lords, and occupied the string of Welsh march states in 1052. In 1055 he attacked Deheubarth, slew its king [Gruffydd ap Riderch], and re-occupied Deheubarth. In 1056 he took the title "Prince of Wales", and revived the Welsh kingdom. The next year the English King Edward The Confessor recognized King Gruffydd's title; and King Gruffydd swore fealty to him as one of his vassals. In 1062 the Welsh King Gruffydd refused to pay the yearly tribute to the English king in an attempt to achieve independence. In response, the English destroyed the Welsh Navy in a naval-battle in the Irish Sea; mounted a surprise attack on King Gruffydd's Court at Rhuddlan, and forced the Welsh Royal Family to flee, which found refuge with the West Army. In 1063 Earl Harold of Wessex [later King Harold II of England] launched a massive campaign in Wales. The Welsh Army was defeated in battle at Rhuddlan by the invading English and was forced to surrender. Earl Harold demanded King Gruffydd's abdication, upon which King Gruffydd's own retainers treacherously turned on their master and slew him, and sent his severed head to Earl Harold as proof that he was dead. Earl Harold exacted tribute from the Welsh rulers on behalf of his master, the English King Edward The Confessor. Earl Harold, then, broke-up the Welsh kingdom and allocated its various domains to various [pro-English] Welsh princes. Maredudd [ap Owain] got Deheubarth; Bleddyn [ap Cynfelyn] got Gwynedd; and, his half-brother Rhiwallon got Powys.

1063-1075 14. Bleddyn installed in office by Earl Harold of Wessex following his conquest of Wales. Bleddyn, upon the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, joined other Welsh princes in support of the remnants of the English Army against the Norman invaders. He was challenged by his nephews, the teenage sons of his half-brother Gruffydd, and slew them in battle at Mechain in 1070. His half-brother Rhiwallon of Powys was also killed in the battle, upon which Bleddyn occupied Powys. In 1073 the Normans under Robert of Rhuddlan began their advance through Wales, and defeated King Bleddyn in battle. He lost support among the Welsh people; was betrayed by King Rhys I [ap Owain] of Deheubarth that resulted in his murder.

1075-1081 15. Trahern was already King of Arwystli, a minor Welsh state, and, on his cousin's death, he boldly seized the throne of Gwynedd, and was immediately challenged by Prince Gruffydd, son of the dispossessed Gwynedd heir, Cynan, who, after initially defeating him at Dyffryn Glyngin in Meirioneth, was in turn defeated at Bron yr Erw and driven back into exile. He followed this victory by invading Deheubarth and slaying its king, Rhys I [ap Owain], at Goodwick in 1078. The dispossessed Gwynedd heir, Gruffydd, formed an alliance with the dispossessed Deheubarth heir, Rhys, whom he met in exile; and both returned to Wales and rallied their countrymen and defeated and killed Trahern at the battle of Mynydd Carn, in Montgomeryshire

XXXX 1081 16. Gruffydd II, 1st time, left Ireland for Gwynedd with the intention of regaining his paternal inheritance in 1075, but was defeated by the usurper Trahern and compelled to return to Ireland in exile. In 1081 he returned to Gwynedd and defeated and slew the usurper Trahern in battle at Mynydd Carn, however, no sooner had Gruffydd II won Gwynedd when he was captured by the Normans [through the treachery of one of his own officers] and held prisoner by them in England for twelve years.

1081-1088 X. Robert of Rhuddlan, governor, captured Gruffydd of Gwynedd and imprisoned him. He was killed in battle versus Rhys of Deheubarth.

1088-1093 17. Rhys was forced to take refuge in Ireland when his realm was invaded in 1088 by Madoc [ap Bleddyn] of Powys, but with the help of the Dublin Danes returned and defeated and slew Madoc of Powys in battle. He then slew Robert of Rhuddlan in battle in 1088. Rhys spent the remainder of his reign contending with rebellious Welsh nobles, who offered the crown to Gruffydd [ap Maredudd] in 1091. Prince Gruffydd had been in exile in England since his father's death in 1072. The rebellious Welsh nobles were defeated in battle and Gruffydd [ap Maredudd] was killed. In 1093 the Normans undertook a determined effort to subjugate the whole of Wales; and Rhys was killed while resisting a Norman advance at Aberhonddu, Brecon, after which the Normans overran the whole country

1093-1137 18. Gruffydd II was released from an English prison in 1093; and, was restored to his kingdom. In 1094 Martin d'Amfreville, Sire of Tours, invaded Wales and established himself in the cantref of Cemaes and occupied its castle at Nevern, and later at Newport. That year, the general Welsh population broke out in rebellion against Norman rule under the leadership of the kings of Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth; the Welsh drove the Normans out of Gwynedd; the Welsh destroyed every Norman castle in Deheubarth except Pembroke; and, the Welsh recovered Powys, and even captured Montgomery Castle. As a result of the rebellion, the Normans failed to retain the western half of the country, which was recovered by the native Welsh. In 1095 the English King William II "Rufus" invaded Wales to save his feudal Norman deputies, but with little success. In 1096 the Welsh continued their offensive; the populace of Brecon, Gwent, and Buellt also rose up and defeated a Norman force. In 1097 the Normans under the English King William II "Rufus" launched a counter-offensive, and by the end of the year had retaken South Wales. In 1098 the Normans under King William II "Rufus", supported by the three palatine earls of Chester, Shrewsbury, and Hereford, attacked Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth, defeated the Welsh, and drove King Gruffydd out of Wales, who again sought refuge in Ireland. Then, the great navy of Magnus, King of Norway, appeared off the Welsh shore. He had just restored Norwegian sovereignty over the Scottish islands and the Isle of Man. Magnus attacked and scattered the Normans in Wales in 1099, whereupon, Gruffydd of Gwynedd returned to Wales from exile in Ireland and over the next few years was able to regain Gwynedd. In 1108 the English King Henry I planted a colony of Flems from The Netherlands in Pembrokeshire. In 1114 the English King Henry I led another invasion of Wales; the Welsh rulers hastily made peace. In 1121 the English King Henry I again invaded Wales to stop attacks against the Welsh March states. In 1135 during the civil war in England between Queen Matilda and the usurper Stephen, the Welsh seized the opportunity to unite in a great rebellion. The Welsh organized attacks on a large scale against the Normans, who were driven from their lordships. In North Wales, the Welsh of Gwynedd drove the Normans back to the borders of Cheshire. In South Wales, the Kingdom of Deheubarth was re-established, except for the lordship of Pembroke. In 1136 the Welsh won a significant victory over the Normans; Gruffydd [ap Rhys] saw his opportunity to regain Deheubarth; meantime his wife, Gwenllian, led an army against the Norman stronghold of Kidwelly Castle, but was defeated and killed by Maurice de Londres. Her son, Morgan, was killed, and another son, Maelgwn, was taken prisoner. The sons of Gruffydd [ap Cynan] of Gwynedd succeeded in expelling the Normans from Gwynedd. Richard Fitz Gilbert, the Norman governor of Ceredigion, was attacked and killed by the Welsh under Iorwerth [ap Owain], the grandson of Caradoc [ap Gruffydd], when he was marching through the vale of the Usk River, and Ceredigion was recovered by the Welsh. Gruffydd II died old and decrepit in 1137, and was buried in Bangor Cathedral.

1137-1170 19. Owain "Gwynedd" was given the epithet "Gwynedd" to distinguish him from another prince with the same name. The epithet proved to be an apt one, as Owain rebuilt Gwynedd as a major British kingdom. King Owain took advantage of the civil war in England between Stephen and Queen Matilda to regain Welsh territories from the Normans. In 1136 the Welsh Army under King Owain "Gwynedd" slaughtered a far larger Anglo-Norman army in battle at Crug Mawr. In 1137 Owain "Gwynedd" took the opportunity to extend his authority and occupied Ceredigion, and appointed to it a governor. His attempt to take Deheubarth in 1138 was a failure. Nevertheless, over the years King Owain "The Great" gradually extended his control over neighboring territories, taking over one district at a time. He added the cantrefs of Meirioneth, Rhos, Rhufoniog, Dyffryn Clwyd, etc., to his dominions 1137-40, so that by 1149 King Owain restored the old Welsh kingdom and was recognized as "King of Wales" by the other Welsh princes. King Owain "Gwynedd" suffered a major defeat against the English King Henry II in 1152, and was obliged to change his title from "king" to "prince" acknowledging English overlordship, and reducing Wales in status from an independent national kingdom to a principality of the English kingdom. Owain "Gwynedd" thereafter was officially styled "Prince of Wales" by the English, though his Welsh subjects continued to refer to him as "King of Wales". King Henry II held a meeting [parliament] of all of the island-lords at Woodstock in 1163. The ceremony unsettled many of the Welsh princes seeing it as domination by the Normans, upsetting their perception of the status of Wales as an equal member of a confederation of feudal kingdoms recognizing the overlordship of the English king. And in 1164 a series of uprisings broke out all over Wales. The English King Henry II assembled a large army brought together from England, Ireland, and France in 1165; but the whole enterprise was mismanaged by King Henry's officers. King Owain "Gwynedd" united the Welsh militias and destroyed English strongholds in Wales, and re-established his power along the Dee estuary, but stopped short of reasserting independence. He and stood fast at Corwen on the river Dee awaiting the Norman advance. It never happened, undone by weather; and peace was finally concluded with the English. He was held in high regard throughout Europe by the time of his death in 1170. His sons warred among themselves following his death. It was during this period that one of his sons, Madoc, weary of his feuding brothers, went to sea with 300 men in ten boats, crossed the Atlantic Ocean, settled in America and established a colony in Mobile, Alabama (1170). Their descendants, the "Mandans", were encountered by explorers in the seventeenth century who called them "white" Indians, and recorded that their language bore a resemblance to the Welsh tongue. He returned some time later (1174), fitted out eighteen mores ships, and sailed away with 3000 more colonists never to return.

1170-1173 20A Maelgwn, co-ruler, dep, d1174 and his brothers teamed up together against their half-brother Hywel, who was their father's eldest son, and slew him in battle in 1170, after which his brothers, Rhodri, Cynan, and Dafydd, turned against him, and after three years drove him out of Wales and he took refuge in Ireland in 1173. In 1174 he returned to Wales but was captured and imprisoned and died shortly after.

1170-90&1193 20B Rhodri [II], dep, reasserted his rights in 1193. He joined his brothers against their other brother Maelgwn, and after eliminating him the brothers attacked another half-brother, Iorwerth "Drwyndwn", whose fate is unknown. then, Rhodri and Dafydd attacked their remaining full-brother, Cynan, whom they slew in 1174, after which Dafydd and Rhodri turned against each other. The civil war between the two brothers resulted in the division of Gwynedd between them, with Rhodri over Western Gwynedd and Dafydd over Eastern Gwynedd. In 1190 Rhodri was expelled from Western Gwynedd by his nephews, Cynan's sons, Gruffydd and Maredudd. Rhodri fled to the Isle of Man, and with the support of the Manx king [Ragnald] was briefly restored in Western Gwynedd in 1193. He was ousted a second time that same year this time by another nephew, Llywelyn, the son his late half-brother, Iorwerth "Drwyndwn", and fled back to the Isle of Man. He died in exile in 1195.

1170-1195 20C Dafydd I and his brother, Rhodri, teamed up together against their other brothers, and once they were eliminated turned against each other. The civil war between the two brothers resulted in the division of Gwynedd between them. Dafydd maintained himself in Eastern Gwynedd with Norman support, while Rhodri maintained himself in Western Gwynedd with Irish, Manx, and Norse assistance. Dafydd was eventually deposed by his nephew, Llywelyn, the son his late half-brother, Iorwerth "Drwyndwn", in 1195. He was imprisoned by Llywelyn for a year (1197-8), and only released on condition that he retire. Dafydd retired in 1198 and took up residence on an estate in Shropshire, where he dies in 1203.

1195-1200 X. Gruffydd [III], claimant, son of Prince Cynan, one of King Owain Gwynedd's sons. He established himself in Western Gwynedd in 1195, but was expelled by Llywelyn "The Great" in 1200; who also expelled his brother, Maredudd, who had established himself in Meirioneth, in 1202. He challenged Llywelyn The Great, but lost.

1195-1240 21. Llywelyn II "The Great" he gathered a force and expelled his uncle King Rhodri from Western Gwynedd in 1193; then, the next year, in 1194, defeated his other uncle King Dafydd I in battle, gaining a share in the government of Eastern Gwynedd; then, the following year, in 1195, deposed his uncle King Dafydd, and, after eliminating a rival claimant, Gruffydd [III], reunited Eastern and Western Gwynedd as its sole ruler in 1200. King John of England sent his Chief Justice to meet with Llywelyn in 1201, the result was a formal agreement between them, which was followed by the marriage of Llywelyn to King John's daughter, Joan (1205). In 1202 Llywelyn "The Great" expelled Maredudd of Meirioneth, and re-annexed Meirioneth to Gwynedd. Llywelyn "The Great" occupied Powys in 1208. And, by 1216 had established Deheubarth as a vassal-state. Llywelyn II "The Great" by a combination of diplomacy and warfare obtained the acknowledgement as overlord of Wales by all the other Welsh princes, who all came and paid him homage in 1210. This angered the English King John who returning from campaigning in Ireland marched through Wales with a large invasion force and overran the country in 1211. In 1212 Llywelyn regrouped his forces and prepared to launch a counter-offensive against the English conquerors, however, the rebellion of the Anglo-Norman barons in England, which culminated in King John signing the "Magna Charta", broke out and the English king was obliged to withdraw from Wales to attend to his rebellious English nobles. The left Llywelyn "The Great" free to recommence his subjugation of Wales; which he was able to complete by 1216. Too, he also captured the great English strongholds of the March states, though they were lost again in 1223. In 1216 Llywelyn convened a conference of all the Welsh rulers to meet with him at Aberdyfi to settle the country's affairs. It was the first assembly of its kind, and may be regarded as virtually the first Welsh parliament. It was in this assembly that Llywelyn took the title "Prince of Wales". His title "Prince of Wales" was confirmed by the English King Henry III by the Treaty of Worcester in 1218. There were border skirmishes with the English for many years, when in 1234 at long last peace was made with the English. This left Llywelyn free to direct his energies towards domestic affairs. He attempted to introduce "primogeniture" [restricted to the male-line] as the rule of succession to replace "tanistry".

1240-1246 22. Dafydd II submitted to the overlordship of the English King Henry III, who knighted him and crowned him as "Prince of Wales" in 1240 in a ceremony at Gloucester. The main feature of his reign was the dispute between he and the English King Henry III over the ownership of the march shires. Henry III gathered a force and invaded Wales in 1241. Dafydd II was unable to stop him, and had no choice but to surrender. He agreed to the terms by which Dafydd II returned the lands in dispute. In 1244 Dafydd II rose up in revolt and reclaimed those territories. In 1245 King Henry III took an army to Wales against Prince Dafydd II, but this time was repulsed by Prince Dafydd II who was left in possession of the disputed territories. His premature death in 1246 from an illness prevented Dafydd II from capitalizing on his success, and gave Henry III an unexpected advantage. In 1246 the English King Henry III swept through Wales meeting no resistance, and, one by one, the minor Welsh princes submitted to him, and all became vassals of the English king.

1246-1282 23. Llywelyn III "The Last" in 1245 Prince Dafydd II designated him as his heir [according to "tanistry", which was still in force]; he succeeded his uncle in 1246; and concluded the Treaty of Woodstock in 1247 by which the English King Henry III acknowledged him as "Prince of Wales" on condition that Llywelyn acknowledged the overlordship of the English king. This brought Wales into a feudal relationship with the English king. Too, among the terms of the treaty Llywelyn had to return the disputed territories won by his late uncle. Llywelyn spent his reign attempting to safeguard Welsh independence. He fought a series of battles, some of which he won, and for a short time under him Wales had become a powerful state. In 1256 Llywelyn revolted against English domination and swept through Wales ejecting its English lords and reclaiming lost territories. In 1257 the English King Henry III, who already was in serious trouble at home with his barons, attempted punitive action against Llywelyn, but failed dismally and was obliged to come to terms with the Welsh Prince. Llywelyn III was at the pinnacle of his success in 1267 at the signing of the Treaty of Montgomery by which the English King Henry III recognized Welsh independence. In 1276 the new English king, Edward "Long-Shanks", demanded homage from Prince Llywelyn, who refused on the basis of the Treaty of Montgomery. The English King Edward "Long-Shanks" declared the treaty void and assembled an army and invaded Wales. Llywelyn within a year was forced to submit, and by the terms of the Treaty of Aberconwy (1277) lost everything that he had gained heretofore. In 1282 the uneasy peace with England was broken when Llywelyn went on the offensive and attacked an English fort. The English King Edward was outraged and invaded Wales. The Welsh were soundly defeated by the English general Roger Lestrange in a great battle fought at Llanganten. Llywelyn escaped the battlefield along with eighteen of his men but near Builth by the Irfon Bridge unexpectedly came upon a squad of English troops under its captain Stephen de Franckton. His eighteen companions were all cut down in the following scuffle; and Llywelyn was mortally wounded by the English troops who were unaware of his identity. He was later found still alive, lying wounded in pain alone surrounded by malicious enemies and was executed on the spot by Edward Mortimer 11 December 1282. His head was hacked off and sent to London for public display; and the rest of his body was buried in the Cistercian Abbey of Cwm Hir. His death marked the end of Welsh independence. He was survived by a daughter, Gwenllian, who was put into the nunnery at Sempringham, where she was kept until her death in 1337 unwed and childless. Some records claim that Llywelyn also had an illegitimate daughter, Catherine.

1282-1283 X. Dafydd [III], anti-king, continued resistance against the English conquerors for several more months, but the inevitable soon became apparent to everyone, and resistance finally collapsed in 1283. He was captured and taken prisoner by the English in April 1283 and executed six months later in October that year. His two sons were captured and held in confinement in Bristol Castle until their deaths.

1294-1295 X. Madoc, claimant & resistance-leader, claimed the title "Prince of Wales" and led a wide-spread Welsh rebellion against the English occupation. He was defeated, captured, and imprisoned, and the uprising was put down.

epilogue: It was the policy of the English King Edward "Long-Shanks" to wipe out the immediate Welsh succession. The one notable exception was Prince Rhodri [ap Gruffydd] who had earlier gone to live in England in 1272. He died in 1315, and was survived by a son, Thomas. Prince Thomas [ap Rhodri] resided in a manor house at Tatsfield, in Surrey, until his death in 1363. He was survived by a son, Owain [ap Thomas], who went to live in France. Prince Owain [a.k.a. Yevain de Galles], called Lawgoch" [="Red-Hand"], held pretensions to the Welsh throne, and thus became a source of embarrassment to the English government. Prince Owain came to Wales and attempted a restoration of the dynasty in 1365. It failed, and he returned to France. He made a second attempt at restoration in 1369, which also ended in failure. He proclaimed himself "Prince of Wales" in 1372, which convinced the English government that he was too dangerous to be allowed to live. His murder by English agents in 1378 prevented a third attempt and also removed the nearest male heir of Llywelyn "The Last", the last native Prince of Wales. After this, representation of the Welsh royal house was disputed among its various heirs however eventually came to be vested in the Tudors, who very ironically later came into possession of the English throne. Today, male-line descent from the old Welsh royal house is still traceable to the Anwyl Family of Ty-Mawr Farm, Tywyn, whose present representative is Evan Vaughan Anwyl (born 1943). He has a son David Anwyl who at the time of this writing resides in Manchester.

1400-1410 X. Owain "Glyndwr" (Owen "Glendower"), reasserted Welsh independence. He was proclaimed "Prince of Wales" 16 September 1400, which began the War For Independence. He was formally crowned "Prince of Wales" in 1404 in a ceremony officiated by a papal prelate of the anti-pope at Avignon in the presence of envoys from France, Scotland, and Ireland, which countries recognized Wales as an independent state. Owain summoned a national assembly to convene at Machynlleth that year which was modeled after the English parliament. In 1406 the Church of Wales was established, independent of the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury, with its archbishopric see at Saint David's. Its bishops and priests were all Welsh-speaking. Owain established his royal residence at Harlech Castle. There he held court and received embassies from foreign countries. His position began to deteriorate by 1408. The next year, in 1409, the Welsh under Owain Glyndwr were decisively defeated in battle, and the country was overrun by the English conquerors. Owain rallied the remnant of his army and launched a counter-offensive in 1410, but was again defeated in another battle. After that, he carried on a campaign of guerrilla warfare for six years. In 1416 he was wounded in a skirmish with English troops, and was taken by his men to the home on one of his daughters. There in the home of the Scudamore Family he died from his wounds. His son Maredudd continued resistance until 1421. It was the last great effort of the native Britons to free themselves from the Anglo-Saxon newcomers.