CONTENTS

The genealogy of the ancestors and descendants of King David of Israel is preserved in the Bible. David was Israel’s second/or third king, and the founder of a royal house, the Davidic Dynasty. The pedigree from Judah to David, reads: Judah, one of the twelve Hebrew patriarchs, the father of Perez [twin-brother of Zarah], the father of Esrom [Hezron], who and his family migrated to Egypt along with the extended-family of Jacob (Gen 46:12), his great-grandfather, and, was the father of Aram, who represents the generation of the Egyptian bondage, the father Aminadab, who represents the "Exodus" generation, the father of Nahshon, the chief of the tribe of Judah during the wilderness wanderings under Moses' leadership, the father of Salmon, who represents the generation of the conquest of Canaan/Palestine under Joshua, Moses' successor, who, by his wife, Rahab "The Harlot", was the father of Elimelech, who represents the generation of the Hebrew settlement in Israel/Palestine following the Canaanite wars, who, by his wife, Naomi, was the father of two sons, Chilion [who died childless, survived by a widow, Orpha] and Mahlon, the first husband of Ruth "of Moab", who died also without issue; and Ruth came to Israel/Palestine accompanying her mother-in-law, Naomi, and, married secondly Boaz, the nephew of Elimelech, whose brothers are un-named in scripture, thus, the father of Boaz was one of Salmon’s un-named sons, who lived during the period of "the Hebrew judges". The pedigree is abbreviated here in the Bible since the purpose of the Book of "Ruth" was to document the transference of the title of the Judahite sheikdom from one branch of the family to another, represented by Boaz. Boaz appears as a wealthy kinsman of an un-named Judahite sheik, and, by his wife, Ruth "of Moab", was the father of Obed, a Judahite sheik, the father of Jesse, a Judahite sheik, who resided at Bethlehem, the father of eight sons, the youngest of whom was David, who, as a boy was a shepherd whose job was to keep his father’s sheep. David was the youngest of the eight sons (1 Sam. 17:12) of Jesse "the Judahite" and, his wife, Abala[ya] [Habalit], grand-daughter of Ibzan "of Bethlehem", Israel’s 10th Judge. The seven older brothers of David were: (1) Eliab [the father of Abigail, wife of [her cousin] Jerimoth, one of King David’s sons], (2) Abinadab, (3) Shimeah [the father of three sons, i.e., [Jo]Nadab, Joel, and [Jo]Nathan], (4) Nethaneel, (5) Raddai, (6) Ozem (Asam), and (7) Elihu. David, beside seven older full-brothers, had two half-sisters [same mother], who were (a) Abigail, wife of Ithra (Jethro), an Arabic sheikh [mother of Amasa], and (b) Zeruiah (Cerouya), who, of her 1st husband, Suri "the Naphalite", was the mother of three sons, namely: (1) Abishai, the father of Absessalom, the father of Ahimaaz; (2) Joab; and (3) Asahel, father of Zebadiah; and, was the step-mother, by her 2nd husband, Nebat "the Ephraimite", to his illegitimate son, King Jeroboam of Israel, begotten of his mistress, Sariya "The Harlot".

3/1. DAVID reigned at Hebron as Judah’s first king for seven years, 1010-1003, then, reigned at Jerusalem for thirty-three years, 1003-970BC (2 Sam 5:5), as Israel’s third or second king depending on if one counts Eshbaal, who usually is not numbered in official regnal-lists. David was the greatest and most revered of Israel’s national heroes.

David, an athletic, charismatic, and handsome young teenager, slew a giant [Golaith], which made him instantly very popular among the people. [note: "the giants" in the Bible the Greeks say were the remnants of the survivors of the "great deluge".] King Saul summoned the lad and made him a captain in the army, whereupon, David enters his country’s service. He distinguishes himself in clashes fighting his country’s enemies, which greatly enhances his reputation with his countrymen. Earlier, Samuel, the country’s last "judge", who was a prophet and a priest, upon God’s instructions, had secretly anointed David with holy oil as king-elect, that is, to be King Saul’s successor, whom God had rejected, and, whom he eventually succeeded on Israel’s throne.

David began his reign as King of Israel by the capture of the Jebusite city of Salem, which was renamed "Jerusalem", which he made Israel’s capital-city. The city, situated on five hills, was centrally located among the twelve Hebrew tribes and was acceptable as their national capital and center of government. Here, David set in place a new administration and established an officialdom based partly on the model of Egypt's national government. To establish the city as the nation’s religious centre, David brought the Ark-of-the-Covenant there and placed it in the tabernacle which he had reassembled on the present site of the Temple-Mount, called Mount Moriah, one of the city’s five hills, the same mount a thousand years earlier on which Abraham built an altar and offered to God his son [Isaac]. David’s son [Solomon] later replaced the tabernacle with a grandiose temple in which to house "The Ark". "The Ark", usually kept at Shiloh, had been hidden for some time at an obscure retreat to prevent its capture by the Philistines. "The Ark", a holy relic, contained the stone tablets on which the "Ten Commandments" had been inscribed by Moses; and, at the same-time its lid [the "mercy seat"] doubled both as the temple’s high-altar onto which the blood of "the paschal lamb" was poured (Lev. 16:14,15) and also as God’s earthly throne (Ps. 99:1). Thus, Jerusalem became the centre of Jehovah-worship. The city also became the seat of David’s royal house. David renovated a Bronze Age stone hill-fort or castle in Jerusalem on Mount Zion, one of the city’s five hills, and later his son [Solomon] remodeled and enlarged it into a palace. The Bible says that Mount Zion was God’s foundation stone, and the later kingdom of Messiah is said to be founded on Mount Zion. Jerusalem thus served three purposes: (1) as the seat of David’s royal house; (2) as the centre of government of all the Hebrew tribes; and (3) as a new religious centre, replacing Shiloh, as the site of Yahweh/Jehovah-worship. David, thus, transformed the Hebrews from a rude confederacy of twelve tribes into a national-state. And, by his conquests of the remaining Canaanite [Palestinian] city-states in Israel David gave the Hebrews a period of peace. David also built a substantial empire for Israel by subjugating all the neighboring states. He made his tributaries the Philistines [Palestinians] of Gaza, the Jordanese [Moabites, Ammonites, and Edomites] of Trans-Jordan, and the Phoenicians of Lebanon. He conquered Syria and stationed a garrison of Hebrew troops in its capital city, Damascus. He also took a yearly tribute from the Amalekites of Arabia which also became one of David's vassal-states. David, thus, took an insignificant nation, and, within a few years, built it into a mighty empire. The recent translation of some ancient script reveals that King David of Israel also defeated the mighty Assyrians in battle, who thereafter left him alone.

The doctrine of the "divine right of kings", which doctrine became the ideology of the Davidic Dynasty, was introduced by the covenant God made with David, which was the origin of the "Davidic Dynasty Tradition", that is, "royal Zionist theology", which tied the dynasty to the messianic prophecies of earlier times, and was the basis of the messianism of later times, which made the Davidic Dynasty a part of Israel’s religion, Judaism, and later of Christianity also. There are several Bible texts which tie the Davidic Dynasty to the messianic ideas of earlier times, which says that God would make for David a "house", that is, a dynasty of kings, which would produce "Messiah", whose kingdom the Bible says would be everlasting "from generation to generation" (Dan 4:34c). There are other Bible texts, such as Psalm 89, that reflect what may be referred to as the "Davidic Dynasty Tradition", or "royal Zionist ideology", which came to be Bible doctrine. The essence of the "Davidic Dynasty Tradition" is: (a) that God chose Jerusalem as the place of His presence [which replaced Shiloh as the cultic centre of Jehovah-worship]; (b) that God would make for David a "house", that is, an everlasting dynasty of kings, whose destiny was worldwide rule in great glory with a divine mandate, sitting upon God’s very throne (1 Chr 29:33), whose kingdom was to be established forever; and (c) the special intermediary role of the Davidic king between God and the people, whereby, the monarchy would be the channel through which God would bless the people. The covenant with David, paralleling God’s covenant with Israel, that God would channel His blessings to Israel through a dynasty of kings descended from David, made Yahweh/Jehovah the tutelary God or patron deity of David’s House, which thus became a "divine dynasty" (so to speak). This new status brought with it the inviolability of the person of the king, called "The Lord’s Anointed", and gave rise to a court rhetoric in which the king was called "the Son of God" (Ps 2:7) as the visible symbol of the invisible God, occupying God’s throne (Ps 2:6), representing God to the people; while at the same-time the king was called "the Son of Man" (Dan 7:13-14) as the corporate embodiment of the people representing them to God. The king was answerable to God alone, and was responsible to Him to care for the people, as the politique father ["parens patriae"] of a large family, his people worldwide. Too, the king was likened to a shepherd duty-bound to watch over his flock and provide for all its needs, and his people in return would attend upon the king as his servants and give him worship. The basic duties of the king were to feed his people [meal-tickets]: to house his people [vouchers]; to heal his people, i.e., "the royal touch" [health service]; to defend his people [the military to defend from without, and the police to defend from within], and, above all to lead his people, as a shepherd leads his flock.

The Israelite Monarchy under King David took on the political form of the messianic doctrine; and the king himself, David, and his successors and heirs, became the dominant element in messianism. The monarchy was/or is to be the agency through which God will fulfill the nation’s destiny, with David as the recipient of the inheritance of kings and as the founder of an everlasting dynasty, which would achieve worldwide domination and rule. And, an everlasting dynasty guarantees the survival, preservation, and the life of a nation, His [God's] nation, Israel, and its people [the Jews] forever. The stability of the dynasty was guaranteed by God on condition of a king’s obedience to His laws (Deut 17:20); disobedience would be punished, if any king of David’s House committed iniquity, God would chastise that one, however, in such circumstances was God promise not to cut-off David’s Dynasty as He had done to Saul’s House, and that David’s House would continue. Here, then, is the promise of an everlasting dynasty, free of conditions. There are several verses, which though not always citing the dynastic promise specifically, appear to presuppose it, and assert the ongoing nature of David’s House, that God’s throne would continue to pass through the descendants of King David forever unconditionally in an unbroken line. The psalm attributed to David in 2 Sam 23:1-7 in which reference is made to God’s covenant with David which is called unbreakable.

David, the king, had ten wives by whom he had twenty-two sons and at least one daughter. He =1 Michal, daughter of King Saul of Israel, his predecessor; =2 Ahinoam "the Jezreelite"; =3 Abigail, the widow of Nabal "the Carmelite"; =4 Maachah, daughter of King Talmai of Geshur; =5 Haggith; =6 Abital; =7 Eglah; =8 name unknown; =9 name unknown; =10 Bathsheba, daughter of Ammiel (Eliam) "the Gilonite", and, widow of Uriah "the Hittite".

(b) Chileab [a.k.a. Daniel], died young without issue

(c) Absalom, the crown-prince; the name of Absalom's wife is not given, but he begot three sons [who all died in infancy] and a daughter, Tamar, the wife of Uriel, Sheikh of Gibeah, and mother of Michaiah (Maachah), the 2nd wife of [her cousin] King Rehoboam

(d) Tamar (daughter), was Absalom's full-sister; who, after her rape by a half-brother, was married to a British prince

(e) Adonijah, heir-expectant after Absalom’s death

(f) Shephatiah (Chefatia), ancestor of a major secondary descent-line

six sons, who were: (h) Ibhar, (i) Elishua (Elishama), (j) Elpalet (Eliphelet), (k) Eliadah (Beeliada), (l) Abishai, & (m) Nogah

five sons, who were: (n) Japhia, (o) Nepheg, (p) Jerimoth [father of Mahalath, 1st wife of [her cousin] King Rehoboam], (q) Asahel, & (r) Joab

five sons, who were: (s) [name] infant son, who died a few days after birth, (t) Nathan, the ancestor of a major secondary descent-line, (u) Shammuah (Shimea), (v) Shobab, & (w) Jedidiah [a.k.a. Solomon], the youngest son, who changed his name on his accession.

The eventful, illustrious, and fruitful reign of King David was marred by the rebellion of his son Absalom, the crown-prince. Absalom rebelled against his father, David, and temporarily took possession of the kingdom. The civil war between father and son ended in Absalom’s defeat in battle, and the crown-prince was killed while in flight from the battle scene. King David then took back his kingdom, and was welcomed back in Jerusalem in great fanfare by the rejoicing city’s citizens.

David, while, lying on his death-bed, was advised to take a young secondary wife to sleep with to keep him warm. It just so happened the soldiers sent out to fetch the most beautiful girl they could find and among those chosen as candidates was Abishag of Shunem, the un-named Shulamite woman, with whom his son Solomon had secretly been courting. She did not know his true identity during the courtship and called him her "absent shepherd lover", when he disappeared one day and could not be found by her. Not, until she arrived at the palace did she find out that Solomon, her "shepherd lover" of "Canticles", was none other than the crown-prince. Her marriage to King David as a "secondary-wife" was never consummated, and she was free to marry her teenage lover, Solomon, as his [1st] "primary-wife", and queen, which she does.

King David was age 70 on his death. His tomb in Jerusalem became the official sepulchre of the Kings of Judah, and it was still in existence 1000 years later in Jesus’ time. King Hurkinos looted the tomb of its treasures, which he gave to King Antiochus Epiphanes. Later, King Herod stole whatever treasures Hurkinos had left behind in David's Tomb. Today, the tomb contains the mangled bones of the ancient Jewish kings, among whose one would presume include those of King David's.

note: The system of succession in the Jewish kingdom was in accordance to that written in "Samuel's Scroll", which undoubtedly was based on principles in the "Mosaic Law". The succession was dynastic inheritance in King David’s descendants, in a mix of (a) primogeniture, (b) the (so-called) "Salic Law", and (c) tanistry, which worked together to determine the succession. The principle of primogeniture was the fundamental principle determining the succession, however, the principle was not decisive, for in reality multiple factors contributed in determining the succession; for example the reigning monarch possessed the prerogative of designating the heir such as in the case of Solomon’s succession, who was the favorite son of King David’s favorite wife, then, the occasion when King Rehoboam's widowed-queen [2nd wife] Maachah (Michaiah) set her son, Abijah, on the throne in prejudice of King Rehoboam's issue begotten by his first wife; then, on another occasion the royal court [parliament] elevated Jehoahaz to the throne, the eldest son of King Josiah’s second-wife and widowed-queen in prejudice of the issue of [his father's] King Josiah’s late first wife; and, on another occasion we find foreign powers manipulating the succession as in the case of the deposition of King [Je]Coniah, and the elevation of his uncle, Zedekiah, which was sanctioned by God, who appears to have engineered the whole episode. Hence, the approval of God was a condition of succession in addition to birthright.

4/2. SOLOMON (SCHLOMO) reigned as king in Jerusalem for forty years, 970-930 (1 Ki 11:42). His name originally was Jedidiah which he changed upon his succession. He was the favorite son of King David’s favorite wife Bathsheba. He became king at age 18 [or 28], reigned 40 years, and died at age 58 [or 68], which contradicts the tradition that he lived 70 years.

The succession to the throne generally was regulated by the principle of primogeniture (2 Chr 21:3b), like it is in Britain today, however, the principle was sometimes overruled for the reigning monarch possessed the prerogative of designating his heir, such as in the case of Solomon (1 Ki 1:35b). Solomon, upon his succession at his father’s death, executed his half-brother, Adonijah, the heir-expectant, whom some considered to have been the rightful heir, who had political ambitions, when he covertly asserts his claim to the throne by asking Queen Bathsheba for Abishag in marriage, the [supposed] "virgin" widow [secondary-wife] of his father in marriage, who, obviously, was ignorant of Solomon’s earlier affair with her, which Solomon had kept secret until writing "Canticles" ["Song of Solomon"], possibly as a tribute following her early demise. The story of Abishag of Shunem, the un-named Shulamite woman of his youth, may have taken place chronologically at a later date under different circumstances if the tradition is true that Solomon was a minor on his succession.

The kingdom that Solomon inherited from his father, King David, was perhaps the most powerful country then existent in the world at that time. The great empires during King Solomon’s reign, Egypt, Babylonia, Assyria, were in eclipse, and the Hittite Empire was long time gone, so that King Solomon could rule over a sizable empire of his own with the splendor attributed to him in the Bible. The country was remarkably prosperous during his reign, and with this wealth King Solomon sought to make Jerusalem, the capital city, the most magnificent city in the world, and undertook great building projects. He built a grandiose temple to replace the tabernacle on the Temple-Mount, rebuilt David's Castle on Mount Zion into a great palace, and built many public works [the country’s intra-structure]. The country was at peace and King Solomon took advantage of the favorable conditions for trade expansion. He monopolized the entire caravan trade in the Middle East and thus was able to collect enormous revenue from merchants seeking passage through his territories. King Solomon built a merchant-fleet which made long-distance voyages to far-away places and brought back exotic merchandise from Ophir, India, and China. Ophir, a country in Africa, may have been Zimbabwe?

The promise and/or covenant that God made with David is renewed with Solomon in 2 Chr 7:18, adding the provision by which the "royal line" would pass through him also. The Bible tells us that God gave Solomon His promise that the title to the throne would pass through his descendants (1 Ki 9:5; 1 Chr 22:8-10; 2 Chr 7:18), which made the descendants of King David's other sons "non-royal" in status.

Solomon had a harem of 1000 secondary-wives [= 700 wives and 300 concubines]. He had only one primary wife, or queen, at a time; and, throughout his life had seven of them. They were: =1 Abishag of Shunem, the un-named Shulamite woman of his youth, his first love, about whom he wrote about in the Bible book "Song of Solomon" ["Canticles"]; =2 Nicaule [Tashere] of Egypt, the daughter or sister of Psusennes II [or Psusennes III] [note: the myth that she was Shishak's daughter is chronologically impossible]; =3 Bilqis, Queen of Arabia, according to Arabic tradition; =4 name unknown, daughter of Hamath, King of Lebanon; =5 name unknown, daughter of King Rezon [I] of Syria; =6 Makeda, Queen of Sheba, according to Ethiopian tradition; =7 Nabah (Naamah) "the Ammonite", daughter of King Hanun of Jordan

two daughters, who were:

(a) Basemath, wife of Ahimaaz, "the Naphalite", the mother of Ana, wife of [her cousin] King Abijah (below)

(b) Taphath, wife of Ben-Abinadab of Dor

(?) Kahtan (Qahtan; Cahtan), called 1st King of Arabia, possibly his step-son and not actually his son; Kahtan is given an Arabic/Arabian ancestry descended from Ishmael the ancestor of the Arabs, which is probably his correct parentage; that he was King Solomon's step-son may have been a later tradition reflective upon Solomon's glorious reign, which was remembered in ancient Arabic literature.

(x) El-Hakim [a.k.a. Menelik], called 1st King of Ethiopia

(x) Rehoboam, who succeeded his father as King of Judah alone

In contrast to his father, King David, a man of war, his son, King Solomon, was a man of peace. He was renown for his wealth, power, and wisdom. His reign was an era of great prosperity and abundance, and was described as glorious. The splendor of King Solomon’s reign was looked back to by the Jews of later generations as Israel’s "Golden Age". Towards the end of Solomon’s reign, his vassals abroad had begun to look for an opportunity to free themselves of Israeli domination; while, at home, the heavy burden of taxation for the upkeep of the grandiose royal court and the high costs of the grand-style monarchy was arousing discontent among his subjects. This discontentment surfaced as open rebellion after Solomon’s death.

Not all of the Hebrew People accepted the idea of an everlasting union of their nation, religion, and the Davidic Dynasty; and, in the time of David's grandson [Rehoboam, Solomon’s son], ten of the twelve Hebrew tribes rebelled against David’s House, called "Jeroboam's Rebellion", which caused the disruption of the Hebrew kingdom; and, Jeroboam founded Israel’s third dynasty.

The delegates of the twelve Hebrew tribes gathered in an assembly to crown Rehoboam, however, due to Rehoboam’s arrogance, instead of a coronation held what turned out to be a constitutional convention which rejected Rehoboam and elected another candidate, Jeroboam, an Ephraimite, as their king, who founded Israel’s third dynasty; and, the challenge of the Hebrew People to David’s Dynasty was: "now, see to thine own house" (v. 16). There are many comparisons between "this" generation of Hebrews and the 1776 generation of American colonists, who rebelled against King George, one of many descendants of King David, who had a "divine mandate".

The election of Jeroboam as King of Israel precipitated a crisis in the political history of the Hebrew People. It was the kingdom of Israel, not part of it, which was rent from David’s House, and, it is the part, one tribe, Judah [the Jews], which God left to David’s heir "for David’s sake". It is written that none followed David’s House, but the tribe of Judah only, however, reference is made to not one tribe but three, that is, the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, and Levi [which provided the priests], which remained loyal to the royal Davidic heir, Rehoboam, King Solomon’s son, and ceded from Israel to do so, establishing or re-founding the [separate] Kingdom of Judah.

There, then, existed two Hebrew kingdoms, the northern kingdom, called Israel, composed of ten tribes, with Samaria as its capital city, claimed to represent the "true" kingdom; and the southern kingdom, called Judah, composed of one tribe, with Jerusalem as its capital city, claimed its dynasty was Israel’s only legitimate royal house. There was a mass migration to Judah at this time of individuals from the other Hebrew tribes whose sympathies laid with David’s House, so that all twelve Hebrew tribes were represented in the Judahite kingdom. The throne of the northern kingdom, Israel, was seized by usurpers nine times during its existence, for the dynastic principle was not acknowledged as essential by the northern kingdom, whose kings attained the throne by a variety of means, by force of arms, by popular acclamation, or sometimes even by God’s designation, while, the throne of the southern kingdom, Judah, was occupied solely by King David’s House [dynasty] during its whole existence.

03. REHOBOAM (RICHAVUM), the son of King Solomon, by the Jordanese princess, was age 41 on his accession, and reigned seventeen years, 930-913 (1 Ki 14:21), and died age 59.

He succeeded his father, Solomon, as King of Judah only and not as King of Israel, due to the election of Jeroboam as Israel's king. Rehoboam was rivaled in his reign by King Jeroboam of Israel, with whom he never sought any relations. In the fifth year of his reign, King Rehoboam raised an army and threatened to put down the rebellion of the ten [northern] Hebrew tribes, however, Jeroboam, the rebel Hebrew king, whose wife was the daughter of the then reigning Egyptian pharaoh, appealed to Egypt for help; and King Shishak [Shoshonq I] of Egypt invaded Judah in support of his son-in-law. Rehoboam was caught by surprise and overwhelmed and besieged by the Egyptians in Jerusalem. He purchased peace by stripping Jerusalem of all its treasures and giving them to the Egyptian king. After this great humiliation, King Rehoboam occupied the remainder of his reign strengthening his country’s defenses.

Rehoboam had eighteen secondary-wives and a harem of sixty concubines, however, only had two primary wives, one at a time, whom he married one after the other.

He married 1st Mahalath [his cousin], daughter of King David's son Jerimoth and his wife, Abigail, grand-daughter [not "daughter"] of Eliab [an older brother of King David, i.e., one of Jesse's eight sons]; and, married 2nd Michaiah (Maachah) [his cousin’s daughter] and had issue.

five sons, who were: (a) Jeush, (b) Zizah, (c) Shemariah (Semariah), ancestor of a major secondary-line of the royal house, (d) Attai, & (e) Zaham

one son, namely, (f) Abijah (Abijam)

In 1 Ki 15:2 it says Michaiah (Maachah), the daughter of Absalom, the late crown-prince, his uncle, but in 2 Chr 13:2 she is said to be the daughter of Uriel of Gibeah, which discrepancy is resolved by the supposition that she was the daughter of Tamar, Absalom's daughter, and her husband, Uriel of Gibeah, which makes her the "grand-daughter" of Absalom and not actually his "daughter". Michaiah (Maachah), the queen-consort, outlived her husband [the king] and placed her son, Abijah, on the throne in prejudice of her late husband’s sons by his first wife; and held a prominent place at court as queen-mother during the reign of her son, and lived on into the reign of her grandson.

04. ABIJAH (AVAYAH) (ABIJAM; ABIYAH), the son of King Rehoboam and his second wife, reigned three years, 913-910 (1 Ki 15:2). In 1 Ki 15:1 it says he began his reign in the 18th year of King Jeroboam I of Israel, his rival to God’s throne. King Abijah, who considered the separation of the ten Hebrew tribes as rebellion, made a vigorous attempt to bring them back to their former allegiance to King David’s House. King Abijah is noted for a famous speech he gave on the battle-field in which he rebukes the usurper King Jeroboam of Israel saying, "Hear me, Jeroboam, and all Israel, ought ye not to know that the eternal God gave the kingship over Israel to David’s House forever, even to him and his sons [descendants] by a covenant…", which indicates that God will continue to express His kingship through David’s descendants despite usurpers. He declared (v. 8) that God’s kingdom is in the hands of King David’s sons [descendants], the Davidic Dynasty, and that God’s kingdom is permanent and indestructible. The speech of King Abijah makes no allowance for a hiatus in the continuity of the Davidic kingship. The Davidic Dynasty, the author of "The Chronicles" says, was divinely appointed and therefore the only legitimate dynasty of Israel, accordingly, the point of King Abijah’s speech to the northern tribes, Israel, by their rebellion against their divinely appointed kings, was in fact in rebellion against God Himself! Note the correlation referred to by Britain's King George III in connection to the rebellious American colonies. King Abijah won several victories over King Jeroboam, and took some border towns, but failed to decisively defeat him in battle. [note: 1 Ki 15:6 should read "Abijah" instead of "Rehoboam"]

King Abijah had fourteen wives, by whom he begot twenty-two sons and sixteen daughters. His primary wife, or queen, was [his cousin] Ana, daughter of Ahimaaz "the Naphalite", who was Solomon’s purveyor, and his wife Basemath, daughter of Solomon by Pharaoh’s daughter. It is through her, Ana, that the bloodline of the Egyptian Pharaohs enters into the veins of the Jewish royal house. The name of Abijah’s queen, Ana, is not given in the "Masoretic Text", the parent-manuscript of most Bible translations, but is given in the "Septuagint" [commonly denoted "LXX"], the Greek Bible, 3 Ki 15:10 [III "Basileion" 15:10] [note: I & II "Samuel" in the "Masoretic Text" is I & II "Kings" in the "LXX"; and III & IV "Kings" in the "LXX" is I & II "Kings" in the "MT"]. The omission in the "Masoretic Text" is probably due to a textual corruption, the name very likely became illegible with the ageing and deterioration of the original manuscript, and was dropped out of the text sometime during the process of its copying and re-copying by scribes. Too, there is some confusion over her parentage. In the "LXX" she is called the "daughter" [or "descendant"] of Absessalom; but, here is another instance of the term of a relationship used in a loose sense. This Absessalom [son of Abishai, one of King David’s generals], was the tribal-chief or "sheikh" of the Hebrew Naphtali tribe, and, by wife [daughter of Shebuel (alive 1000BC), the last of his line, descendant of Israel's Founder and 1st Judge Moses], was father of Ahimaaz, one of King Solomon’s officials, who married Basemath, Solomon’s daughter.

(a) Asa, was the crown-prince.

05. ASA, the son of King Abijah and wife, Ana, reigned 41 years, 910-869 (1 Ki 15:10). His long reign overlapped the reigns of seven kings of "the northern kingdom" (so called). 1 Ki 15:19 says that he began his reign in the 20th year of King Jeroboam I of Israel’s reign.

His grandmother, Michaiah (Maachah), is called his "mother" in the "Masoretic Text" (1 Ki 15:9-10), which has caused some confusion since the "MT" does not give his mother’s name, however, the "LXX" corrects this by giving his mother’s name, which was "Ana". The confusion was created by the fact that Ana died before her husband’s succession, and, upon his succession, his grandmother, Michaiah (Maachah), the queen-mother of his father’s reign, was still alive, and, in the absence of Asa’s mother, Ana, filled a vacuum in the royal court. It appears that the Judahite monarchy had a "madonna and child" cult in its ideology represented by the office of "queen-mother". It appears that "queen-mother" was an office, however, there was no such office as "queen-mother" in the Hebrew monarchy of the "northern kingdom"; which is the reason that the mothers of the "northern kings" are seldom mentioned if ever but in passing, whereas, the mothers of the "southern kings" are nearly always given by name. Michaiah (Maachah) retained her position in that office until her impeachment and expulsion from the royal court because of her abuse of her royal privilege (1 Ki 15:13; 2 Chr 15:16).

King Asa married Azuba, daughter/or granddaughter of Shilhi, one of the sons/or grandsons of Jeroboam, the rebel Hebrew king, of his wife, Karamat, daughter of King Shishak of Egypt. Azuba fled south to Judah during the massacre of King Jeroboam’s House by the usurper Baasha where she found refuge. Another descent-line from the Egyptian Pharaohs may be trace through Azuba [via, her paternal grandmother, Karamat] to the Jewish Royal House. He, of his wife, Azuba, had issue.

(a) Jehoshaphat, the crown prince.

The relationship between Judah and Israel under their early rulers was tense, and eventually war broke out. The critics agree that in 2 Chr 15:19; 16:1, where it says that King Bassha of Israel warred with King Asa of Judah in his "35th" and "36th" years, are a coypist’s mistake for either "15th" and "16th" or "25th" and "26th", because Baasha died in Asa's 26th year (1 Ki 16:6,8). Bassha was succeeded in the northern kingdom by his son Elah, who was overthrown by Zimri, who reigned only 7 days. The northern kingdom broke out into civil war over rivaling claimants, and Tibni [Zimri’s brother] reigned over one half of the northern kingdom while Omri, another claimant, reigned over the other half of the country. Omri prevailed over Tibni in a decisive battle and united the northern kingdom, which he left to his son Ahab, who became King of Israel in the "38th" year of King Asa’s reign. King Asa of Judah sought an ally against King Ahab of Israel and made an alliance with King Ben-Hadad of Syria. The Syrian king made a diversion in King Asa’s support by invading Israel, whereupon King Ahab pulled back from fighting Judah to defend himself against the Syrians. The alliance with Syria was denounced by the seer Hanani, and, King Asa, angered by this, put him in prison. For which the Bible implies that Asa was smote with a disease by God in his 39th year which proved fatal in his 41st year (1 Ki 15:23; 2 Chr 16:12), whereupon Hanani was released from prison.

06. JEHOSHAPHAT (YEHOSEPHAT), reigned 869-848, regent from 872. He reigned twenty-five years, 872-848BC (1 Ki 15:23; 2 Chr 16:12), including the three years he was regent during his father’s illness (1 Ki 22:42). In 1 Ki 22:41 it says he began his reign in the fourth year of King Ahab of Israel’s reign. He was age 35 when he began to reign.

King Jehoshaphat carried out a series of reforms, political, religious, and military. He put judges in all the country’s cities, and tried to remedy the defects in the local administrations as part of his political reforms. He organized a system of public instruction, sending priests on regular circuits to all the country’s cities with the "Torah" to teach the people, as part of his religious reforms. And, as part of his military reforms, he placed garrisons in all the country’s cities.

The name of the wife of Jehoshaphat is not given in scripture. This is unusual in the record of the Judahite kings, and there must be some story behind this "cover-up". His wife may have been a Syrian princess [Anonyma], who was unpopular with the Hebrew People for their wars with her country, Syria? His wife had to be someone of importance for her to be the mother of the "crown-prince".

(a) Jehoram, the crown-prince

The accession of Jehoshaphat’s son, Jehoram, the crown-prince, as an associate-ruler with his father in 853 was no doubt prompted by concern regarding the forthcoming war with Syria. The war was a disaster. The Israeli King Ahab was mortally-wounded in battle, and King Jehoshaphat was obliged to make a humiliating peace with Syria.

07. JEHORAM (YEHORAM) (JORAM), reigned 848-841, was associate-ruler with his father at the time for concerns over the up-coming war with Syria in 853BC, and after his father’s death, reigned as king in his own right for eight years, 848-841 (2 Ki 8:17; 2 Chr 21:5). The years of his co-rule with his father are not counted in his official regnal-years; for, in the 2nd year of his co-rule with his father, King Jehoram of Israel began to reign (2 Ki 1:17), then, on his father’s death, in the 5th year of King Jehoram of Israel, he began his sole rule (2 Ki 8:16). He was age 32 on his accession.

The fact that his mother’s name does not appear in scripture is unusual for Judahite annalists, especially since he was crown-prince, which suggests that there is a story the annalists wished to "cover-up".

He, as crown-prince, married the Hebrew princess Athalia, the daughter of King Ahab of Israel, and his wife Jezebel of Tyre, a Phoenician princess. His marriage was arranged between his father, the King of Judah, and her father, the King of Israel, perhaps in hope of the reunion of all the Hebrew tribes under one crown.

(a) Jehoahaz [who changed his name to Ahaziah on his accession], the crown-prince

(b) Jehosheba (daughter), the wife of Jehoiada I, High-Priest, and mother of Jehoadda, the wife of [her cousin] King Jehoash, of whom later.

It was at the insistence of Athalia that King Jehoram introduced Baal-worship into Judah. A warning from the prophet Elijah failed to produce any good effect on him. And, shortly after, there followed a series of calamities. First, the Jordanese, who had been tributary to his father, revolted and won their independence. Then, there was a rebellion within his own kingdom. The rebellion was suppressed and many of the country’s most prominent nobles were executed, along with six of the king’s own brothers. That was followed by raids of armed-bands of Philistines [Palestinians] from Gaza. Then an invasion of Arabs from Arabia overran the country. The Arabs stormed Jerusalem, plundered the city, captured King Jehoram’s harem of secondary wives and all their children, whom they carried into captivity and later slew. In 2 Chr 21:16,17 it says that Jehoram’s sons were taken captive, but in 2 Chr 22:1 it says that they were slain, the presumption is that they were first taken captive and afterwards slain.

Jehoram came down with a terrible disease (2 Chr 21:18,19), and on account of his illness his son Ahaziah, the crown-prince, was regent for him the last year of his life.

08. AHAZIAH (AACHAZ), originally named JEHOAHAZ, reigned 841, regent from 842. He was regent for his father about a year, 842BC (2 Chr 21:19), and reigned in his own right as king after his father’s death for one year, 841BC (2 Ki 8:26). In 2 Ki 8:25 it says he began his reign in the 12th year of King Jehoram of Israel; while, in 2 Ki 9:29 it says he began to reign in the 11th year of King Jehoram of Israel, which statements are both correct, that is, one, the "12th", is when he began to reign as king (2 Ki 8:26), and the other, the "11th", is when he began to reign as regent for his sick father (2 Chr 21:19). In 2 Ki 8:26 it says he was age 22 when he began to reign, but in 2 Chr 22:2 his age is given as 42. The "22" is undoubtedly correct, as 2 Chr 21:20 we see that his father was 40 when he died, which would have made him younger than his son.

King Ahaziah was dominated by his mother, Queen Athalia, and followed her advice without question. When his uncle, King Jehoram of Israel, was wounded in battle fighting Syria, King Ahaziah went to visit him at Jezreel where he was laid up recuperating from his wounds. It was during this visit that a conspiracy was underway against King Jehoram by an army faction led by one of his generals, Jehu [Yahou], who slew all of Omri’s House he could get his hands on, and took the throne. Jehoram was murdered, and Ahaziah fled for his life, however, was pursued by his uncle’s assassins and was mortally wounded in his flight. He had strength enough to reach Megiddo where he died. His body was conveyed by his servants back to Jerusalem for burial in the royal crypt.

He, by his wife, Zibiah "of Beersheba", had several sons, who were murdered by the queen-mother [Athalia] along with all their children save one.

(x) Jehoash (Joash), the youngest son, an infant at the time of the massacre of the royal family, was rescued from the slaughter by his aunt [father's sister]

09. ATHALIA, the queen-mother, widow of King Jehoram and mother of the late King Ahaziah, usurped the throne on the death of her son, King Ahaziah, and reigned seven years, 841-835BC (2 Ki 11:3; 2 Chr 22:12) as sole ruler. To secure herself on the throne, she had all of her grandsons as well as other members of the royal house put to death, only Jehoash, the late king’s infant son, perhaps 9-11 months of age, escaped the massacre. He was rescued by his aunt, Princess Jehosheba, with wife of Jehoiada, the High-Priest, who concealed him in the temple. The young prince, Jehoash, grew up secretly in the temple for fear of Queen Athalia, who sought to slay him. Her whole reign was devoted to the promotion of idolatry, paganism, and every heathen practice. She closed the Temple, dedicated to Yahweh or Jehovah-worship, and completed and opened a temple originally begun by her late husband, which was dedicated to Baal-worship. Athalia was overthrown by a counter-coup engineered by the High-Priest Jehoiada, who set Prince Jehoash, the rightful king, on the throne. The High-Priest, when he thought the time was right, organized an insurrection. He brought the prince out of hiding in the temple and presented him to the city’s garrison which thereupon proclaimed him king. The boy-king, Jehoash, under advisement of the High-Priest issued the order to arrest Queen Athalia which the city-garrison obeyed and put her to death. Too, Mattan, the High-Priest of Baal, who was Athalia’s Prime Minister, was put to death also.

10. JEHOASH (YOHASH) (JOASH), the sole survivor of the massacre of the royal house, reigned 40 years, 835-796BC (2 KI 12:1; 2 Chr 24:1). He was age 7 on his accession. The High-Priest Jehoiada, as long as he lived, was the real ruler of the country as King Jehoash’s Prime Minister. Under his tutorship King Jehoash cleared the country of baalsim, demolished the temple dedicated to Baal-worship, and destroyed all the pagan altars and idols. This was all part of a counter-cultural reaction that set-in the country following Queen Athalia’s regime.

King Jehoash married the daughter of the High-Priest, Jehoiada, namely, Jehoadda, who bore him two sons.

(a) Amaziah, the eldest son and heir

(b) Amateza, "the spare".

King Jehoash behaved as long as the High Priest Jehoiada lived, but after the death of this aged counselor, evil advisors led him into ruin. In his 23rd year, Jehoahaz, succeeded his father Jehu as King of Israel. He was succeeded by his son, Jehoash (Joash), in the 37th year of King Jehoash of Judah’s reign, whose son, Amaziah, was regent for his father by that date. King Jehoash apostatized during his latter years and set up idols. The Syrians invaded during the latter part of King Jehoash’s reign. They overcame his forces in battle, and appearing before Jerusalem demanded tribute. King Jehoash stripped the city of its valuables and bought-off King Hazael of Syria who thereupon withdrew back into his own country.

Jehoash suffered from a painful malady the last year of his life (2 Chr 24:25), during which the crown-prince reigned as regent and carried out all of his father’s official duties. Still, his illness did not prevent Jehoash from leading his army into battle against his country’s enemies, in which he was severely wounded in a battle. Surviving these misfortunes, he was later murdered by a conspiracy of his own ministers.

11. AMAZIAH (AMATZIA), reigned 796-767, regent from 801; captured, released and restored 792. He reigned as regent during his father’s suffering [who had been severely wounded in battle] (2 Chr 24:25), and, after his father’s murder, reigned as king 29 years (2 Ki 14:2; 2 Chr 25:1). In 2 Ki 14:2 it says he was age 25 when he began to reign, but this must be an error, for it would mean that he was only 12 when his son [Uzziah] was born. He, of his wife, Jecolia[h], had issue, namely:

(a) Uzziah (Azariah), the crown-prince, who was twice king

He commenced his reign by the executions of those who had murdered his father. Soon after his accession King Amaziah undertook an expedition and brought the Jordanese back into subjection. His victory went to his head and in his pride he foolishly sent a challenge to King Jehoash of Israel to meet him in battle. Amaziah was defeated and humiliated by King Jehoash, who took him prisoner, and brought him to Jerusalem, his capital city, a captive in chains. The city’s citizens closed the city’s gates, and placed the crown-prince, Uzziah, age 16, on the throne, and defended the city against seizure. The city was besieged for several months. The city’s walls were eventually breached, and the enemy entered the city, plundered it for weeks, and his son, Uzziah, was taken hostage by King Jehoash of Israel to ensure the future good behavior of King Amaziah who was released and restored to the throne, 792 BC. After this humiliation there was nothing more recorded of his reign until his death. These events are recorded in 2 Ki 14:21 & 2 Chr 26:1-3 as a postscript to the account of Amaziah’s reign, but it should more properly have been placed immediately after the account of the war between Amaziah and Jehoash in 2 Ki 14:12-14 & 2 Chr 25:21-24. In his 15th year, Jeroboam II, succeeded his father, King Jehoash of Israel, and released King Amaziah’s son, Uzziah, who was escorted by armed-guard back to his own country.

In his last year, King Amaziah learned of a conspiracy formed against him by his courtiers, and fled Jerusalem, but hired assassins caught up with him at Lachish and killed him. His body was brought upon horse-back to Jerusalem, and he was buried in the royal sepulchre.

12. UZZIAH (AVOZIHU) (AZARIAH) (OZIAH), reigned 767-740, reign dated from 792, his first accession. He reigned 52 years (2 Ki 15:2; 2 Chr 26:3). He had a double accession: the first in 792 when his father was taken prisoner following his defeat in battle; and, the second in 767 on his father’s demise. In 2 Ki 14:17 it says he began to reign in the 15th year of King Jeroboam II of Israel [from 767 date]; while 2 Ki 15:1 says he began to reign in the 27th year of King Jeroboam of Israel [from 792 date]. This means that 2 Ki 14:21 and 2 Ki 15:2 are chronologically out of place and should be inserted between 2 Chr 26:22 and 2 Chr 26:23. These references compared to 2 Ki 15:8 reveals that his 38th year is synchronist to the 14th anniversary of his father’s demise. Jeroboam II of Israel reigned 41 years, and that is 14 years after his 27th year, which is the synchronism for Uzziah’s accession. Jeroboam II was succeeded in 753 by Zechariah in the 38th year of Uzziah (2 Ki 15:8). If in 753 Uzziah had been made king 38 years earlier, and if Amaziah [his father] had died 14 years before, then Uzziah succeeded 24 years before his father’s demise, which gives us the 792 date. This means that 2 Ki 14:21 and 2 Ki 15:2 are chronologically out of place and should be inserted between 2 Chr 26:22 and 2 Chr 26:23. These references compared to 2 Ki 15:8 reveals that his 38th year is synchronist to the 14th anniversary of his father’s death.

Uzziah married Jerusha, daughter of High-Priest Zadok II, and begot

(a) Jotham, the crown-prince

(b) Tabael (Isa 7:6), the father of Elkanah, rival claimant versus [his cousin] King Ahaz (below)

The country was prosperous during Uzziah’s reign. This, and his military successes over Gaza, Arabia, and Jordan, made Uzziah a popular king. Elated with his splendid career he became arrogant, and determined to burn incense on the altar in the temple, which was the priests’ prerogative. The High-Priest and other temple priests opposed Uzziah who was angered at their resistance, and, suddenly there was a great earthquake [which is recorded in the annals of other nations], and Uzziah was smitten with leprosy. Uzziah, a leper, retired from public life, and lived in quarantine the remainder of his natural life.

His son Jotham, the crown-prince took over affairs and reigned as prince-regent in his father’s name. King Uzziah during his retirement "in a separate house" took up agriculture and made it his second career [like George III of Britain]. In his 38th year, Zechariah, succeeded his father Jeroboam II in the northern kingdom. He reigned six months, and was overthrown by Shallum, an usurper, who reigned one month in King Uzziah’s 39th year. He was himself murdered, and another usurper, Menahem, took the throne. Menahem was succeeded by his son Pekahiah in King Uzziah’s 50th year. In his 52nd year, Pekah, slew Pekahiah and usurped the throne.

13. JOTHAM (YOTEM), reigned 740-735, regent from 750BC. He reigned 16 years (2 Ki 15:33), which includes the years he was prince-regent during his father’s retirement (2 Ki 15:5; 2 Chr 26:1). He was regent for 11 years (2 Ki 15:32).

He married Ahia, the Hebrew princess, traditionally the daughter of Azrikam, the Benjaminite sheikh of King Saul’s House (1 Chr 9:44), in a strategic move as part of a feasible plan to re-unite the Hebrew tribes.

(a) Ahaz, the crown-prince [who was named after his mother's relatives, which name was common in the Saulite family-clan]; and

(b) Yaba, a daughter, who was later given by her brother in marriage to Tiglath-pileser, III, King of Assyria 745-727BC.

Prince Jotham, during his regency, made an alliance with King Jeroboam II of Israel, who gave him his grand-daughter, Abija[h], the daughter of his son, Zechariah, the crown-prince and future king of the "northern kingdom", in marriage to his [Jotham’s] son, Ahaz, the crown-prince, in a long-range scheme to reunite the Hebrew Nation. The alliance collapsed on the murder of King Zechariah of Israel the year before Jotham, the Prince-Regent of Judah, became king; and the throne of Israel passed to a series of usurpers. The overthrow of King Jehu’s House dashed all hope for the re-unification of the Hebrew tribes.

King Jotham was a godly man, and tried but was unable to correct the corrupt practices of his subjects, who had taken on the heathen customs of the country’s minorities and its neighbors. The secularization of society became a point of contention between he and his son, and it appears King Jotham was "retired" (so to speak) by his son, Ahaz, in a palace coup, and lived the remainder of his days under house-arrest though retaining his status, office, and title.

14. AHAZ, reigned 735-726, regent from 743. He reigned 16 years, including the years of his regency (2 Ki 16:2). 2 Ki 16:2 & 2 Chr 28:1 give his age at 20 on his accession, but this must be in error or else he was 11 when his son [Hezekiah] was born [compare 2 Ki 16:2; 18:2], or, the probable interpretation of these verses may be that Ahaz, supported by the pro-Assyrian faction in the royal court, in a coup (2 Ki 16:7), forced his father, Jotham, the king, to "retire", neutralizing the anti-Assyrian faction in the royal court which hitherto had influenced the country’s politics, in Pekah’s 17th year; and that Jotham, the ex-king, continued to live under house-arrest to his 20th year (2 Ki 15:30), which would explain the overlapping reign of Ahaz with his father.

The political sentiments of King Ahaz were decidedly pro-Assyria. He gave his sister, Yaba, to Tiglath-pileser III, King of Assyria 745-727, to be his wife. Ahaz pursued a policy that brought him into serious difficulties with his anti-Assyrian neighbors, who assailed him from all sides. The prophet Isaiah preached against Ahaz’s policies, both political and religious, which were actually regarded by the general population as "progressive". In religious matters, Ahaz, here, too, was totally different from his father, and set himself against his father’s religious policies. He introduced Moloch-worship, which required the sacrifices of human infants [comparable today to "abortion"], and restored idol-worship. The simple fact is that Ahaz was a "man of his times" (so to speak), in that he was representative of his generation's "mind-set", its values, and its views of "political correctness".

King Ahaz married Abijah, daughter and heiress of King Zechariah of Israel [House of Jehu], and begot

(a) [name] infant son, his eldest, who was offered by his father as a sacrifice in Moloch-worship (2 Ki 16:3)

(b) Maaseiah, the crown-prince, who was captured during war-time by Judah’s neighbors, and was murdered along with other hostages (2 Chr 28:7)

(c) Hezekiah, the future king.

Judah, during Ahaz’s reign, was attacked by all of its neighbors, who plundered Judahite cities and besieged Jerusalem. Maaseiah, the crown-prince, was murdered in 735 by Zichri, an officer of King Pekah of Israel, with whom Ahaz was at war (2 Chr 28:7). King Pekah of Israel and his allies, Syria, Jordan, and Gaza, besieged Jerusalem, intending to place the cousin of Ahaz, namely, Elkanah [son of Prince Tabael, one of King Jotham’s younger brothers], on the throne (Isaiah 7:6), who was sympathetic to their cause. King Ahaz, in his extremity, applied to King Tigath-pileser III of Assyria for help. The Assyrians came to Judah’s assistance and subjugated Syria, Jordan [Moab, Ammon, & Edom], and Israel, and Judah too became one of Assyria’s vassal-states. Pekah, in Israel, was despoiled of at least half his kingdom, and was murdered by Hoshea, who succeeded him. After the crisis had passed, King Ahaz sank further into idolatry and raised shrines to pagan deities everywhere, even in the temple. He was one of Judah's worst kings, and died unlamented by his people.

15. HEZEKIAH (HEZAKIA), reigned 29 years, 726-697 (2 Ki 18:2; 2 Chr 29:1). 2 Ki 18:1 says he began his reign in the 3rd year of King Hoshea of Israel. He was age 25 on his accession.

He married Hephzibah, and begot

(a) Bilhah (daughter), who married a foreign-prince

(b) Manasseh, the crown-prince

(c) Amariah, another son, father of Gedaliah, father of Ahikam, father of (?) Gedaliah, governor [alternate pedigree, compare].

Hezekiah inherited a disorganized state and a heavy burden of tribute to Assyria, which his father had saddled on the country. He began his reign with a great reformation. His first acts were to purge, repair, and re-open the temple, and restore the temple service. He destroyed the idols his father had set up and rooted out all pagan cults. In the zeal of "the reformation" Hezekiah ordered destroyed the "brazen serpent" on the pole that Moses made in The Wilderness (Num 21:19) because it had become an object of veneration. [note: this object was likened to Jesus by "John" (3:14) to His crucifixion and to be a picture of salvation.] He re-instituted the observance of the Levitical Festivals, including the "Passover Feast".

2 Ki 18:10 says in his 6th year (721BC) the "ten northern tribes", Israel, were conquered when its capital city, Samaria, fell to its enemies, the Assyrians, following a 3-year siege, in 721BC. It ended the "northern kingdom", and, the nation, Israel, and its populace, the "ten Hebrew tribes", were deported by Assyria and resettled elsewhere (2 Ki 17:6), and the territory of the northern kingdom became an Assyrian province. "Josephus" says that it took place in Hezekiah’s 7th year (722BC).

King Hezekiah, had also withheld Judah's yearly tribute, along with Israel and its neighbors, and had rebelled also against the country’s vassalage to Assyria, which brought Sennacherib’s first invasion of Judah in 713BC (2 Ki 18:13-16). Sennacherib at this time was not yet King of Assyria but he was his father's [Sargon II's] army-commander. The alliance fell apart when Assyria conquered Israel. Its neighbors were terrified and rallied to make peace with Assyria. King Hezekiah purchased peace by the payment of a large tribute, and Judah’s vassalage to Assyria was renewed or re-affirmed by the restoration of the tribute. Hezekiah attempted to revive the religious unity of Israel by inviting the people of the Assyrian province of Samaria, formerly the Israelite kingdom, to come to Jerusalem to worship, but his attempt was rendered ineffective due to the opposition of the Assyrian military-governor of the province.

In the latter part of his reign King Hezekiah became dangerously ill but recovered (2 Ki 20:1-11). His recovery was followed by the long-awaited birth of a son, Manasseh. It was an event of much rejoicing that a boy had been born, for they only had an older daughter, Bilhah, who married a foreign prince and left the country that same year.

Hezekiah received an embassy from Babylonia to whom he showed all his wealth, and was rebuked by Isaiah "The Prophet" (2 Ki 20:12-19).

King Hezekiah's alliance with King Shabako of Egypt brought about Sennacherib’s second invasion of Judah in 701BC. Sennacherib had become King of Assyria in the meantime having succeeded his father, Sargon II, in 705BC. The Egyptian Army led by Taharqa (Tirhakah), the nephew of Egypt’s King Shabako, came to Judah’s support but was turned back by the Assyrian Army. It was at this time that Hezekiah constructed the underground tunnel to bring water from the spring of Gihon to inside the walls of Jerusalem (2 Ki 20:20) to give the city a never-failing water supply, in anticipation of the city's siege (2 Ki 18:17-19:37). Sennacherib besieged Jerusalem a second time. Here was the miraculous deliverance of "God’s Angel" spoken of in "2 Kings" (19:35) in which a great pestilence disabled the Assyrian Army, and the Assyrians returned to their own country without having taken Jerusalem. This victory gained Judah independence from Assyria, and gave King Hezekiah much prestige. Hezekiah died peacefully about five years later, and was much lamented by his people.

16. MANASSEH (MENASHA), reigned 55 years, 697-642BC (2 Ki 21:1; 2 Chr 33:1). He was a minor [age 12] on his succession, and his mother, Queen Hephzibah, governed the kingdom until he came of age. Thus, it is not possible that he could have served as regent during any part of his father’s reign as some writers have claimed in order to work out their faulty chronologies.

He grew up to be the most wicked of all of Judah’s kings. His reign began with such great promise.

He married Meshullemeth, and begot

(a) Amon, the crown-prince

The breakup of his marriage put an end to the honeymoon the country was having with their popular young king. Manasseh grew into a fanatical idolater. He introduced a secular constitution to the state, separating temple [church] and state, and allowed the practice of all pagan religions of every heathen ethnic group represented in the kingdom. The old Canaanite/Palestinian paganism was revived, the altars to foreign pagan deities were set back up, and he even removed The "Ark" and in its place set up a pagan idol statute in the inner sanctum of the Temple (2 Chr 33:7). The state-religion of Yahweh/Jehovah-worship was disestablished and even forbidden; and the temple priests were executed along with the prophets. This apostasy did not go un-rebuked by the prophets, whom King Manasseh endeavored to silence by the fiercest persecution recorded in the country’s annals. Legend says that the prophet Isaiah was among King Manasseh’s victims. The prophet Isaiah was placed inside an hollowed-out tree trunk and sawn in half by King Manasseh's executioners. The Moabites, Ammonites, and Edomites, as well as the Philistines, who had been his father’s tributaries revolted against King Manasseh and gained their independence. The great blow came from Assyria, which captured Jerusalem, took King Manasseh prisoner, and humiliated him by having him walk to Nineveh, the Assyrian capital [the text says Babylon, 2 Chr 33:11, which maybe a copyist’s error], naked with a ring in his nose onto which was fastened a chain held by his captors, and brought into an audience with the Assyrian king Esarhaddon, to give an account for his rebellion. Manasseh’s name actually appears on two Assyrian lists of tributary kings, one telling how he was one of a group summoned to Nineveh to hear their overlord’s demands, and the other telling the story of his captivity by the Assyrian king. There, at Nineveh, King Manasseh was held a prisoner for several years. Manasseh came to repentance while a prisoner in a cell in a dank, deep, dark dungeon; and later was restored to his kingdom, but under Assyria’s vassalage. King Manasseh first acts on his restoration were to destroy all the idols and pagan altars, cleanse and re-open the temple, place The "Ark" back into the temple's "inner sanctum", restore Yahweh/Jehovah-worship, and all its services. The country enjoyed peace and renewed prosperity during King Manasseh’s restoration.

17. AMON, reigned 2 years, 642-640BC (2 Ki 21:19; 2 Chr 33:21). He was age 22 on his accession.

He married Jedidah, daughter of Adaiah, a temple-priest of the Aaronic High-Priest's House, and begot

(a) Josiah, the crown prince

(b) Kareah, the father of Johanan, a later claimant to the throne. Prince Johanan maybe identified with "Ion, son of Kari" in ancient Irish annals. If so, he was the ancestor of a dynasty of rival claimants to King David's Throne in "a far off place" or "in the isles of the seas". Here, according to British-Israelism, "the isles of the seas" in "a far off place" refers to the British Isles.

King Amon was wicked and followed his father’s old idolatries, without sharing his repentance. He even closed the Temple and prohibited Jehovah-worship. He fell victim to court conspiracy, which may have been intended as a gesture of independence from Assyrian vassalage, and was murdered in the palace. The citizens of Jerusalem sought out his murderers and avenged his death by slaying the conspirators.

18. JOSIAH (YOSHEAU), reigned 31 years, 640-609BC (2 Ki 22:1; 2 Chr 34:1). He was age 8 on his accession. The country was in terrible social and moral conditions when Josiah came to the throne. He was a godly man, and when he came of age he discharged the regency and began religious reforms. The temple was cleansed, repaired, and re-opened, and the temple services was restored. It was during this time that a copy of the "Torah" was discovered by some workmen in the temple, and brought to the king who read it. He was inspired by it, so much so that he convened the country’s whole population at Jerusalem, where, after the priests read the "Torah" to the congregation, all the people were moved to take a solemn oath to Yahweh/Jehovah-God and renewed their covenant with Him. This was followed by further religious reforms, including the destruction of all pagan idols and altars.

King Josiah married first Zebidah of Rumah, and married secondly Hamutal of Libnah, and had issue by both wives.

(a) Johanan [Yohannan], the eldest, the crown prince

(b) Eliakim [who changed his name to JEHOIAKIM on his accession]

(c) Shallum [who changed his name to JEHOAHAZ on his accession]

(d) Mattaniah [who changed his name to ZEDEKIAH on his accession]

(18) Johanan [Yohannan], the crown-prince (above), eldest son of (17) King JOSIAH, was the father of an only child, a daughter, Tamar[-Dephi]

(19) Tamar[-Dephi] (daughter), who, according to the judicial-ruling made by Moses (Num 28:8) and its conditional clause (Num 36:8), was technically the dynasty's heiress. The possibility that Tamar [whose epithet was "Tephi"] may have been the heiress to the throne is not improbable, for, although inheritance among the Jews was according to the male-line, if there were no sons the inheritance of property [in this case, the kingdom] went to the daughter (Num 27:8), on the condition (Num 36:8) that she marry "inside her father’s house" [in this case, the Davidic Dynasty, i.e., the royal house], usually to the next-of-kin in the male-line, otherwise she would forfeit the inheritance. The Jewish scribes normally did not include daughters in the Bible genealogies, and left Tamar out in 1 Chr 3. Her insertion into the royal pedigree at this point resolves all the problems in this portion of the royal genealogy that without her there would be no solutions.

Meantime, the Assyrian Empire was in a state of revolt and collapse following the fall of Nineveh, the capital city, to the Scythians in 612BC. Its king, Sin-shar-ishkun, apparently died in the defense of the city, and the remnants of the Assyrian Army were collected by Prince Ashur-uballit, the last Assyrian king, who established his headquarters at Carchemish on the Upper Euphrates. He was encouraged by a number of victories in a counter-offensive, and made a desperate last-ditch attempt to regain Nineveh, the capital city, however, was opposed by the Babylonians, who defeated Ashur-uballit at Carchemish. He fled with the remnant of his army to Haran, where the Babylonians, under their army-commander, Nebuchadnezzar, delivered the final blow to Assyria in the "1st" Battle of Haran, and Assyria was no more! Meantime, the Egyptian Pharaoh, Necho II, saw the collapse of the Assyrian Empire as an opportunity to restore Egypt’s former empire in Asia. Pharaoh Necho sought passage through Judah on his way to Carchemish, but King Josiah refused the Egyptian pharaoh obstructing Egypt’s ambition to regain control of the Middle East, for King Josiah sought to restore his own country’s former borders. And, upon Assyria’s collapse, he occupied and annexed the former Assyrian province of Samaria, which had once been the territory of the Israeli "northern kingdom", which Assyria had conquered a century earlier. Pharaoh Necho, wishing for a speedy advance, sent an embassy to King Josiah to persuade him to join his side, but King Josiah refused and met the Egyptian pharaoh in battle at Megiddo. The battle went against King Josiah, who was mortally wounded and was carried off the battlefield and died shortly after, 609BC. His eldest son, the Crown-Prince Johanan, his heir, is thought to have been killed in the Battle of Megiddo along with his father, but how the crown-prince died is a matter of speculation. King Josiah was taken back dead in a chariot to Jerusalem by his servants. His death may not have been in vain, for he delayed the Egyptians long enough to influence the outcome of events. The Egyptians went on from there; and, in the "2nd" Battle of Haran that year the issue shifted to a Babylonian-Egyptian struggle over the control of Syria-Palestine.

In Jerusalem, on the news of the death of King Josiah at Megiddo, the Queen, the late king’s 2nd wife and widow, Hamutal, acted quickly and set her son, Jehoahaz on the throne in prejudice of both the brother of the late crown-prince, namely, Prince Jehoiakim, and [his niece], the daughter of the late crown-prince, Tamar, who could have been considered the heiress to the throne or queen on the basis of Num. 28:8 and Num. 36:8.

19. JEHOAHAZ (JOAHAZ), reigned three months Year 609 (2 Ki 23:31; 2 Chr 36:2). He was age 23 when his mother, Queen Hamutal, engineered his succession in prejudice of her late husband’s issue of his late first wife, on the news of the death of her husband, King Josiah, and the crown-prince, Johanan, in the Battle of Megiddo. Queen Hamutal dominated the royal court and had a big influence over her son, King Jehoahaz. Jehoahaz, during his short reign, began a reversal of his father’s religious reforms, for the Bible says "he did evil in God’s eyes". Pharaoh Necho, on his way back to Egypt following the "2nd" Battle of Haran, occupied Jerusalem, removed King Jehoahaz from the throne and placed his older half-brother, Jehoiakim, on the throne. The ex-king Jehoahaz, along with his mother, Queen Hamutal, were taken prisoners by Pharaoh Necho. Jehoahaz was taken first to Riblah, where Pharaoh Necho had established his headquarters. Then, from there he was taken to Egypt where the ex-king Jehoahaz died as predicted by Jeremiah (Jer 22:11-12), without any known descendants.

20. JEHOIAKIM (YAHIAKEEM) was set on the throne by Pharaoh Necho, and Judah became an Egyptian vassal-state. He was age 25 on his accession, and reigned eleven years, 609-598 (2 Ki 23:36; 2 Chr 36:5).

He married Nehushta, daughter of Elnathan of Jerusalem [cousin], and begot

(a) JECONIAH (JECHONIAS), called "CONIAH" for short, who took the name JEHOIAKIN (JEHOIACHIN), on his accession.

He is portrayed in the Bible as a wicked king who sought repeatedly to kill Jeremiah "The Prophet", who continually spoke against his policies. He imprisoned anyone who dared to criticize him. He continued the evils begun during his half-brother’s short reign. The country was harassed by its neighbors during his reign. The tide of history changed with Egypt's defeat by the Babylonians, in 605, after which the Babylonians came and occupied Jerusalem. King Jehoiakim was bound in chains by the Babylonian general-prince Nebuchadnezzar [the future Sumerian/Babylonian emperor] with the intention of carrying him to Babylon (2 Chr 36:6), but the news of his father’s death caused him to delay his plans and restored Jehoiakim to the throne to hurry home to Babylon to secure his succession. King Jehoiakim, formerly a vassal of Pharaoh Necho of Egypt, now became the vassal of Emperor Nebuchadnezzar [II] of Babylonia. The Babylonians returned to their own country, and took back with them many Jewish hostages [including Daniel and his three friends]. This was the first of three mass deportations. The defeat of the Babylonians by the Egyptians in another battle, in 601, encouraged Jehoiakim to attempt to free himself of his vassalage to anyone, and withheld the yearly tribute to the Babylonian emperor. In response the Babylonians again appeared before Jerusalem’s walls. The siege of the city was grievous, and the city’s citizens slew King Jehoiakim and threw his body over the walls to convince the enemy that he was dead, that is, his body was "cast forth beyond the gates" (Jer 22:19). His corpse was exposed to the heat of the day and the frost of the night (Jer 36:30), and ignominiously treated by the enemy, the Babylonians, who gave him "the burial of an ass" (Jer 22:19), that is, he was buried in an unmarked grave in the trash heaps of the Valley of Hinnom outside Jerusalem. In Jer 36:30 it says that Jehoiakim "shall have none to sit on the throne"; while in 2 Ki 24:6 it says that Jehoiakim "slept with his fathers; and Jehoiachin, his son, reigned in his stead." This curse was fulfilled with the early death of the crown-prince Zedekiah, son of Jehoiachin, by wife Tamar (heiress), her 2nd marriage.

21. JEHOIAKIN (YOHOIKANE) (JEHOIACHIN) ([JE]CONIAH) (JECHONIAS), called "THE CAPTIVE" ["ASSIR"], also referred to as [JE]CONIAH in scripture, reigned three months Year 598/597 BC (2 Ki 24:8; 2 Chr 36:9). [Je]Coniah was placed on the throne by the citizens of Jerusalem after they had killed his father during the siege of the city by the Babylonians. 2 Ki 24:8 says he was 18 on his accession, but 2 Chr 36:9 says he was age 8. The accepted explanation of this discrepancy is that in 2 Chr 36:9 the "yodh" [= 10] was dropped out by a copyist due to a corruption in the text, for he is known to have been married with at least one child, Zedekiah, at the time of his succession (1 Chr 3:16). Too, some cuneiform tablets discovered at Babylon by archaeologists mention King [Je]Coniah by name as well as his sons ["step-sons"], indicating that his sons ["step-sons"] were already born at the time he was taken captive, which points to his marriage to a widow with children.

He married [Jewish Queen] Tamar-Tephi, his cousin, the widow of Prince Neri[ah], her first husband, the daughter of the late crown-prince, Johanan, his uncle, and had issue. Here, Tamar, is the pivotal figure who transfers the title of the throne from the main-line [the Solomonic line] of the royal house, which she was [technically] the dynasty's heiress, to a secondary-line of the royal house [the Nathanite-line]. The Nathanite-line heretofore was a non-royal branch of the Davidic royal house, however, came into possession of the throne, that is, the royal Davidic heirship via the heiress of the dynasty's main [Solomonic] line. The right of a man's daughter [if she was an only child] to inherit her father's estate [the kingdom, in this case] was upheld by the judicial-ruling of Moses recorded in Num 27:8 that gave her the right to be the heiress of the throne, or queen, but that she must satisfy the one condition Moses made on this ruling, recorded in Num 36:8, which was the stipulation that for an only daughter to have the right of inheritance [in this case the throne] she must marry or be married to a member of her father’s house [in this case the "Davidic Dynasty" [= "gens davidica"], i.e., the old royal house]. This was fulfilled by her marriage to Prince Neri[ah] and then to King [Je]Coniah, both of whom were male-line descendants of King David's House, "so that the inheritance [the kingdom, in this case] would not pass out of her father’s house".

(a) Zedekiah, the crown-prince

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------note: the early death of the crown-prince was the fulfillment of "Coniah's Curse", made by Jeremiah "The Prophet" (Jer 22:30)

issue of Queen Tamar by Prince Neriah, her 1st husband, was:

(b) Shealtiel (Salathiel), the acknowledged heir [after the death of the crown-prince], father of Zerubabel, the post-exilic royal heir

(d) Pedaiah (Phadaia), father of Esthra (daughter), 3rd wife of Zerubabel [her cousin]

(e) Shenazzur (Sin-ab-Usur), ancestor of a noble descent-line

(h) Nedabiah, father of Shemphat (S[u]mbat) about whom an unusual occurrence is recorded that when King Hraceay (Hratchea) of Armenia, while accompanying Nebuchanezzar on his campaigns as one of his vassals, for reasons unknown but to himself asked for a certain Jewish captive prince, Shemphat (Sumbat), the son of Nedabiah, one of Shealtiel’s brothers, to return with him to Armenia. He did, and King Hraceay (Hratchea) of Amernia, gave him a pension and an estate at Sper. The male-line descendants of Shemphat (Sumbat) survive today as the Bagratuni Family, i.e., the Bagratids, however, since they do not descend from Zorobabel but rather from his cousin the family is classified as a non-royal Davidic descent-line, and not included in the registry of the Davidic Dynasty nor represented in its genealogy except as a footnote. There are huge gaps in the Bagratuni Pedigree, however, some names are known, such as Shamba/Bagarat, who was forced to convert to zoroastrianism by the Persian Shah [Arsaces I, 128-115BC].

(01) David, King of Israel, who, by Bathsheba, begot (02) Nathan, ancestor of the Nathanite-line of the royal house, the father of (03) Mattatha[n], the father of (04) Menon (Menna), the father of (05) Melea, the father of (06) Eliakim, the father of (07) Jonam, the father of (08) Joseph, the father of (09) Jude, the father of (10) Simeon, the father of (11) Levi, the father of (12) Mattatha[n], the father of (13) Joram, the father of (14) Eliezer, the father of (15) Jose (Joshua), the father of (16) Er, the father of (17) Elmodam, the father of (18) Cosam, the father of (19) Addi, the father of (20) Melchi, the father of (21) Neri[ah], "1st" husband of Tamar [daughter of the late crown-prince, Johanan, King Josiah's eldest son], representing the dynasty's main-line, the parents of (22) Shealtiel (Salathiel), heir-presumptive, father of (23) Zerubabel, post-exilic royal heir

(story-line continues)

In 598/597BC the Babylonians besieged Jerusalem’s walls. Three months later upon the early death of the crown-prince, Zedekiah, his father, King Jehoiakin, that is, [Je]Coniah, broken in spirit by the early death of his son, decided to surrender, and packed his bags, and gathered together the royal family, including his wife, Tamar Tephi, the queen-mother, Nehushta, and, in a grand entourage of ministers and servants rode out of the city’s gates to meet the Babylonian Emperor Nebuchadnezzar (2 Ki 24:12), who placed them all under arrest. Nebuchadnezzar occupied Jerusalem, and sat the ex-king’s uncle, Mattaniah [who changed his name to Zedekiah on his accession], on the throne, and Judah became a Babylonian vassal-state.

The ex-king, Jehoiakin, called "The Captive" ["Assir"] in 1 Chr 3:17, and his family and entourage were carried to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar where they lived in comfortable confinement in Babylon for the remainder of their lives. Some cuneiform tablets discovered at Babylon by archaeologists mention King [Je]Coniah by name and those of his sons [step-sons], which points to the fact that his sons [step-sons] were born before his captivity; which, this, and the fact that he was only age 18 on his accession, points to his marriage to a widow with children, that is, Tamar [epithet: "Tephi"], the queen-consort and princess-heiress, who was taken into captivity with her husband, King [Je]Coniah, along with her children. 2 Ki 24:12 puts the royal house hostage in Nebuchadnezzar's 8th year; but Jer 52:28 puts it in Nebuchadnezzar's 7th year, which discrepancy may have arisen due to the differences in the Hebrew and Babylonian calendars. Too, Nebuchadnezzar sent more of the country’s population to Babylonia in another mass deportation, among whom this time was Ezekiel, the prophet. This was the second of the three mass deportations of the Jews to Babylonia. Jehoiakin, i.e., [Je]Coniah, the Jewish ex-king, had his own residence at Babylon, with a personal staff and a retinue of retainers, and held court as if he were still the king. He enjoyed favorable treatment by Nebuchadnezzar, until [Je]Coniah raised a rebellion of the Jewish exiles against their Babylonian masters, and was put in prison. [Je]Coniah, the ex-king, was released from prison on Nebuchadnezzar's death by his successor, Babylonian-Emperor Evil-Merodach, who admitted him into the hospitality of the imperial Babylonian court, and [Je]Coniah even had his own seat at the emperor’s table as if he were a member of the Babylonian royal house (2 Ki 25:27-30; Jer 52:31-34). It was at this time that the Exilarchate was created by King [Je]Coniah at Babylon to service the "Diaspora". His court at Babylon was recognized as the royal court transferred from Jerusalem, while "King" Zedekiah at Jerusalem was reigning as "regent" [not "king"] in the absence of the recognized king, King [Je]Coniah.

22. ZEDEKIAH (TSIDQIYAH) (SIDIAHU; SIDKIAL), the youngest son of King Josiah and his 2nd wife, Hamutal, reigned for 11 years, 598/597-587/586 BC (2 Ki 24:18; 2 Chr 36:11). He was to be Judah’s last king.

He, by an un-named wife, begot six sons and three daughters, including his eldest son, the crown-prince

(a) Malchijah (Melchiah) (Jer 38:6), mur

(b) Jerahmeel, exec

(c) Mulek, not mentioned in scripture, who, according to mythology, escaped the massacre of the royal family

(d),(e),(f), three sons, names not given, all executed by Nebuchadnezzar

(g) Maacha (daughter), who died of an illness in Egypt during her sojourn there

(h) [name not given], another of the king's daughters, married the ruler of the House of Saragossa, then Spain's reigning dynasty

(i) Tamar [another of the same name], married a British king [Eochaid]

The reign of Zedekiah saw nothing but continual agitation and sedition until the nation, seemingly bent on destroying itself, finally succeeded in bringing the roof down upon itself. King Zedekiah, though he seems to have had well intentions (cp. Jer 37:17-21; 38:7-28), was a weak king unable to stand up to the nobles (Jer 38:5). His feeble vacillations is evidence that he was fearful of public opinion (Jer 38:19). His situation was anything but easy due to the internal divisions in the royal court. Too, since his nephew, [Je]Coniah, the ex-king, was still regarded by the people as the legitimate king, it made the position of Zedekiah ambiguous and his authority questionable. His advisors were ungodly. He consulted with the prophet Jeremiah, even while Jeremiah was in prison, but was unable to act on his advise due to pressure from the nobles most of whom were Jeremiah’s enemies. He saved Jeremiah’s life, but was incapable of saving the prophet from ill-treatment by his enemies.

In the eighth year of King Zedekiah's reign we find ambassadors from all of the neighboring countries at his court in Jerusalem discussing how to free themselves from their Babylonian vassalage. They were encouraged to do so upon hearing of an on-going rebellion of the Jews in Babylonia under [Je]Coniah, the ex-king, against the Babylonian authorities.

It was at this time that he and Judah's neighbor-states, supported by Pharaoh Hophra of Egypt, rebelled against Babylonian vassalage, to which Nebuchadnezzar responded by re-conquering the Middle East. Soon, Jerusalem, again found itself under siege. The siege was lifted temporarily while the Babylonians marched to meet the advancing Egyptians under Pharaoh Hophra, whom the Babylonians defeated and turned back to their own country. Jerusalem was wild with joy by the departure of the Babylonians, thinking deliverance had come, however, news of the defeat of the Egyptians changed the city’s mood to deep consternation. The defeat of the Egyptians in battle caused the collapse of the coalition of the Middle East states. The Babylonians then once more appeared before Jerusalem’s walls. From this point onwards the siege progressed slowly but surely until its consummation. The city held out for nearly one-and-a-half years through famine, pestilence, and internal discords, when at last after sixteen dreadful months the end finally came. The city’s walls were breached and the enemy poured into the city. They made their way to the center of the city from where they fanned-out and began fighting street to street, sacking and pillaging the city and massacring its citizens. The city of Jerusalem was torched and destroyed and left in splendid ruins. This was the destruction of the "First" Temple. The "Ark" was removed from the temple before the temple was destroyed by the Babylonians, according to 2 Esdras 10:21,22. The royal family, King Zedekiah, his queen, and their children, fled along with government ministers and army officers, but they were betrayed by one of their servants, and the party was captured by Babylonian troops on the plains of Jericho on their way to Jordan [Edom, Ammon, & Moab], which country had joined the alliance (Jer 27:3). They were brought before Nebuchadnezzar at Riblah, where he had made his headquarters. There Nebuchadnezzar reproached King Zedekiah for breaking his oath to him. He had King Zedekiah’s sons slain before his eyes, and then had his eyes gouged-out so that the slaughter of his sons would be the last thing he was ever to see. King Zedekiah was then bound in chains and taken to Babylon where he languished in prison until his death nine years later. The queen and Zedekiah’s daughters were spared and were entrusted into the custody of Prince Gedaliah whom Nebuchadnezzar made Governor [not King] of Judah, which now became a Babylonian province. Gedaliah was accountable to the Babylonian emperor, as one of his officers. It was the end of the Jewish kingdom.

Those Jews who had fled seeking refuge on the news of the advancing Babylonians, as well as the troops of King Zedekiah who were dispersed over the plains of Jericho, quitting their retreats, began to gather around Governor Gedaliah at Mizpah. Gedaliah after two months in office, was murdered by Prince Ishmael, a claimant to the throne.

Meanwhile, in Babylon, the ex-king [Je]Coniah (Jehoiakin) was still alive, and it was the hope of the Jewish remnant in Canaan/Palestine who escaped the mass deportation of the country’s population into the "Babylonian Captivity" that he would in time be returned and restored to his country's throne.

The execution of the sons of the ex-king Zedekiah by the Babylonian Emperor Nebuchadnezzar II, and the carrying-away of King Zedekiah in chains to Babylon where he languished in prison until his death nine years later, caused several claimants of the royal house to come forward asserting their claims to the Hebrew throne; these were the dynasty's Babylonian conquest-period royal heirs. They included "Prince" Gedaliah, "Prince" Ishmael, and "Prince" Johanan, among others. British Israelism Theory says that the conquest-period queen of the Jewish refugees was King Zedekiah's daughter, Tamar-Tephi, called "Queen of the Hebrews", who married the King [Eochaid] of "the Britannic Islands".

01. GEDALIAH, a Jewish prince, was the first governor of the Babylonian province of Judea as an officer in the service of a foreign country, Babylonia. He governed the remnant of the country’s Jewish population left behind in the name of the Babylonian emperor, and, under him, the Jewish remnant in Canaan/Palestine resumed their daily lives, most of whom were in a demoralized

state. His pedigree was either

(1) Gedaliah, the son of Ahikam, the son of Gedaliah, the son of Amariah, the son of King Hezekiah; or,

(2) [name], claimant, son of Yerahmeel, the son of Ahikam, the son of Shaphan, the son of Azaliah, the son of Meshullam, the son of Elkanah [rival claimant versus King Ahaz, his cousin], the son of Tabael, the brother of King Jotham (above). If the first pedigree represents his lineage, then, the second pedigree represents the lineage of an important prince whose identity is unsure.

The capital of the Babylonian province of Judea was Mizpah where Gedaliah made his residence, since Jerusalem had been destroyed and was empty of inhabitants. The remainder of the country’s population "except the poorest of the land" was carried-off in the third and last mass deportation of the country's population to Babylonia into captivity.

02. ISHMAEL was the leader of a party of nationalistic patriots who wished to re-establish an independent Jewish state under himself as king. Ishmael was opposed by another claimant, Prince Johanan, whose claim to the throne was even stronger than either of his opponents.

Ishmael, was the son of Nathaniah, the son of Elishama, the son of Achbor, the son of Michaiah, the son of Azrikam, who descended in the ninth degree from Prince Shamariah (Semariah), middle of the five sons of King Rehoboam by his first wife.

The Jewish population, however, was in no mood to support the ambitions of any would-be claimants at that time; and, without the support of the general population, the plans of Ishmael faltered, and he and his party fled to Jordan, whose king [Baalis] gave him and his family refuge (Jer 41:4-16).

03. JOHANAN, son of Prince Kareah, the brother of King Josiah, expelled Prince Ishmael, and took over the country's rule. Prince Johanan, anticipating reprisals from Nebuchadnezzar, despaired and fled to Egypt forcing Jeremiah "The Prophet" to accompany him. The daughters of King Zedekiah were among the refugees (Jer 43:5-7) in Prince Johanan's Party. They settled at Tahpanhes [Daphnae], just within the frontier (Jer 43:7). The remains of Taphanhes are today known as "Quasr Bint el Yehudi", which means "The Palace of the Jews' [King] daughter", which must be a reference to Tamar-Tephi, either the daughter of Crown-Prince Johanan, or the eldest of King Zedekiah's daughters?

The Babylonian Emperor Nebuchadnezzar [II] sent another army to subdue Canaan/Palestine to avenge Gedaliah's murder, and, in 582 established a military-governor over Israel/Palestine. The news of Nebuchadnezzar’s advance, caused alarm among the Jews of Judea [Israel], and, upon the advance of the Babylonians to Egypt, the Jewish refugees in Egypt under Prince Johanan took ships and went to "a strange land which they knew not" (Jer 15:11-14), which one theory claims was the British Isles.

The story that Jeremiah The Prophet anointed Tamar-Tephi at Taphanhes as Queen of the Hebrews upon the "Lia Fail" stone is incredible! It could not have happened with Prince Johanan as the leader of the Jewish refugees, for he was then an active claimant to the throne, that is, unless, however, the Jewish refugees had split into separate camps.

Legend says that Maacha, another of "the king's daughters", became ill and died while in Egypt as foretold by Jeremiah "The Prophet" to pressure the Jewish refugees to return to Canaan-Palestine, under their own prince, Johanan. The exiled Jews reluctantly returned to Judea upon Jeremiah's insistence (Jer. 44:28), while the others dispersed and settled in various Egyptian cities (Jer 44:1), and beyond Egypt to Spain and the British Isles.

Their descendants remained there throughout the Persian period (cp Isa. 18:18ff), to be joined later by another flow of Jewish immigrants to Egypt during the reign of the Ptolemies. Some settled at Elephantine, at the first cataract of the Nile river.

It is thought that the Jewish colony at Elephantine was originally founded during the great persecution of Yahweh/Jehovah-worshippers by King Manasseh, because its religious practices show that the colony must pre-date King Josiah’s reforms. The Jewish community existed through the fifth century BC at Elephantine, under an off-shoot of the Davidic Dynasty, descended from King Manasseh’s uncle; who could be potential claimants to the disputed throne. The Jewish colony in Egypt was in existence when the Persians conquered Egypt in 525BC. It is unsure exactly when this colony of Jews settled there, but the surprising thing is that they had a temple. Surely, they were aware that Moses specified that there could only be one place of sacrifice to God (Deut 12:1,10), however, Isaiah (19:19) speaks of a positive tone of the day when "there will be an altar to God in the midst of the land of Egypt…", which seems to endorse a sacrificial cult outside of Israel-Palestine. The temple was destroyed by the Egyptians in 411BC, and the leaders of the Jewish community at Elephantine appealed to the Persian authorities in 407BC for permission to rebuild it. They also sent a letter to the Israeli/Palestinian "Nasi", Anani, the royal Davidic heir, in post-exilic Jerusalem, making requests. The Jewish colony at Elephantine at some time migrated to Ethiopia, where they became the Ethiopian tribe called the "Falashas".

The British-Israel Theory of the origin of the British Monarchy has developed into an elaborate doctrine over the past century on the basis of the interpretation of certain scripture and apocryphal literature. It maintains that "Ion, son of Kari" in ancients Irish annals is to be identified with Prince Johanan, the Jewish claimant (587BC), the son of Kareh, a brother of Judah’s king Josiah; and, that, it was to the British Isles that the Jewish refugees migrated and settled and became the Irish tribe "Tuathe-De" and the British "Bragantes". The term "Tuathe-De" is not short for "Tuatha-da-Danaan", who were an entirely different "tuatha" or tribe. The term "Tuathe-De" pre-dates the "Lebor Gabala" and refers to the Jews in the Irish translation of the "Bible" in the Gaelic language. The term "Tuathe-De" ["tuatha" = "people", "tribe", or "nation"; and "De" = "god/God"] means "People of God". The Tuathe-De may be identified with the Irish "Fir-De", that is, "Men of God". The Tuathe-De, or Fir-De, were so-called say some scholars in reference to the old Irish gods, however, adherents of the "British-Israelite Theory" contend that they were so called in reference to the God of the Bible, which seems to be the case since the Jews are called "Tuathe-De" or "Fir-De" in early Irish translations of the Bible. The dispersed Jewish exiles of the "Diaspora" are called "Plebes-Dei" in the Latin text, which is translated into Gaelic as the "Tuathe-De". The Tuathe-De, or Fir-De, are not to be confused with later Christians who are called in ancient Irish annals the "Fir Tri-nDea", which means the "men of the three gods" [referring to the Roman Catholic doctrine of the "Trinity"]. The Tuathe-De are said in ancient Irish annals to have come to Ireland before the Gaels arrived and conquered the isle [except Ulster]. In fact, it was the Gaels who overthrew the Jewish kingdom in Ancient Ireland, circa 250BC, and the fate of the Tuathe-De [Jews] after that is unsure for the “Lebor Gabala” does not mention the Tuathe-De, or Fir-De, again. The first king of the Irish Tuathe-De is called "Ion, son of Kari", in ancient Irish annals. Ion, son of Kari, may be identified with Johanan, son of Kareah, the leader of the Jewish refugees, who was a prince of the old Jewish Davidic royal house. His father, Kareah, was a younger brother of the earlier Jewish King Josiah, and, therefore, Prince Johanan was a cousin of Judah's last king, Zedekiah (587BC). Legend says that the Irish prince Eochaid, whose father is called the "King of Ireland" in British lore, was visiting Jerusalem at the time of its conquest by the Babylonians and had become betrothed to the Jewish princess Tamar [or, Tea], one of King Zedekiah’s daughters, identified by many with "Tamar-Tephi". Indeed, it was the Irish prince Eochaid who invited Tamar-Tephi and her party of Jewish refugees [under Prince Johanan’s leadership] to Ireland to where they apparently came, about 582BC.

The Jewish refugees docked their ships in Iberia/Spain to get supplies. There, another of the king's daughters, name unsure, was married to the ruler of the House of Saragossa, then, Spain's reigning dynasty. Continuing their journey, the Jewish refugees went onto the "islands of the sea". They were shipwrecked in the Irish Sea and settled in the British Isles, called "islands of the sea" in Isaiah 11:11, under the protection of the "King of Ireland" [that is, the King of Ierne, who was then one of Ireland’s most powerful chieftains], and became the Irish "Tuathe-De" ["Tribe/People/Nation of God"], or "Fir-De" ["Men of God"].

The Jewish refugees, according to legend, carried along with them: (a) David's Harp, whence the emblem of Ireland; (b) a sacred stone, the "Lia Fail" stone ["Stone of Fate"], also called "Stone of Destiny" and "Jacob’s Pillar-Stone", reputed to be the coronation stone of first Irish, then Scottish, then English kings [the three "overturn[s]" of Ezekiel 21:27]; and (c) the "ark-of-the-covenant". The adherents to the "British-Israel Theory" derive the name "Britain" from the Hebrew word "beriyth" for "covenant", thus, "Britain" could possibly mean "people of the covenant"? The word "British" equates with the term "b'rit-ish" meaning "covenant-man". There are other traditions of the whereabouts of the "Lost Ark": one, that it was hidden by Jeremiah The Prophet either in one of the secret rooms underneath the Temple-Mount in Jerusalem, or in a cave in Mount Pisgah; another, that it was taken to Ethiopia by Jewish refugees, who became the Ethiopian "Falashas", and is now supposedly kept in the Church of Zion of St. Mary in the old Ethiopian capital-city of Axum [Aksum], however, the description of the "ark" in the Bible and the "box" in St. Mary’s do not square. Not the Jews only, but many ancient nations kept boxes to store sacred objects [e.g., Japan], and, the one in St. Mary’s in Axum is just another one of these ancient boxes and cannot be identified with "The Lost Ark". This Jewish colony in the British Isles became a kingdom, for God commissioned Jeremiah The Prophet to restore the Davidic Dynasty over the "Lost Tribes" of Israel which were scattered throughout Asia, Europe, and Africa, with some in the British Isles. His commission is recorded in Jeremiah 1:10 where God tells him to "pluck up" or "root out" the throne of David in Judah and to re-plant the "royal seed", i.e., the throne, in Israel, "these many days without a king"; but, here the question is: where was Israel in exile? Psalms 89:25 reads: "I will set his hand also in the sea." Here God appears to be saying that David's Throne would be planted in the sea, that is, on an isle in the sea. In Jeremiah 31:10 the message is to be declared "in the isles afar off", and is to be shouted to "the chief of the nations" [verse seven], that is, Israel, in her new home, while Palestine was lying idle and in the possession of the Gentiles. He continues: "I have dried up the green tree [Judah] and have made the dry tree [Israel] to flourish" [compare this to Eze 21:26, etc]. The mystery of the re-planting of David's Throne is also revealed in the Bible in a riddle and a parable. The riddle is found in Ezekiel 17:3-10, the meaning of which is given beginning with verse eleven; and the parable is found in verses 22-24, which all means that David’s Throne after being up-rooted from Judah was to be re-planted in Israel which was in exile "in the isles afar off", that is, the British Isles.

Jeremiah The Prophet [in the spirit of Samuel before him] re-founded the Hebrew kingdom in Ireland by anointing the Jewish prince Johanan as king of the Jewish exiles in Ireland or as the first king of the Irish tribe "Tuathe De" ["People of God"], which was what the native Irish called the Jewish settlers. Thus, the royal Davidic line was replanted by Jeremiah The Prophet in "the isles". Prince Johanan, not Tamar-Tephi, was the "tender young twig" of Ezekiel 17:22 that God said He would plant "upon a high mountain", for this Jewish prince [not Princess Tamar-Tephi] was to become the royal seed for the planting again of King David’s family-tree. In scripture a "mountain" is symbolic of a nation; but which nation? "In the mountain of the height of Israel will I plant it", God answers (Jer 17: 23). The nation of Israel?; but Israel was in exile! Its locale is specified by the reference to "the isles of the sea", which is claimed to mean the British Isles. Tradition says that Jeremiah The Prophet died in Ireland. His tomb, "Jeremiah's Tomb", is located by popular legend on Devenish Island in the beautiful lake, Lough Erne.

There have been books written about Tamar-Tephi that claim she was the "tender young twig" of Ezekiel 17:22, however, those who make that claim either ignore or are ignorant of Moses' judicial-ruling concerning heiresses, which was that if a man has no sons and only a daughter, the daughter may inherit her father's legacy (Num. 28:8), however, she could not pass it onto her children unless her husband and/or the father of her children were of "her father's house" (Num. 36:8), so as to keep the estate [in this case the kingdom, or throne] in her father's [or ancestor's] house [in this case, the Davidic Dynasty]. Hence, though Tamar-Tephi could have inherited the throne, she could not have left it to her children since the father of her children were not of her "father's house" but was an Irish prince. Indeed, none of the claims made for Tamar-Tephi by British-Israelist writers to have bequeathed the royal Davidic legacy to her offspring are valid, hence, the fact that British Royalty may trace a descent-line from Tamar-Tephi does not convey any rights to King David's throne and is therefore of no consequence.

The "three overturn(s)" of Ezekiel 21:27 is interpreted to refer to three transfers of the royal house, until Him to whom the throne belongs returns and takes His own, namely, Jesus. This implies that David’s throne did not cease to exist after the Babylonian conquest, for how else could it be overturned three times if it ceased to exist? And, how after these three transfers of the kingdom, could it be given "to Him [Jesus] whose right it is", at His "Second Coming", if the throne ceased to exist altogether?

The first "overturn" was from Judah to Ireland, the second "overturn" was from Ireland to Scotland [when the Irish Gaels drove the "Tuathe-De" out of Ireland and into Scotland during a series of wars], and the third "overturn" was from Scotland to England [when the Stewards/Stuarts inherited the English kingdom]. Hence, according to the "British-Israel Theory", the Davidic Dynasty has continued, unbroken, through a line of Irish kings, which, "overturn", continued through a line of Scottish kings, which, "overturn", continues to this day in the English line of kings, as God had sworn, which makes the British Monarchy to be the cousin to both the Babylonian Exilarchate and the Palestinian Patriarchate. The tradition of a divinely ordained ongoing Davidic Dynasty is attested to in many Bible texts.

The Irish Tuathe-De grew into a great tribe in Ireland and even found some colonies in Britain. The British "Brigantes", or "Britanni", who settled in Britain about 500BC, appear to have been a colony of the Irish Tuathe-De. The Tuathe-De were a major power in the British Isles during the Middle Iron Age (500-250BC). The names of only a few kings of the Irish Tuathe-De have been identified with persons in ancient Irish annals, who are: (a) Ion, the first king, c. 575BC, identified with the Jewish prince Johanan; (b) Con[aran], a Tuathe-De chieftain who is mentioned in the Fenian Cycle; and (c) Dua[ch] "The Dark", the last king, c. 250BC, who fell in battle fighting invading Gaels [Gauls], who conquered the country. His son, Eochu, may have been the father of Cas "The Exile" [the father of Huu "The Mighty", who founded a new British dynasty], and, if so, then, the Late Iron Age British Royal House would have been one of the branches of Israel's Davidic Dynasty! The royal house of the Tuathe-De claimed to have been a "divine dynasty", so to speak, as per its "covenant" with its God [Jehovah] as recorded in the Bible. The Tuathe-De were reduced to vassalage by invading Gauls/Gaels about 250BC. The Gauls who settled in Ireland at that time became the Irish Gaels. The later Milesians are believed by some to have been "Gaelicized" descendants of the old royal house of the Tuathe-De, however, the identification is unsure. If so, that would place Milesius in history around 100BC, and Ireland's great Milesian Dynasty [ancestors of the royal O'Neills] as one of many secondary-lines of Israel's Davidic Dynasty.

In 538 BC the Neo-Babylonian Empire was overthrown and Babylon was captured by Cyrus the Great, founder of the Persian Empire. He allowed the Jews to return to their homeland but only a proportion did so, apparently about 40,000; the remainder, probably the majority, stayed in Babylon/Mesopotamia. Thus there were, until the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in 135 AD, two principal centres of world Jewry, namely Jerusalem/Judea and Babylon/Mesopotamia, as follows. The Exilarch at the time of the ending of the Babylonian exile, Zerubabel, 3rd Exilarch, returned to Israel-Palestine and Jerusalem as governor of the new Persian province of Judea.

The Jews returning from the "Babylonian Captivity" under the leadership of another branch of King David's descendants, refounded the Jewish state, but instead of taking the title "king" chose the title "prince" ["Nasi"], that gave rise to the Jewish Palestinian "Nasi'im" as an institution, who came to be the rivals of the Jewish Babylonian Exilarchs, who were members of the royal house who remained in exile to rule and reign over the "Diaspora", i.e., exiled Jews scattered everywhere.

The dynasty's post-exilic royal heirs were styled as princes of Israel and as patriarchs of Jerusalem, from the "royal heir" Zerubabel, the 1st "Nasi" [="Prince of Israel"], to Hillel The Great, 60th "Nasi" [="Prince"], who founded a new dynasty of Nesi'im, c. 20/10BC, the Hillelite Line.

=1(562) Amytis, a Babylonian princess, daughter of Babylonian Emperor Amel-Marduk [Evil-Merodach], called his first "foreign wife"; marriage annulled due to shift in politics

=2(559) Rhodah, a Persian princess, may be identified with Rhodogune, the sister of Cyrus "The Great", the 1st Persian Shah; called his other "foreign wife"; marriage ends in divorce under pressure of Levitical priests; she re-marries [her cousin] a Persian prince, Hystaspes, and was the mother of Darius "The Great"

=3(536) Esthra, a Jewish princess [his cousin], daughter of Pedaiah, his father's brother [maybe this is the source why Zerubabel is called "son["in-law"] of Pedaiah" in a source, rather than "son of Shaltiel", his true parentage]

(a) Shazrezzar [a Babylonian name], the ancestor of Judea's greatest governor, Nehemiah, whose brother was the ancestor of the Abiudite Line, a major Davidic line. The Abiudite Line is basically the family and descendants of the famous Jewish Governor Nehemiah, a royal Jewish prince, whose family developed into a major Davidic descent-line. The main-line of the Abiudite Line ended with St. Joseph and his younger twin-brothers and their families as well as that of Miriam, their older half-sister, and, also that of St Joseph's two uncles and their families. The Abiudite Line was formerly an illegitimate descent-line since it descended from Zerubabel and his "foreign [1st] wife" but was legitimated by the Sanhedrin at the time of Herod's marriage to Doris "of Jerusalem," in 37BC, then, upon the failure of the Davidic Dynasty's [legitimate] senior-line in 4BC, the Abiudite Line became eligible for the succession.

(b) Reza (Rhesa) [a Persian name], called "Nasi" as Jewish "Prince" [the half-brother through his mother of the Persian Shah Darius "The Great"], the ancestor of the Rhesaite Line, a[nother] major Davidic line, grew up as a Persian prince, was the Persian Shah's half-brother, through their mother, which explains the shah's pro-Jewish attitude. The Rhesaite Line was formerly an illegitimate descent-line but was legitimated by the Sanhedrin in 37BC and became eligible for the succession upon the failure of the Davidic Dynasty's [legitimate] senior-line in 4BC. The genealogy includes the Virgin Mary's relatives: among whom were her famous uncle, Joseph of Arimathea [ancestor of the so-called "Grail-Kings"], on her father's side; and, her famous cousin, John "The Baptist", on her mother's side. The Rhesaite Line did not end with "The Virgin" Mary, but continued through the descendants of her uncle, Joseph of Arimathea, who were the medieval "Grail-Kings".

(c) Meshullam, considered heir, had precedent as 4th Exilarch (below), the ancestor of the Palestinian "Nesi'im", 1st Dynasty

(d) Hananiah (Khanayia) (Chanania), 5th Exilarch, the ancestor of the Babylonian Exilarchs, 1st Dynasty

(e) Shelomith, a daughter, the wife of Elnathan, Governor of Judea 510-490BC, who represented another Davidic lineage [ancestors & descendants of Hillel "The Great", who founded a dynasty of "nasi'im"], which was considered a non-royal Davidic descent-line since it descended from Shephatiah, one of King David's sons by a secondary wife. This marriage, however, elevated the (so called) "Hillel Pedigree" to royal status making it eligible for the succession.

(1)/(25A) Hashubah (Hashabniah), one, father of (26) Hattush ["A"] "Nasi", Prince 455-445, whom EZRA "THE SCRIBE" declared "royal Davidic heir", the father of (27) Anani [Hananiah"B"] "Nasi" [="Prince/Patriarch"] of Israel 425-405BC, identified with the Israeli/Palestinian "Nasi" mentioned by name in a letter from priests from Elephantine, Egypt, in 407BC; the father of twin sons, namely: (28A) Tobit & (28B) Onaid, royal co-heirs (below)

(2)/(25B) Ohel (Jehiel) "Nasi" [id. with Jahaziel "A"], two, father of (26) Shecaniah ["A"], father of (27) Shemaiah ["A"] (Shemaya), one of those who helped NEHEMIAH, the Governor of Judea, repair the walls of Jerusalem, and, was the city’s "keeper of the east gate" (Neh 3:29); father of (28) Jahaziel ["B"] (Jezelus) [a.k.a. Ohel "B"], Prince 405-400BC. [note: another son of (25B) Ohel by another wife was (26) Obadiah (Obadaya), the father of (27) Joab]

(3)/(25C) Berechiah (Birchiyah) (Brachya) (Berkhya) (Birchiyah) (Berachyah) [which are variations of his names in different manuscripts], three, 6th Exilarch

(4)/(25D) Hasadiah (Chisdiah) (Khassidiya) (Hassadia) (Yesadia) (Hasdiah) (Chasdiyah), four, 7th Exilarch, father of (26) Hezekiah I (Chiskiah) (Chizkiyah) (Khizkiya) (Hizkiah), 9th Exilarch

(5)/(25E) Jushab-Hesed, five

(1)/(25A) Pelatiah (Phaltial), had issue by his "foreign wife", ancestor of the Pelatiahite Line

(2)/(25B) Yeshaiah (Jeshaiah) (Yeshayahu) (Yeshaya), 8th Exilarch, ancestor of the Yeshaiahite Line. The Yeshaiahite Line produced the Babylonian Exilarchs [1st Dynasty]. The Yeshaiahite Line, the descendants of Zerubabel's second son, another of Zerubabel's grandsons, took over the Babylonian Exilarchate from the descendants of the dynasty's main-line, after which its descendants occupied the exilarchate from then onwards.

(26) Hattush ["A"] "Nasi", son, declared "royal Davidic heir" by Ezra "The Scribe", with whom he returned to Jerusalem in a second colony of Jewish Exiles in 458/457BC, where he established himself in the Palestinian Patriarchate [and/or Principate] and held sway over Canaan-Palestine

(28A) Tobit (Tobeit; Tobais), co-prince (400BC), and (28B) Onaid (Enaid; Onais), co-prince (400BC). The dual-lines [or, collateral-lines] of Tobit's and Onaid's descendants alternated in the office of Palestinian Principate, i.e., the Patriarchate, with some exceptions, each founding major family-branches. The main-line [Line "A"] of the royal house splits into twin-lines or collateral-lines with the growing descendants of the twins Tobit [ancestor of the Tobaids] and Onaid [ancestor of the Onaids], the twin-sons and co-heirs of the Prince/Patriarch Anani (above).. The Tobaids/or the Tobaidite Line, the descendants of the Jewish Prince Tobit, ends with Simon of Perea, the royal heir of the dynasty's main-line, who was imprisoned by King Herod during his persecution of King David's descendants, and made him his slave. Simon of Perea, the last heir of the senior-line, was killed by the Romans in 4BC following King Herod's death in a failed attempt to restore the Davidic Dynasty back on Israel's throne.

(28A) Tobit (above), ancestor of the Tobaidate Line, &, was the father of

(29) [H]Elias (Elijah), the father of

(30) Simeon [I] "Saddiq", the father of

(31) Antigone "Soko", the father of

(32) Zeredah (Zuraida), the father of

(33) Joazar (Joezer), the father of two sons, namely:

and

(34A) Jose [I] (Yossei) (above), co-dummvir with nephew

father of

(1)/(35A) SHETAH (below)

(2)/(35B) Salome (daughter), [1st] wife of Alexander Jannaeus, Maccabee King of Judea 104/3-76BC

(2)/(35b) Perachiah, father of (36) JESHUA, rival-claimant 88BC (below), father of (37a) EUDAMUS (below) (37b) Enaneus (below), & (37c) Zamvdas (below)

(3)/(35c) Jose [II], co-duumvir with uncle, the father of (36a) Mattai [Nittai Ha-Arbeli] & (36b) Tabbai, father of (37) Jude [II]

issue of (37b) Enaneus (above), father of (38) Babbutan, father of LIUNAN, 39th Exilarch c. 40-50

issue of (37c) Zamvdas, father of (38) Zamaris [Zimri], who, by 1st wife, begot (39a) Eixai [Helcias] [twin] (below) & (39b) Eizar [Hezir] [twin] (below)

issue of (37c) Zamvdas, father of (38) Zamaris [Zimri], who, by 2nd wife begot (39) Jacimus, father of (40A) Philip & (40B) Oblias

(1)/(39a) Eixai [Helcias] (above), father of (40) Haggai, father of (41) Escha (daughter), heiress, wife of (?) Ptolas, younger bro of St. Joseph

(2)/(39b) Eizar [Hezir] (above), father of (40) Simon, father of (41a) Jose & (41b) Jude

(1)/(36a) Simeon [IV] (Simon) (below) was dispossessed of all of his property by the Maccabees during a persecution of the Davidic Dynasty members, thereafter, he lived in humble circumstances, supporting himself and his family by conducting a small business in linen goods. Had issue (below).

(2)/(36b) Shelzion [Alexandra] (daughter), [2nd] wife of Alexander Jannaeus, Maccabee King of Judea 104/3-76BC

(1)/(37A) Jose [III], executed 88BC, no issue

(38) Jesus Bar-Panther[A] (Bar-Panthir),(Bar-Panthir), illegitimate son of (37B) Panthera[h] (Pamphir; Panther) (above), was "legitimized" by the Sanhedrin; rival claimant versus the Maccabee King, and, defeated, fled to Egypt, but later returned 76BC; opposed the Roman occupation of Jerusalem; and was crucified by the Romans 63BC. He, by wife, Bianca, begot

(39) Sarah [a.k.a. Doris "of Jerusalem"] (daughter), who, at the time, was considered the dynasty's heiress, and, was the first wife of Herod "The Great", King of Judea.

(1)/(38A) Matthias [II] "Nasi", the "royal Davidic heir" of his generation, 75-50BC, the father of (39A) Jose [III] [Joseph III], Patriarch (below), & (39B) Salome, wife of Joseph IV/II, bro of Herod "The Great"

(2)/(38B) Shemaya, father of (39) Shammai

(39A) Jose [III] [Joseph III], Patriarch (above), was removed from office by Herod "The Great" in 41BC, &, was executed in 35BC

= Salome, sister of King Herod "The Great", & begot

(40) Simon [V] "of Perea", the royal Davidic heir was killed by the Romans in his attempt to restore the Davidic Dynasty back on Israel's throne in opposition to the Herodians. He was the 42nd generation from King David, who is numbered the first generation, and, was the last generation of the senior-line (4BC).

(28) Onaid (Onais), co-prince (c 400BC)

The Davidic Dynasty's post-exilic royal heirs appear after the "Babylonian Captivity" divided into two major branches, one of which was

(A) the Israeli [or, Palestinian] Princes/Patriarchs ["Nesi'im" = "Prince[s]"] at Jerusalem who held sway over Israel-Palestine as a restoration of the old royal house to its ancient estate, yet as a princedom rather than a kingdom; and, the other was

(B) the Babylonian Exilarchs ["Resh Galuta" = "Exiled-King"], the "exiled-kings" of "the exile" or "Diaspora", i.e., the "princes" of the "diaspora", re-created the "old regime" while in exile during the "Babylonian Captivity". The ex-king [Je]Coniah and his heirs were called "exiled-king" or "exilarch" by their fellow Jewish deportees. The Jewish exiled-kings held court in a palatial estate given to [Je]Coniah and his family by the Babylonian Emperor. Thus, in a sense, the ancient Jewish monarchy never ceased but continued however redefined as the Babylonian Exilarchate.

(?) the British Monarchs, according to the doctrine of British Israelism

part 4: Babylonian Exilarchate: Babylonian Exilarchate ["Exilarch" = "Exiled-King"]; or, [JE]CONIAH, ex-king, 1st Exilarch (c. 560BC), First-Dynasty, to PINCHI, 43rd Exilarch (c. AD130), last one.

01. [JE]CONIAH, the ex-king, was still regarded by the Jews in "captivity" in Babylonia as their "lawful lord" and recognized his authority over them. It is unlikely that the Babylonian authorities allowed the ex-king, [Je]Coniah, to wield any authority over his former subjects during their shared exile, especially after the rebellion he led of the Jewish Exiles in Babylonia early in his exile. Upon the release of the Jewish ex-king [Je]Coniah from house-arrest, the Jewish ex-king did not return to Trans-Jordan [Palestine] probably because most of the Jewish population had already been re-settled in Babylonia; though their remained a small remnant of Jews back home oppressed under foreign rule by the Babylonian military presence; and, too, the old capital city of Jerusalem laid in ruins, and his old kingdom, now a Babylonian province, was then under Babylonian military-rule. Thus, in a sense, the ex-king [Je]Coniah did not have a country to go back to. He, therefore, first established a residence in Babylon, then, moved to Nehardea, a small town on the Euphrates with a large Jewish community, where, since the Temple at Jerusalem had been destroyed, he built a synagogue, which was called "Shaf ve-Yativ", which means "the Divine Presence is remove from the Temple at Jerusalem and is settle in this place", which the author of the "Seder Olam Zuta", a medieval Jewish chronicle, regarded as the origin of the Babylonian "Exilarchate", the office of the "exilic", who bore the title "resh-galuta" meaning "exiled-king", who claimed lordship over the Jewish "Diaspora".

The Jewish ex-king [Je]Coniah is sometimes called the first exilarch, but throughout his exile he was always referred to as "king", though, "exilic", i.e., "resh galuta", means "exiled-king", and in that sense he may be numbered as the first exilarch. His successors, over 1000 years later, the medieval Jewish exilarchs, continued to hold court as if they were still kings.

The exilarchate was strictly hereditary at first, however, at some point the office came to be elective, though Davidide descent was an indispensable condition to election. The occupant of the office of exilarch was considered by the Jewish Exiles to be their leader and "king-in-exile". The exilarchs saw themselves as having a legal right to rule over the Jewish People in the custom of kings since they were the heirs of the old Jewish royal house. The Jews in exile willingly accepted the suzerainty of the exilarchs because of the high regard they felt for their old royal house. The Jewish exilarchs were kings all but in name. They were held in high respect by the Jews of the "diaspora", who would kneel before the exilarch in reverence. The exilarchs maintained their own courts, surrounded themselves with courtiers, various officials, and servants; indulged in pomp and ceremony; appointed judges over the Jewish communities; made proclamations; issued decrees; made judicial rulings; also laws; collected taxes; received the local rulers of the numerous Jewish communities as well as foreign ambassadors. To be sure, the exilarchs exerted a kind of royal authority that could be viewed as a continuation of the ancient Jewish monarchy, especially since the office was hereditary in the descendants of the old Jewish Davidic royal house, accordingly, 2 Ki 25:27-30 reflects a statement that the Davidic Dynasty continued even in exile. King [JE]CONIAH but made a small town on the Euphrates with a large Jewish community, where, since the Temple at Jerusalem had been destroyed, he built a synagogue, which was called "Shaf ve-Yativ", which means "the Divine Presence is remove from the Temple at Jerusalem and is settle in this place", which the author of the "Seder Olam Zuta", a medieval Jewish chronicle, regarded as the origin of the Babylonian "Exilarchate", the office of the "exilic", who bore the title "resh-galuta" meaning "exiled-king", who claimed lordship over the Jewish "Diaspora".

The Jewish ex-king [Je]Coniah is sometimes called the first exilarch, but throughout his exile he was always referred to as "king", though, "exilic", i.e., "resh galuta", means "exiled-king", and in that sense he may be numbered as the first exilarch. His successors, over 1000 years later, the medieval Jewish exilarchs, continued to hold court as if they were still kings.

To show respect one had to kneel before the exilarch in reverence. The exilarchs maintained their own courts, surrounded themselves with courtiers, various officials, and servants; indulged in pomp and ceremony; appointed judges over the Jewish communities; made proclamations; issued decrees; made judicial rulings; also laws; collected taxes; received the local rulers of the numerous Jewish communities as well as foreign ambassadors. To be sure, the exilarchs exerted a kind of royal authority that could be viewed as a continuation of the ancient Jewish monarchy, especially since the office was hereditary in the descendants of the old Jewish Davidic royal house, accordingly, 2 Ki 25:27-30 reflects a statement that the Davidic Dynasty continued even in exile.

The exilarchs were allowed complete authority over the Jewish communities of the "diaspora" by the Babylonian emperors, and by their successors, the Persian shahs, and, their successors, the Greek Seleucids, however, the Romans, the Parthian kings, and Sassanians, treated the Jews poorly and generally did not recognize the authority of the exilarch over the Jewish communities. The Sassanians had rival prophecies in their sacred literature that a descendant of their royal house would be the "Messiah", whom they called "Shah Bahram", and attempted to establish "zoroastrianism" as the state religion, which was resisted by the Jews, of course. They viewed the Jewish prophecies in their sacred literature of a future world-king, the "Messiah", as subversive, especially since the Jews considered the Exilarch, the royal Davidic heir, to be the surrogate of the "Messiah" during His absence. The exilarchs, fared much better under the Arabic caliphs, to whom they paid "courtesy visits"; and were cheered by the city’s Jews as they rode in state in their carriage at the head of their entourage in the streets of Baghdad to and from the caliph’s palace.

The relocation of the Babylonian Exilarchate to Baghdad inspired Al-Qasim, a Shi’ite Muslim, to assert that the "wasiyya" [the heritage of the divine vision], a term of considerable significance in Shi'ite theology, was bestowed upon the Jews and became the legacy of the Davidic Dynasty, which claimed it passed on from generation to generation.

It was during "The Babylonian Captivity" that the Jews under the exilarchs were transformed from a nation-race into a religious-community, by the development of "Rabbinic" Judaism. The Jewish scribes in the exilarch’s court during "The Babylonian Captivity" compiled many of the books which make up the "Old Testament" today and wrote commentaries on them. The synagogue emerged as the centre of community-life of the Jews in exile, during "The Babylonian Captivity", who stuck together to keep their nation and their culture alive, which was made possible by the presence of their Royal Family in exile among them, which served as a unifying symbol that re-instilled pride and patriotism in the Jewish Exiles and kept the nation alive! The Jewish Royal Family stood as a bulwark against the disintegration of the Jewish Exiles, providing a stability to the Jews during "The Babylonian Captivity" that could not have been achieved otherwise. [Je]Coniah died 561BC, and, was succeeded as "exilarch" [="exiled-king"] by his "acknowledged heir", Shaltiel.

02. SHALTIEL, the second exilarch, was the step-son (Mt 1:12), son of the wife of King Jehoiakin ([Je]Coniah), namely, Tamar, the dynasty’s heiress, by a former husband, Prince Neri[ah] (Lk 3:27) (above), was reckoned the "royal Davidic heir" after the death of their late king, Jehoiakin, and numbered among the exilarchs. He took the title "Exiled-King" upon King [Je]Coniah’s death. He appears to have been recognized in some official capacity as a liaison between the Jewish Exiles and the Babylonian authorities. Shealtiel was considered by the Jewish exiles to be the successor of King [Je]Coniah on his demise, and was recognized as the "governor" ["pehah"] by the Babylonian state to better control such a large foreign ethnic group in their country. The parentage Shealtiel is sometimes called into question, for he is called the son of King Jeconiah (Jehoiakin) in "Matthew" (1:12), however, he is called the son of Neri[ah] in "Luke" (3:27), thus, an apparent discrepancy exists. Most scholars agree that Shealtiel was not the true son of King Jeconiah because Jeremiah The Prophet declared "write this man [King Jeconiah] childless" (Jer 22:30), which means that he would not have any children or descendants to survive him, therefore, Shealtiel could not have been his son. The only son of King Jeconiah, the crown-prince, Zedekiah (1 Chr 3:16), died unmarried without issue. Shealtiel was an adopted-son of King Jeconiah, his wife’s son of a previous marriage. He was never called "crown-prince" but "the acknowledged heir". The father of Shealtiel, Neri[ah], was certainly known to have been a Davidic prince, or else the Jews would never have accepted Shealtiel as the heir to their royal house. Too, his mother could only have been Tamar, the heiress of the Solomonic line; for God assured King Solomon that the title of the throne would pass through his descendants forever, which means that the bloodline of Solomon would have to continue, for if Tamar was not the mother of Shealtiel then the bloodline of Solomon would be cut-off, and that can not be the case. Hence, his adoption by King [Je]Coniah and the designation of Shealtiel as the royal heir was acceptable to the Jewish people.

He appears to have been recognized in some official capacity as a liaison between the Jewish Exiles and the Babylonian authorities. Shealtiel was considered by the Jewish exiles to be the successor of King [Je]Coniah on his demise, and was recognized as the "governor" ["pehah"] by the Babylonian state to better control such a large foreign ethnic group in their country. The parentage Shealtiel is sometimes called into question, for he is called the son of King Jeconiah (Jehoiakin) in "Matthew" (1:12), however, he is called the son of Neri[ah] in "Luke" (3:27), thus, an apparent discrepancy exists. Most scholars agree that Shealtiel was not the true son of King Jeconiah because Jeremiah The Prophet declared "write this man [King Jeconiah] childless" (Jer 22:30), which means that he would not have any children or descendants to survive him, therefore, Shealtiel could not have been his son. The only son of King Jeconiah, the crown-prince, Zedekiah (1 Chr 3:16), died unmarried without issue. Shealtiel was an adopted-son of King Jeconiah, his wife’s son of a previous marriage. He was never called "crown-prince" but "the acknowledged heir". The father of Shealtiel,

Shealtiel, by his wife, whose name is unrecorded in the Bible, begot:

(a) Zerubabel [son, whose Babylonian name was Sheshbazzar], and

(b) Shimei [son?/or dau?]

03/01 ZERUBABEL [ZOROBABEL] [ZERU-BABILI], whose Babylonian name was "SHESHBAZZAR" (compare Ezra 1:8,11; 5:14,16 with Zech 4:9), the son of Prince Shealtiel, "the acknowledged heir" of the late Jewish King [Je]Coniah, considered the "royal Jewish heir", succeeded his father as the third exilarch of the captivity, circa 545BC.

Zerubabel was the recognized "royal Davidic heir" of his generation. He was the 23rd generation in male-line descent from King David [numbered the 1st generation], and, ancestor of the post-exilic royal heirs.

He is called the son of Shealtiel in every Bible reference except in one text (1 Chr 3:19) where he is called the son of Shealtiel’s brother, Pedaiah, which makes that text suspect. This discrepancy is explained by a scribal error in the parent-manuscript of the "MT" or a missing part in the text due to corruption or deterioration of the original manuscript. There is the conjecture that Shealtiel died without issue and that his widow in a "levirate marriage" with his brother Pedaiah gave birth to Zerubabel, but this explanation is unlikely for Zerubabel is called Shealtiel’s son everywhere, even in "Josephus". The conjecture that Zerubabel, was the son of Pedaiah, who is made into a son of Shealtiel is unlikely also. The discrepancy may have a solution in the "LXX" text of 1 Chr 3:19, which lists Shealtiel (Salathiel) as Zerubabel’s father.

The explicit reference to Zerubabel’s descent from King David in I-Esdras 5:5 notably fails to connect him with king [Je]Coniah, in reference his father as that king’s "step-son", not "son". That Zerubabel was able to trace his ancestry back in the male-line to King David’s son Nathan is not in the least improbable, for the evidence of Ezra-Nehemiah is that genealogical consciousness was high among the returned exiles. The census of returned exiles classified by families in official records concludes with a group of families who "could not prove their fathers' houses or their descent" (Ezra 2:59; Neh 7:61). The implication is that the other families could prove their ancestry by means of written genealogies. It is said that those families "sought their registration among those enrolled in the genealogies, but they were not found there" (Ezra 2:62; Neh 7:64). This must be a reference to official genealogical records.

The Jews were liberated by the conquest of Babylonia by the Media-Persians, under Cyrus "The Great", in 539BC. It was actually his uncle, mother’s brother, Gobryas "The Mede", who was his army-commander, who took Babylon in Cyrus' name. The [last] Babylonian Emperor Belshazzar quickly sobered seeing the "handwriting on the wall" while dining in a banquet with his vassals in the imperial palace. The palace was taken with little resistance. And, the Babylonian Emperor and all his banquet-guests were slain by the Media-Persians. In 538BC, Cyrus "the Great", the first Persian Shah, gave his permission for the Jewish Exiles to return to their homeland in Israel-Palestine.

Following the "Babylonian Captivity" Zerubabel, the royal Davidic heir, upon permission of the Persian shah, led the Jewish Exiles back to Palestine, and, was entrusted with the office of "governor" ["pehah"] of Judea, ancestors’ old kingdom to which ironically he was the heir, which was now a Persian province, and was eighth Governor of Judea, circa 537/536BC. They carried with them the old Jewish temple utensils, vessels, and furniture, which had been stored in the Esagila Temple in Babylon. The family of Zerubabel did not accompany him, but remained behind in Babylonia [perhaps as hostages] with the majority of the Jewish "Diaspora".

The idealized view of a restoration of the whole of the divided Hebrew nation of Israel was held by the post-exilic Jewish community is shown in I-Esdras 5:8 where Zerubabel heads a list of "twelve" leaders of the returning exiles. The heads of the various Hebrew clans who accompanied Zerubabel back to the Jewish homeland were called upon to meet by Zerubabel in what is called "The Great Assembly", which is the origin of the "Knesset". The exiles who returned with Zorobabel included not only Jews but also remnants of the exiled ten Hebrew tribes who came from Assyria, Media, and Scythia. This is indicated in the genealogical lists in Ezra 2;2ff & Neh 7:7ff. Hence, Zerubabel styled himself "Prince of Israel".

Not all of the Jewish Exiles returned to Palestine, in fact the majority of the Jewish Exiles remained behind in Babylonia where they had built homes and had established new lives for themselves.

The first care of the returning Jewish Exiles upon arriving back in Jerusalem, in 537BC, under Zerubabel, was to set up an altar on the Temple-Mount and restore the daily sacrifices. The rebuilding of the Temple, the "Second Temple" (so-called) at Jerusalem, began in the second year of the arrival of the Jewish Exiles with the laying of the foundation stone by Zerubabel, in 536BC, and was completed in 516BC. Its construction was hindered by the neighbors of the Jewish state who spread rumors to Persian authorities to incite them against the Jews. Tattenai, the [new] Persian Governor of Palestine, made a visit to Jerusalem to investigate the activities of the Jews. He asked Zerubabel who had authorized the building of the temple, and he told him of King Cyrus' decree (Ezr 5:3), suggesting that a search be made in the royal archives. The decree was found in the library at Ecbatana, and construction of the temple resumed after having been temporarily stopped by Tattenai. His report to the Persian Shah, Darius "The Great", resulted in King Darius sending his half-brother [same mother], Prince Reza, Zerubabel’s son, by his Persian wife, to Jerusalem, in 521BC, with an endowment from the Persian royal treasury to expedite the work (Ezr 6:8). Too, the Aaronic high-priestship and the Levitical priesthood and its schools and courses were restored along with the traditional Temple service.

Zerubabel aroused the hope of his generation that there would be a restoration of the monarchy and the kingdom. In this he failed the expectations of the post-exilic generation, however, avoiding the title "king" ["melekh"] which would have been too politically provocative, he took the title "prince" ["nasi"] and founded the Palestinian Principate as a compromise. The "Prince" ["Nasi"] also held office as "Patriarch of Jerusalem". This was the first post-exilic Jewish state, the "patriarchate" [or "principate"]. The Israeli/Palestinian "Patriarchate" [or "Principate"], the "Nesi'im", founded by Zerubabel, circa 538/522BC, was a compromise form of government rather than reviving the Jewish kingdom. The "Nesi'im" [= "Prince of Israel"], the royal Davidic heir, was the unofficial and/or "uncrowned" "King of the Jews". The institution lasted about a thousand years, until it was abolished in AD 425 by the Roman/Byzantine Emperor Theodosius II, however, it was revived the next century by Justinian "The Great" and continued off-and-on another thousand years until the 1800s, when it was finally abolished by the Turkish Sultan.

Zerubabel was the first Jewish Palestinian "Nasi" [= "prince"], who took the titles "Prince of Israel", and "Lion of the Tribe of Judah", and Patriarch of Jerusalem", among others, circa 513BC. The founding of the office of the Palestinian "Nesi’im", that is, the "Prince of Israel", and, simultaneously the institution of the "patriarch ate", so called from the nasi’s title "Patriarch of Jerusalem", in effect founded the post-exilic Jewish state, in 513BC, though remaining to be a Persian province. This was interpreted by the Persian shah when Zerubabel attempted establishing himself as a politically independent-ruler. Zerubabel was re-called by the Persian Shah, who was residing in Babylon at the time. The historian Josephus says that Zerubabel returned to Babylon together with three others of distinction, one of whom was Mordechai who we find later at the court of the Persian shah at Susa [Shushan], in the story of "Queen Esther". Zerubabel was detained by the Persian shah, imprisoned, and executed about 510BC. The Bible is totally silent on the causes and circumstances of Zerubabel’s sudden and unexplained disappearance from the historical scene. The death of Zerubabel ended the joyful enthusiasm of the early days of the return and began a period of gloomy frustration. There was a general disillusionment as a result of the unfulfilled hopes placed on Zerubabel, and any expectation of a Davidic king, however, was relegated to the distant future, and not applied to the immediate political situation. The prophets Haggai and Zechariah 1-8 did pin royalists hopes on him, and heaped praises upon him in their writings, but Zerubabel was reluctant to revive the kingdom due to an unfavorable political climate.

In Judea, now a Babylonian province, the Palestinian Patriarchs ["Nesi'im"/or "Nasi" = "Prince"] were rivals for the heirship of the old Jewish Davidic royal house, i.e., the "princes" of the "diaspora", or the lords of the world’s Jews versus the Babylonian Exilarchs ["Resh Galuta" = "Exiled-King"], representing separate branches of the Davidic Dynasty.

The Israeli/Palestinian Patriarchate & the "Nesi'im": twin-office of the Patriarch of Jerusalem and/or the "Prince" ["Nasi'"] of Israel; restored post-exilic Jewish state; princes [nesi'im] from Zerubabel, 1st Prince ["Nasi"], to Hillel "The Great", 60th Prince ["Nasi"] [various Davidic families].

The occupants of the Palestinian Patriarchate [Principate], the "Nesi'im", founded by Zorobabel, in 515BC, as a compromise form of government rather than reviving the Jewish kingdom. The occupants of the Babylonian exilarchate; and those of the patriarchate at Jerusalem, representing separate branches of the old Jewish Davidic royal house, were rivals throughout their histories, each claiming to be the "royal Davidic heir", and, thus, the "King of the Jews". From the destruction of the Jewish kingdom by the Babylonians, through their histories, the Babylonian exilarchs [outside the Roman empire] and their rivals the Palestinian nesi'im [inside the Roman empire] served to unify the Jews everywhere, but without the unifying force of either the patriarchate or the exilarchare, after the respective abolishments of those institutions, the Jews everywhere were fragmented into numerous scattered disjoined communities that came under the rule of their host-nations. The institution lasted about a thousand years, until it was abolished in AD 425 by the Roman/Byzantine Emperor Theodosius II, however, it was revived in the 500s and a list of its occupants exists from 691 to 1099, when it was again abolished by Geoffrey of Bouillon, the leader of the First Crusade, 1096-1099, who himself was of royal Davidic descent. Many of the leaders of the Christian Crusades were from the "Rex Deus" families, i.e., desposynic descent-lines, male-line descendants of King David's house, attempting to reclaim their kingdom.

The office of the Palestinian Principate was in abeyance during the period of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1187 & 1229-1244, but by the 1300s many other families of royal Davidic descent began supplying royal scions to be the rulers of the various Jewish settlements in Canaan-Palestine, especially at Jerusalem, where its last dynasty of Jewish "Nesi'im" established itself circa 1187, whose descendants are today the "Dayan" Family, which is essentially Israel’s "dispossessed" royal house, and its head or spokesman is "Prince of Israel", the royal Davidic heir, the unofficial and/or "uncrowned" "King of the Jews". There is reference to the existence of the Palestinian Principate as late as the 1800s.

01. [JE]CONIAH (JEHOIACHIN) (JEHOIAKIN), 1st Exilarch (above)

02. SHEALTIEL (SALATHIEL), 2nd Exilarch

03. ZERUBABEL, 3rd Exilarch

04. MESHULLAM, 4th Exilarch, son of Zerubabbel

05. HANANIAH, 5th Exilarch, bro, had issue

06. BIRCHIYAH, 6th Exilarch, c. 490-485, nephew, no issue

07. HASADIAH, 7th Exilarch, c. 485-480, brother of predecessor; father of HEZEKIAH I, 9th Exilarch

08. YESHAIAH, 8th Exilarch, son of 5th Exilarch Hananiah, above

09. HEZEKIAH I, 9th Exilarch (475)

10. REPHAIAH, 10th Exilarch, son of Yeshaiah, 8th Exilarch, father of

X. Arnan, son, predeceased father, begot

11. OVADAYA, son, 11th Exilarch

12. SCHANIA ["B"], son, 12th Exilarch

13. SHEMAYA ["B"], son, 13th Exilarch

14. SHEMIDA, son, 14th Exilarch

15. HATTUSH "B" , bro, 15th Exilarch

16. IGAL, bro, 16th Exilarch

17. BARAIAH, bro, 17th Exilarch

18. NEARIAH (NAARIYA), bro, 18th Exilarch, begot three sons, who were:

(1) ELIOENAI (Eliehoenai), 20th Exilarch

(2) HEZEKIAH [II] (HIZKIAH) (KHISKIYA), 21st Exilarch, [the father of NA[K]HUM [I], 22nd Exilarch]

(3) EZRIKAM "A" [a.k.a. AZRIKAS I], 23rd Exilarch

19. SHAPHAT, 19th Exilarch, bro of NEARIAH, 18th Exilarch

20. ELIOENAI, 20th Exilarch (1)/(32A), son of NEARIAH, 18th Exilarch

21. HEZEKIAH II, 21st Exilarch (2)/(32B), son

22. NAKHUM [I], 22nd Exilarch (33), son, ?moved residence to the city of Seleucia on the Tigris in 305 BC

23. EZRIKAM ["A"] [aka AZRIKAS I], 23rd Exilarch (3)/(32C), uncle

24A-G HODAVIAH, 24A Exilarch, son of Elioenai, 20th Exilarch, ancestor of the "Odavite Line", senior-line of exilarchs, co-ruler with brothers, ELIASHIB, 24B Exilarch, PELEIAH, 24C Exilarch, AKKUB, 24D Exilarch, YOHANNA, 24E Exilarch, DELAIAH, 24F Exilarch, ANANI [Hananiah "C"], 24G Exilarch

25. HILLEL I [A], 25th Exilarch (above)

26. KIZKIYA, 26th Exilarch, father of

27A YAIR, 27th[A] Exilarch, bro of (27B) KHATUSH & (27C) MUIR, co-rulers

28. SHIMON [SIMON III], 28th Exilarch

29. YEHUDA I, 29th Exilarch

30. YEHOSHUSA, 30th Exilarch

31. YEHUDA II, 31st Exilarch

32. HILLEL II [B], 32nd Exilarch

33. JESHUA, rival claimant (88BC), reckoned 33rd Exilarch, son of Perachiah, son of John [bro of Jose [I], co-dummvir], son[s] of Joezer, son of Zuredah, son of Antigone "Soko", son of Simon [I] "Saddiq", son of [H]Elias (Elijah), son of Tobit, co-prince, above

34. EUDAMUS (d63BC), rival claimant, reckoned 34th Exilarch

35. MENNIUS (d35BC), 35th Exilarch

36. PTOLEMY, 36th Exilarch, deposed 13BC by Romans under Agrippa; fled to Parthia

= Alexandra, daughter of Mattathias, a Davidide Prince, & wife, Alexandra [II], Maccabee Queen [her 1st marriage]

37A. PHILLIP[ON], anti-king, & sister, (37B) Tausorapis (daughter), wife of Vonones II, King of Parthia 10BC-AD50, through whom a descent-line may be traced today to Modern European Royalty;

38. AZRIKAS [II] [Ezrikam "B"], 37th Exilarch, father of

39A. ASINEUS & (39B) ANILEUS, co-rulers, father of

40. AMILIAS (mur 25), "the missing heir"; last of his line, renounced rights

The Jewish Babylonian exilarchate-house was scattered and the office of exilarch was vacant due to the campaign of the Romans under Agrippa in Babylonia to secure the Euphrates frontier, 13-9BC, however, by AD18, we hear of two brothers of the exilarch's family, Anileus (Anilai) and Asineus (Asinai), of Nehardea in Babylonia, who were apprenticed by their widowed destitute mother to her uncle, a weaver. He punished the two boys for laziness and they ran away and became freebooters; and gathered about them a large number of Jewish refugees, organizing troops, and levying forced contributions from Jewish communities; and revived a short-lived independent Jewish state. They defeated the Parthians under King Artabanus III so completely that the Parthian King sued for peace. After Asineus was murdered by his brother's wife, Anileus assumed sole rule. However, on Anileus' death, his son, Amilias, refused to succeed his father and renounced the throne, whereupon, the Jewish state disappears, about AD25; and he came to be a well-known haggadist. Then, after a period of anarchy, arose the Jewish warrior Liunan, one of the generals of the former regime, who set the stage for the restoration of the old dynasty of the Jewish Babylonian Exilarchs, and later briefly himself usurped the exilarchate. Meantime, the political-climate had changed and an heir of the exilarch-house, Shemaya, who, was generally recognized to be the "royal Davidic heir" by the Jews still in exile in Babylonia, and, was restored to the exilarch's throne, circa AD31.

38/23 SHEMAYA II, 38th Exilarch c. AD 30-40, son of (22) Elyashib, son of (21) Azariya, son of (20) Tuviah, son of (19) Pedayah, son of (18) Avihud, son of (17B) Khatush, son of (16) Kizkiya, son of (15) Hillel ["A"], son of (14) Hodaviah, 24(A) Exilarch (above)

39. LIUNAN, 39th Exilarch c. 40-50 son of Babbutan, son of Enanos, son of JESHUA, rival claimant (88BC) (above)

40. SCHANIA II, c 50-80, son of SHEMAYA II, 38th Exilarch, was high-priest of the "First Synagogue" at Babylon the same time that the "Second Temple" at Jerusalem was destroyed by Roman soldiers

(X) Hunya, son, bro of (41) UVADA, 41st Exilarch c. 80-90

42. SHLOMO, son, 42nd Exilarch c. 90-120, bro of (43) PINCHI; moved residence directly across the River Tigris from Seleucia to Ctesiphon in AD 117 during the wars between the Romans and the Parthians

43. PINCHI, 43rd Exilarch c. 120-130, bro, father of (44) Rachab (daughter), ?Queen, wife of Bahram "of Seistan", a Persian prince; parents of Sassan, ancestor of Persia's Sassanide Dynasty [whatever Rachab was in the country's constitution, possibly queen, her issue were not eligible for the succession cause her husband and the father of her children was a foreign prince];

[note: upon Pinchi's childless death the sovereignty devolved onto the next in the order of succession, who was]

44. AHIJA[H], 44th Exilarch, founds new dynasty of which he is the "1st" Exilarch (continued below)

The descendants of King David were styled as princes of Israel and as patriarchs of Jerusalem, from the "royal heir" Zerubabel, the 1st "Nasi" [="Prince of Israel"] & 3rd Exilarch, to Khatzuv, the last prince ["Nasi"] of the Davidic Dynasty mentioned in the "Seder Olam Zuta" [= medieval Jewish chronicle] (AD 950); Here, the royal genealogy is continued from the previous page [or, chart]; the royal house develops into five major branches, or descent-lines [clans], of which were:

(1) Line "A", the main-line, or senior-line, the Palestinian Princes/Patriarchs, the "Nesi'im", which divided into two collateral-lines (a) the Tobaide Line, twin-line, & (b) the Onaidite Line, twin-line

The descendants of Zerubabel's eldest son [by his 3rd wife], Meshullam, 4th Exilarch (510BC), ancestor of the Jewish Palestinian "Nesi'im" [="Princes of Israel"] & Patriarchs of Jerusalem, the "royal Davidic heir" of his generation make up the post-exilic Jewish royal house, or the lords of the world’s Jews. The Jewish Palestinian "Nasi'im" [= "Prince of Israel"] presided over the heads of the Talmudic Academies. They were princes of enormous prestige and held primary influence throughout the Levant [Israel-Palestine] as King David's descendants. The city/town of Tiberias was the seat of the "Sanhedrin".

The descendants of Zerubabel's younger sons; the Yeshaiahite Line, occupies the Babylonian Exilarchate after the dynasty's main-line returned to Jerusalem and became a dynasty of "Nesi'im" [the Jewish Palestinian Patriarchate].

(2) Line "B", the Pelatiahite Line, anti-princes opposing the senior-line

The Pelatiahite Line, the descendants of the eldest son of Zerubabel's second son, was considered illegitimate since its founder, Pelatiah, one of Zerubabel's grandsons, begot his issue of a "foreign wife". The Pelatiahite Line were anti-kings and rivals of the Tobaids and the Onaids. The descent-line ends with the anti-king Athronges and his family; which for three generations fought the Romans who supported the Herodians. The five sons of Athronges were (1) Theudas [father of five sons], (2) Amram [father of Alexander "The Zealot", father of Aimar (AD 50)], (3) Hanibas (Annibas), (4) Dinai [father of Eleazar "The Zealot" (kld 60), father of Moshi (ex 60)], & (5) Perisha [father of Tahinas "Asida" (44/45)]. The only survivor of the Pelatiahite Line, "Prince" Aimar, fled to France, c. AD 50. He is theorized to have been the ancestor of a medieval noble house of Feudal France, the original Bourbon line, whose founder was named Aimar, which line ended with an heiress, who married a native Gallo-Roman prince.  

(3) Line "C", the Yeshaiahite Line, ancestor of the Babylonian Exilarchs

The Yeshaiahite Line, the descendants of the second son of Zerubabel's second son, were the ancestors of the Babylonian Exilarchs. The seat of the Babylonian exilarchs moved several times: from Babylon, to Nehardea (560BC-AD259), to Pumbedita (259-495), to Mahoze [Mosul], a town on the Tigris, from the 5th-9th centuries]; to Baghdad from the 9th-12th centuries [and later again], and other sites from the 12th-15th centuries.

(4) Line "D", the Abiudite Line, Jewish [or, Palestinian] Princes/Patriarchs

The ancestry of St. Joseph and The Holy Family from Shazrezzar, the eldest son of Zerubabel, the post-exilic royal heir, begotten by his first "foreign" [Babylonian] wife. The lineage of St. Joseph is called the Abiudite Line [Line "D"], which takes its name from one of its generations, namely, "Prince" Abiud, who, one of the grandsons of the great Jewish general, Nearchus (Neariah), was married to a "foreign wife". It is through her that the royal blood of Babylonian Emperors, Persian Shahs, and Greek Kings flow into the veins of a major royal Jewish descent-line. The Abiudite Line was basically the descendants of the family of the famous Jewish Governor Nehemiah, a royal Jewish prince, whose family developed into a major Davidic descent-line. Its main-line divided into three great branches/or descent-lines. The Abiudite Line ended with St. Joseph and his younger twin-brothers and their families as well as that of Miriam, their older half-sister, and, also that of St Joseph's two uncles and their families. The Abiudite Line was formerly an illegitimate descent-line since it descended from Zerubabel and his [1st] "foreign [Babylonian] wife" but was legitimated by the Sanhedrin at the time of King Herod's marriage to Doris "of Jerusalem," who, upon her legitimization in 37BC became the dynasty's heiress. Then, upon the failure of the Davidic Dynasty's [legitimate] senior-line, the Abiudite Line along with several other Davidic families suddenly became eligible for the succession.

(5) Line "E", the Rhesaite Line, Jewish [or, Palestinian] Princes/Patriarchs

Another Davidic bastard-line, the Rhesaite Line [Line "E"], descended from Reza "Nasi", Prince/Patriarch of Jerusalem, the second son of the post-exilic royal Davidic heir Zerubabel begotten by his second "foreign" [Persian] wife. The Rhesaite Line was formerly an illegitimate descent-line but was legitimated in 37BC and became eligible for the succession upon the failure of the Davidic Dynasty's [legitimate] senior-line in 4BC. The genealogy includes the Virgin Mary and her relatives: among whom were her famous uncle, Joseph of Arimathea [ancestor of the so-called "Grail-Kings"], on her father's side; and, her famous cousin, John "The Baptist", on her mother's side. The Rhesaite Line [excepting for the "Grail-Kings", through whom the descent-line continues], ended with the Jewish anti-king Simon "Bar Gjora" AD 68-70, the royal Davidic heir, and, last King of Israel of the Second Temple Era, who surrendered Jerusalem to the Romans in AD70, and, was crucified outside Rome in AD73 following the famous "Triumph" of the Roman Emperor Titus through the streets of Rome in which the Jewish King was featured naked and in chains at the head of his defeated and dejected army. It is not strange that the famous Jewish hero-king Simon "Bar Gjora" and Christianity's Holy Family were related to each other, for the descendants of King David were very active during this period of their history, as if awakened to the possibility of a restoration of the Davidic Dynasty back upon Israel's throne.

David's Dynasty, or David's Throne, did not cease with Zedekiah, who was Judah’s last king, in 587/586BC. In Psalm 89:3-4 God says: I have made a covenant with My chosen, I have sworn to David, My servant, his "seed" [dynasty] will I establish forever, and buildup his throne [actually God’s throne: 1 Chr 29:33] unto all generations", or "through all generations". It appears from this promise and/or covenant that the throne and David’s Dynasty was to exist continuously forever "through all generations". Surely, God did not forget His covenant that David’s Dynasty would continue "through all generations, forever". The scripture records: "For thus says The Lord, David shall not want for a man [descendant] to sit upon the throne of Israel" (Jer 33:17). The question is, did David want for a man to sit on his throne and continue the dynasty from that time? Many say that Jesus fulfills the prophecy, which He ultimately will do, but how about in the meantime? The quote says that the throne of David, or God expressing His kingship through David’s descendants, was to be established in all generations, continuously, perpetually, forever, in Israel, not Judah, which squares with Ezekiel’s prophecy of the "three overturns" of David’s Dynasty (Eze 21:18ff), the first of which was to be carried-out by Jeremiah "The Prophet" as the first part of his mission that God had assigned to him. The second part of his mission was to re-plant the "royal seed", i.e., the throne, in Israel, "these many days without a king". The northern kingdom, Israel, fell in 722/721BC, and the ten Hebrew tribes of the northern kingdom were deported to other lands, and, without a king, they generally elected their rulers. This implies that David’s Throne, the Crown, did not cease to exist, for how else could it be overturned three times if it ceased to exist? How, after these three transfers of the kingdom, could it be given "to Him [Christ] whose right it is", at His "Second Coming", if it ceased to exist altogether? No, God did not break His promise to David that through every generation he shall have a descendant wearing his crown! Then, where is the royal Davidic heir [descendant] sitting on God’s throne today?; does then King David still have a descendant on a throne somewhere? Indeed, there is historic record of the continuance of King David’s throne from the Babylonian Conquest of Judah in 587/586BC in the institution of (a) the Babylonian "Exilarchate", the office of the Jewish "exilic" in Mesopotamia, who held the title "resh-galuta" meaning "exiled-king", who claimed lordship over the "Jewish Diaspora", that is, all the world's Jews in exile; and, (b) in the rival institution of the Israeli/ Palestinian "Patriarchate", the office of the "Nesi'im", that is, the "nasi", meaning "prince", in Israel, who claimed to be the "royal Davidic heir", and, thus, claimed to be the lords of the world’s Jews in opposition to the Babylonian exilarchs. The occupants of the Babylonian exilarchate; and those of the Palestinian patriarchate at Jerusalem, representing separate branches of the old Jewish Davidic royal house, were rivals throughout their histories, each claiming to be the "royal Davidic heir", and, thus, the "King of the Jews". The British-Israelists claim that ?(c) the British Monarchy represented another institution which was spawned by the Davidic Dynasty, that is, from the ancient Israeli kingdom. This schism in the royal house also divided the Jewish Nation. From the destruction of the Jewish kingdom by the Babylonians in 587/6BC, the royal bloodline was kept in tact, and a line of Judaic kings "de jure" proliferated [the Israelite, or Palestinian nesi'im] culminating many generations later in Jesus "of Nazareth", or "The Nazarene". Meanwhile, another branch of the Davidic Dynasty reigned as the Babylonian Exilarchs who were the rivals of the Israelite [or, Palestinian] Nesi'im. And, the British Monarchy over the centuries lost its identity as "the Throne of David" as well as the sense of its destiny and its future glory of empire.

The abolishment of the Babylonian Exarchate in 1401 by the Tartar-Khan Timerlane, and, that of the Israelite [or, Palestinian] Principate [or, Patriarchate] in 1849 by the Turkish Sultan, caused Jews everywhere to be fragmented into numerous scattered disjoined communities that came under the rule of their host-nations. It would take the unifying force of a king representing the Invisible God Almighty to re-unite the Jews as one nation under the [David's] "crown"

section 5.3: "gateway ancestors": descent-line from the 1st Dynasty exilarchs (above) through to the 2nd Dynasty of Jewish exilarchs (below)

(33d) Akkub, 24D-Exilarch (200BC) (above), 33rd in male-line descent from King David of Israel, ancestor of the Akkubite Line

(34) David (d167), son, the father of

(35) Shlomo (d135), fought the Syrians under the Maccabee ethnarchs (165-135BC), the father of

(36) Shemaya ["C"] (d129), reproved the Maccabee Ethnarch Hyrcanus [I] for illegally assuming the title "King" in 129BC, and was executed for his opposition [id? with (36) Shemaiah, father of (37) Elidah, father of (38) Amihud, father of (39) Elazar, father of (40) Mattan, father of (41) Shakhnah (daughter), wife of Hillel ["C"] "The Great", see "Hillel Pedigree"]

(37) David (100BC), son, the father of

(38) Schania, the father of

(39) Hizkiah [HEZEKIAH III], 33rd Exilarch (25/50BC), the father of

(40) Shalom, collateral cousin of the exilarch, the father of

(41) Nathan "De-Zuzita" (AD25/50), was the original of the story of the Jewish hero whose epithet was "De-Zuzita". He is placed in the first century AD in one story; while he appears in the time of Rabbi Akiva in another story; however, in still another legend he is identified with the Exilarch Mar-Ukba I whose original name had been Nathan. Thus, either of these figures or perhaps all three may be identified with "De-Zuzita"; the father of

(42) Hunya (AD50/75), the father of

(43) Shlomo (AD75/100), the father of

(44) Yakov (AD100/125), the father of

(45) AHIJA[H], 44th Exilarch; who represented a secondary-line; became the "1st" Exilarch of a new [the 2nd] dynasty [the numeration of the exilarchs begins anew] circa AD 130, upon the extinction of the dynasty's main-line. The main-line of the exilarchs' descendants became extinct on Pinchi's death and the title to the throne devolved from the main-line of the royal house onto a secondary-line of the royal house

03/01 ZERUBABEL [ZOROBABEL] [ZERU-BABILI], whose Babylonian name was "SHESHBAZZAR" (compare Ezra 1:8,11; 5:14,16 with Zech 4:9), the son of Prince Shealtiel, "the acknowledged heir" of the late Jewish King [Je]Coniah, considered the "royal Jewish heir", succeeded his father as the third exilarch of the captivity, circa 545BC.

Zerubabel was the recognized "royal Davidic heir" of his generation. He was the 23rd generation in male-line descent from King David [numbered the 1st generation], and, ancestor of the post-exilic royal heirs.

He is called the son of Shealtiel in every Bible reference except in one text (1 Chr 3:19) where he is called the son of Shealtiel’s brother, Pedaiah, which makes that text suspect. This discrepancy is explained by a scribal error in the parent-manuscript of the "MT" or a missing part in the text due to corruption or deterioration of the original manuscript. There is the conjecture that Shealtiel died without issue and that his widow in a "levirate marriage" with his brother Pedaiah gave birth to Zerubabel, but this explanation is unlikely for Zerubabel is called Shealtiel’s son everywhere, even in "Josephus". The conjecture that Zerubabel, was the son of Pedaiah, who is made into a son of Shealtiel is unlikely also. The discrepancy may have a solution in the "LXX" text of 1 Chr 3:19, which lists Shealtiel (Salathiel) as Zerubabel’s father.

The explicit reference to Zerubabel’s descent from King David in I-Esdras 5:5 notably fails to connect him with king [Je]Coniah, in reference his father as that king’s "step-son", not "son". That Zerubabel was able to trace his ancestry back in the male-line to King David’s son Nathan is not in the least improbable, for the evidence of Ezra-Nehemiah is that genealogical consciousness was high among the returned exiles. The census of returned exiles classified by families in official records concludes with a group of families who "could not prove their fathers' houses or their descent" (Ezra 2:59; Neh 7:61). The implication is that the other families could prove their ancestry by means of written genealogies. It is said that those families "sought their registration among those enrolled in the genealogies, but they were not found there" (Ezra 2:62; Neh 7:64). This must be a reference to official genealogical records.

The Jews were liberated by the conquest of Babylonia by the Media-Persians, under Cyrus "The Great", in 539BC. It was actually his uncle, mother’s brother, Gobryas "The Mede", who was his army-commander, who took Babylon in Cyrus' name. The [last] Babylonian Emperor Belshazzar quickly sobered seeing the "handwriting on the wall" while dining in a banquet with his vassals in the imperial palace. The palace was taken with little resistance. And, the Babylonian Emperor and all his banquet-guests were slain by the Media-Persians. In 538BC, Cyrus "the Great", the first Persian Shah, gave his permission for the Jewish Exiles to return to their homeland in Israel-Palestine.

Following the "Babylonian Captivity" Zerubabel, the royal Davidic heir, upon permission of the Persian shah, led the Jewish Exiles back to Palestine, and, was entrusted with the office of "governor" ["pehah"] of Judea, ancestors’ old kingdom to which ironically he was the heir, which was now a Persian province, and was eighth Governor of Judea, circa 537/536BC. They carried with them the old Jewish temple utensils, vessels, and furniture, which had been stored in the Esagila Temple in Babylon. The family of Zerubabel did not accompany him, but remained behind in Babylonia [perhaps as hostages] with the majority of the Jewish "Diaspora".

The idealized view of a restoration of the whole of the divided Hebrew nation of Israel was held by the post-exilic Jewish community is shown in I-Esdras 5:8 where Zerubabel heads a list of "twelve" leaders of the returning exiles. The heads of the various Hebrew clans who accompanied Zerubabel back to the Jewish homeland were called upon to meet by Zerubabel in what is called "The Great Assembly", which is the origin of the "Knesset". The exiles who returned with Zorobabel included not only Jews but also remnants of the exiled ten Hebrew tribes who came from Assyria, Media, and Scythia. This is indicated in the genealogical lists in Ezra 2;2ff & Neh 7:7ff. Hence, Zerubabel styled himself "Prince of Israel".

Not all of the Jewish Exiles returned to Palestine, in fact the majority of the Jewish Exiles remained behind in Babylonia where they had built homes and had established new lives for themselves.

The first care of the returning Jewish Exiles upon arriving back in Jerusalem, in 537BC, under Zerubabel, was to set up an altar on the Temple-Mount and restore the daily sacrifices. The rebuilding of the Temple, the "Second Temple" (so-called) at Jerusalem, began in the second year of the arrival of the Jewish Exiles with the laying of the foundation stone by Zerubabel, in 536BC, and was completed in 516BC. Its construction was hindered by the neighbors of the Jewish state who spread rumors to Persian authorities to incite them against the Jews. Tattenai, the [new] Persian Governor of Palestine, made a visit to Jerusalem to investigate the activities of the Jews. He asked Zerubabel who had authorized the building of the temple, and he told him of King Cyrus' decree (Ezr 5:3), suggesting that a search be made in the royal archives. The decree was found in the library at Ecbatana, and construction of the temple resumed after having been temporarily stopped by Tattenai. His report to the Persian Shah, Darius "The Great", resulted in King Darius sending his half-brother [same mother], Prince Reza, Zerubabel’s son, by his Persian wife, to Jerusalem, in 521BC, with an endowment from the Persian royal treasury to expedite the work (Ezr 6:8). Too, the Aaronic high-priestship and the Levitical priesthood and its schools and courses were restored along with the traditional Temple service.

Zerubabel aroused the hope of his generation that there would be a restoration of the monarchy and the kingdom. In this he failed the expectations of the post-exilic generation, however, avoiding the title "king" ["melekh"] which would have been too politically provocative, he took the title "prince" ["nasi"] and founded the Palestinian Principate as a compromise. The "Prince" ["Nasi"] also held office as "Patriarch of Jerusalem". This was the first post-exilic Jewish state, the "patriarchate" [or "principate"]. The Israeli/Palestinian "Patriarchate" [or "Principate"], the "Nesi'im", founded by Zerubabel, circa 538/522BC, was a compromise form of government rather than reviving the Jewish kingdom. The "Nesi'im" [= "Prince of Israel"], the royal Davidic heir, was the unofficial and/or "uncrowned" "King of the Jews". The institution lasted about a thousand years, until it was abolished in AD 425 by the Roman/Byzantine Emperor Theodosius II, however, it was revived the next century by Justinian "The Great" and continued off-and-on another thousand years until the 1800s, when it was finally abolished by the Turkish Sultan.

Zerubabel was the first Jewish Palestinian "Nasi" [= "prince"], who took the titles "Prince of Israel", and "Lion of the Tribe of Judah", and Patriarch of Jerusalem", among others, circa 513BC. The founding of the office of the Palestinian "Nesi’im", that is, the "Prince of Israel", and, simultaneously the institution of the "patriarch ate", so called from the nasi’s title "Patriarch of Jerusalem", in effect founded the post-exilic Jewish state, in 513BC, though remaining to be a Persian province. This was interpreted by the Persian shah when Zerubabel attempted establishing himself as a politically independent-ruler. Zerubabel was re-called by the Persian Shah, who was residing in Babylon at the time. The historian Josephus says that Zerubabel returned to Babylon together with three others of distinction, one of whom was Mordechai who we find later at the court of the Persian shah at Susa [Shushan], in the story of "Queen Esther". Zerubabel was detained by the Persian shah, imprisoned, and executed about 510BC. The Bible is totally silent on the causes and circumstances of Zerubabel’s sudden and unexplained disappearance from the historical scene. The death of Zerubabel ended the joyful enthusiasm of the early days of the return and began a period of gloomy frustration. There was a general disillusionment as a result of the unfulfilled hopes placed on Zerubabel, and any expectation of a Davidic king, however, was relegated to the distant future, and not applied to the immediate political situation. The prophets Haggai and Zechariah 1-8 did pin royalists hopes on him, and heaped praises upon him in their writings, but Zerubabel was reluctant to revive the kingdom due to an unfavorable political climate.

In Judea, now a Babylonian province, the Palestinian Patriarchs ["Nesi'im"/or "Nasi" = "Prince"] were rivals for the heirship of the old Jewish Davidic royal house, i.e., the "princes" of the "diaspora", or the lords of the world’s Jews versus the Babylonian Exilarchs ["Resh Galuta" = "Exiled-King"], representing separate branches of the Davidic Dynasty.

The Israeli/Palestinian Patriarchate & the "Nesi'im": twin-office of the Patriarch of Jerusalem and/or the "Prince" ["Nasi'"] of Israel; restored post-exilic Jewish state; princes [nesi'im] from Zerubabel, 1st Prince ["Nasi"], to Hillel "The Great", 60th Prince ["Nasi"] [various Davidic families].

The occupants of the Palestinian Patriarchate [Principate], the "Nesi'im", founded by Zerubabel, in 515BC, as a compromise form of government rather than reviving the Jewish kingdom. The occupants of the Babylonian exilarchate; and those of the patriarchate at Jerusalem, representing separate branches of the old Jewish Davidic royal house, were rivals throughout their histories, each claiming to be the "royal Davidic heir", and, thus, the "King of the Jews". From the destruction of the Jewish kingdom by the Babylonians, through their histories, the Babylonian exilarchs [outside the Roman empire] and their rivals the Palestinian nesi'im [inside the Roman empire] served to unify the Jews everywhere, but without the unifying force of either the patriarchate or the exilarchare, after the respective abolishments of those institutions, the Jews everywhere were fragmented into numerous scattered disjoined communities that came under the rule of their host-nations. The institution lasted about a thousand years, until it was abolished in AD 425 by the Roman/Byzantine Emperor Theodosius II, however, it was revived in the 500s and a list of its occupants exists from 691 to 1099, when it was again abolished by Geoffrey of Bouillon, the leader of the First Crusade, 1096-1099, who himself was of royal Davidic descent. Many of the leaders of the Christian Crusades were from the "Rex Deus" families, i.e., desposynic descent-lines, male-line descendants of King David's house, attempting to reclaim their kingdom.

The office of the Palestinian Principate was in abeyance during the period of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1187 & 1229-1244, but by the 1300s many other families of royal Davidic descent began supplying royal scions to be the rulers of the various Jewish settlements in Canaan-Palestine, especially at Jerusalem, where its last dynasty of Jewish "Nesi'im" established itself circa 1187, whose descendants are today the "Dayan" Family, which is essentially Israel’s "dispossessed" royal house, and its head or spokesman is "Prince of Israel", the royal Davidic heir, the unofficial and/or "uncrowned" "King of the Jews". There is reference to the existence of the Palestinian Principate as late as the 1800s.

02. JESHUA I [II], the High-Priest, a Levite, took over the affairs of the Jewish community in Palestine as Governor of Judea 510-495 in the absence of a candidate to the Palestinian Patriarchate which was left vacant on Zorobabel’s death. The Levitical High-Priest appears to have actually usurped the throne, styling himself "King Jeshua of Israel", however, he is not numbered in any of Hebrew regnal-lists. The High-Priest, Jeshua, was mysteriously crowned by "the prophet" Zechariah with the old crown of Israel’s kings, which earlier was sent from the royal Jewish regalia at Babylon at Zorobabel’s request, for his investiture. The arrival of the old royal regalia back in Jerusalem may have offended the Persian shah, who thereupon recalled Zorobabel, and replaced him as governor with his son-in-law, Elnathan, who represented a non-royal branch of King David’s descendants, whose wife, Shelomith, was Zorobabel’s daughter.

03. REZA "NASI", 495-?, the son of Zorobabel by his second-wife, Rhodah, a Persian princess, certainly held some official position at Jerusalem after his father was re-called by the Persian Shah. Reza, during the civil wars that followed the death of the Persian Shah Cambyses [II], though himself one of the Persian claimants, fought on the side of his half-brother, the future Persian Shah Darius I "The Great" (522-486BC), against the rival contender, the pseudo-Smerdis [who pretended to be Cyrus The Great’s murdered son Smerdis]. King Darius I appointed his half-brother, Prince Reza, his "agent" in Palestine, where he joined his father, Zorobabel, at Jerusalem in 521BC, with assistance to resume work on the Temple after a sixteen-year break, and saw its completion in 516BC. Reza was the father of two sons, Yehoezer (Jehoezar) and Yohannai (Jehohanen).

04. ELNATHAN, a Davidic scion, was sent to Palestine by the Persian Shah. Governor 490-480. He restricted High-Priest Jeshua to religious affairs, and assumed office as "governor" of Judea-Palestine. Elnathan married Shelomith, daughter of Zorobabel, the post-exilic royal Davidic heir, which thereafter associated his family with the royal family.

05. SHECANIAH, a Davidide prince (1 Chr 3:21-22), Governor 480-470, supposed son of Prince Hashubah, eldest son of Prince Meshullam, senior Davidic heir.

06. YEHOEZER (JEHOEZAR), son of "Prince" Reza, succeeded as governor to his ancestors' old kingdom (470-460); and, was succeeded in office upon his death by his son, Ahzai (Jahzevah). The story of "Esther" is placed in this time period.

07. AHZAI (JAHZEVAH), Governor 460-458, was deposed in 458BC by another wave of returning exiles, this one led by Ezra "The Scribe" and religious clerics.

08. EZRA "THE SCRIBE", a Levite, and his party of returning exiles took over the government in Jerusalem upon their arrival there, 458BC. Governor 458-457BC. This was the second of the three great waves of Jewish returnees. Upon consideration of the suits of the claimants to the throne, Ezra The Scribe declared Prince Hattush as the royal Davidic heir, Year 457BC. Ezra "The Scribe", during his reforms (458/457BC), ruled in favor of the descendants of Zerubabel by his Jewish wife, and said "to be Jewish your mother had to be"; and, that is why the descent-lines of the sons of Zerubabel’s "foreign wives" were omitted from "Chronicles", which was written by Ezra’s scribes. Therefore, the descendants of Zerubabel’s Jewish [3rd] wife are listed first. The failure of the senior-line in 4BC obliged the Sanhedrin to legitimate the descendants of Zerubabel by his [1st & 2nd] "foreign wives". The life of Jewish society at Jerusalem was centered on the Temple and the priesthood after the reforms of Ezra "The Scribe", the chief-cleric. The text Zech 12:2-13:1 indicates that those families which could trace their lineage to the pre-exilic Jewish Davidic royal house enjoyed social, political, and economical prominence in post-exilic Jerusalem, and its members served as important officers in the bureaucratic state. Indeed, the Davidides, that is, the House of David remained the foremost Jewish family among Jewry in post-exilic times, and gave a series of princes [the "Nesi'im"] to reign at Jerusalem as "Prince of Israel", however, without the title "king" ["melekh"], under vassalage to shifting foreign powers.

09. HATTUSH ["A"] "NASI" declared "royal Davidic heir" by Ezra "The Scribe", with whom he returned to Jerusalem in a second colony of Jewish Exiles (458/457BC). He established, under Ezra's guidance, himself in the Palestinian Patriarchate [or Principate] and reigned as "Prince of Israel" ["Nasi"] 457-445. Hattush was the great-grandson of Meshullam, the eldest son of Zorobabel begotten by his [3rd] wife, "a Jewish woman". Hattush bore the title "Nasi" [= "Prince of Judah/or Israel"] and governed the people in the manner of a king from 457-445BC. He recognized his vassalage to the Persian Shah Artaxerxes. The "nesi'im" were caretakers of power, pending the restoration in Israel of the Jewish Monarchy and the royal Davidic house. He was a contemporary of his relative, Rephaiah, who reigned as the 10th Exilarch at Nehardea in Babylonia among the Diaspora. Hattush [I] "Nasi" begot Hananiah (Anani), the 10th Palestian Patriarch (above/below).

10. ELIASHIB, High-Priest, ruled as governor 450-445

11. NEHEMIAH, another Davidide prince, was twice appointed to office. The exilarchs were allowed complete authority over the Jewish communities of the "diaspora" by the Babylonian emperors, and by their successors, the Persian shahs, and, their successors, the Greek Seleucids, however, the Romans, the Parthian kings, and Sassanians, treated the Jews poorly and generally did not recognize the authority of the exilarch over the Jewish communities. The Sassanians had rival prophecies in their sacred literature that a descendant of their royal house would be the "Messiah", whom they called "Shah Bahram", and attempted to establish "zoroastrianism" as the state religion, which was resisted by the Jews, of course. They viewed the Jewish prophecies in their sacred literature of a future world-king, the "Messiah", as subversive, especially since the Jews considered the Exilarch, the royal Davidic heir, to be the surrogate of the "Messiah" during His absence. The exilarchs, fared much better under the Arabic caliphs, to whom they paid "courtesy visits"; and were cheered by the city’s Jews as they rode in state in their carriage at the head of their entourage in the streets of Baghdad to and from the caliph’s palace.

The relocation of the Babylonian Exilarchate to Baghdad inspired Al-Qasim, a Shi’ite Muslim, to assert that the "wasiyya" [the heritage of the divine vision], a term of considerable significance in Shi'ite theology, was bestowed upon the Jews and became the legacy of the Davidic Dynasty, which claimed it passed on from generation to generation.

It was during "The Babylonian Captivity" that the Jews under the exilarchs were transformed from a nation-race into a religious-community, by the development of "Rabbinic" Judaism. The Jewish scribes in the exilarch’s court during "The Babylonian Captivity" compiled many of the books which make up the "Old Testament" today and wrote commentaries on them. The synagogue emerged as the centre of community-life of the Jews in exile, during "The Babylonian Captivity", who stuck together to keep their nation and their culture alive, which was made possible by the presence of their Royal Family in exile among them, which served as a unifying symbol that re-instilled pride and patriotism in the Jewish Exiles and kept the nation alive!

The Jewish Royal Family stood as a bulwark against the disintegration of the Jewish Exiles, providing a stability to the Jews during "The Babylonian Captivity" that could not have been achieved otherwise. [Je]Coniah died 561BC, and, was succeeded as "exilarch" [="exiled-king"] by his "acknowledged heir", Shaltiel, heir-presumptive, father of Zerubabel, post-exilic royal heir.

12. [name], grandson of ELIASHIB was son-in-law of Sanballat (Neh 13:28), revived the rule of religious clerics in Jerusalem over the whole country, which Nehemiah recognized during his second tenure in office (434-432).

(11) NEHEMIAH, 432-425, 2nd time

Nehemiah died in 415BC and supposedly left a son [name], who Samuel Nahmias, a.k.a. Giulio Morosini (1612-1687), in Renaissance Italy, claimed as his family's ancestor.

13. ANANI (HANANIAH), the son of Prince Hattush [I] "Nasi", succeeded in the patriarchate after Nehemiah’s departure, about 425BC, and took the title "Nasi". He was the 13th Palestian Patriarch, that is, "Prince of Israel" (425-407). He is remembered for the letter he received from the Jewish colony at Elephantine, in Egypt, in 407BC, making requests. This episode shows the significance of David’s House in post-exilic Jerusalem. Anani (Hananiah) "Nasi" died that year; and his twin sons, namely, (a) Tobit (Tobeit; Tobaid; Tobias) and (b) Onaid (Enaid; Onais), struggled over the patriarchate, for which the Persian Shah sent an army under the Persian general, Bagohi (Bogoas) (Bigvai), to end the civil strife.

14. BAGOHI "THE PERSIAN" (BAGAOS; BIGVAI) arrived at Jerusalem and took office as governor of Canaan/Palestine by the authority of the Persian Shah Artaxerxes III Ochus, 407/406BC. Governor 407-390. The High-Priest, Johanan II (Joannes), was removed from office, and Bagohi appointed his brother, Joshua [Jeshua III], to the high-priest office. Johanan II murdered his brother and resumed the office of high-priest, but he was challenged by another brother, Manasseh, who rivaled him as high-priest. Bagohi enacted a series of measures which in effect abolished the rule of the religious clerics and put the province under "martial-law". Bagohi was recalled by the Persian Shah, circa 390BC, who rewarded him with the office of "Prime Minister". It was intolerable to the Persians that they were ruled by a Jewish prince and plotted against Bagohi. He reacted by murdering nearly the entire Persian royal house. The boy-prince Arses was spared whom Bagohi thereupon sat upon the Persian throne as his puppet-king. However, a distant-cousin, Prince Artasata [the future Persian Shah Darius III], with the help and support of the Persian nobles, overthrew Bagohi, and took the throne. His first act was to execute Bagohi (336BC). The identity of Bagohi is unsure. He probably was the same person as the Jewish prince BIGVAI (Ezra 2:2; Neh 7:7). He was responsible for the crisis in Persia which the Greeks under Alexander "The Great" took advantage of to conquer the Persian Empire.

15A TOBIT (TOBEIT; TOBAID; TOBIAS), co-ruler

15B ONAID (ENAID; ONAIS), co-ruler, the twin-sons of (27) "Prince" [H]Anani[ah] ["B"], son of the royal Davidic heir, Hattush ["A"] (above). They made a pact that their descendants would alternate in the office of the Israeli [or, Palestinian] Principate, i.e., Patriarchate.

16. OHEL, Governor, nephew of Nehemiah

17. JADDUA, High-Priest & Governor 370/365; his bro, Manasseh, married Nikaso, Sanballat III's dau

18A [H]ELIAS, co-ruler, the Tobaidite Line

18B HAGGAI, co-ruler, the Onaidite Line

19. NADAVAH, Governor, the Onaidite Line

20. [H]ACHIYAH, Governor, son of Ohel (above)

21. SIMEON [I] "SADDIQ", the Tobaidite Line

22. NURI, Governor, son of [H]Achiya[h]

23.YEHEZQIVAH [ANDROTIMUS], son of Nuri (above), governor 348-345, circa 348-345BC. He married a foreign princess [the sister of Bagaos, the former governor] and begot Neariah (Nearchus), a later governor (below). He was banished from Judea by the Persian Shah and took refuge in Crete. From there, he went to Greece, where he adopted a Greek name and its Hellenistic culture. He was the first Jewish prince to have an Hellenistic name. He was considered an important prince, for his son Nearchus was educated in the royal court alongside the Greek crown-prince Alexander ["The Great"], who was about the same age. As governor, Yehezqivah [Androtimus] introduced into Judea "foreign customs", which was the Hellenistic culture [of course], for he had been Hellenized during his sojourn in Greece. He appears back in Judea in 337, but is back in Greece the following year (336). He was killed in battle against the Persians in 333BC.

24. ANTIGONE "SOKO", Governor, the Tobaidite Line, the first of his descent-line to have a Hellenistic name. He was the son of Simeon [I] "Saddiq". Legend calls him the first Pharisee, and connects him with the origin of the Sadducee sect .

25. ZURAIDA, Governor & Prince 345-335, son of above

26. JONAH, Governor, general, fought Tennes, King of Sidon 349-345; rebelled (333BC) and was killed by the Persians, 330BC.

27. JOAZAR [JOEZER], a Jewish-Persian satrap 335-332, not numbered in regnal-list. The defeat of the Persian armies in Turkey, 333BC, brought Alexander "The Great" of Greece into the Middle-East, which introduces the Hellenist Period of Jewish History. The Persian domination of Judea ended with the conquest of Canaan/Palestine by the Greeks under Alexander "The Great", in 332BC, at which time the Jews submitted peacefully to their new masters. Josephus, the historian, gives an account of the campaign of Alexander "The Great" through Palestine. He says that Jerusalem opened its gates to Alexander "the Great", who briefly occupied the city. The city’s elders gave him a ceremonious welcome. Legend says that he met with the High-Priest, Jaddua, who told him of Daniel’s prophecies; and that he offered sacrifices in the Temple to the Jews’ God, Yahweh/Jehovah. Alexander "The Great" departed Jerusalem and left Judea unmolested and hurried on to Egypt. He left the conquest of the rest of Canaan/Palestine to his general, Parmenio, supported by the Jewish general Nerachus (Neariah), who joined up with Alexander The Great's army. Nerachus met resistance only from Samaria, the seat of the Persian satrap [governor], which was taken by force, and he succeeded the last Persian governor of Israel-Palestine as the first governor of Israel-Palestine as a Greek province. He permitted the Jews to observe their laws, granted exemption from tribute during sabbatical years, and gave them privileges comparable to those of the Greeks themselves.

28. NEARIAH "NASI", the Jewish "Nasi" [="Prince"], "of Nehemiah's Family", governor 330s-d312, may be identified with Nearchus, the Jewish general of Alexander "The Great", who commanded a Jewish contingent in the Greek Army. He was the son of the late Jewish governor YEHEZQIVAH [ANDROTIMUS] (above) and his "foreign" wife. Greece opened hostilities with the Persian Empire by invading Asia Minor in Year 334BC. Proceeding onto Egypt, Alexander "The Great" left the conquest of Canaan/Palestine to his general, Parmenio, supported by the Jewish general Nerachus (Neariah), who had joined his service. He like his father also married a "foreign-woman", namely, Barsine, the half-sister and widow of the Greek prince Heracles [son of Alexander "The Great" by one of his secondary wives], who had among her ancestors Persian shahs, Babylonian emperors, and Assyrian kings, whose blood she brought into this particular descent-line of King David’s descendants. The names of the sons and daughters of Nearchus are unknown, however, we know that one of his daughters was the wife of the Greek prince Demetrius, son of his ally and friend Antigonus. Nearchus' eldest son, name unsure, died premature without issue, however, another of his sons was the father of Abiud, who was the ancestor of a major descent-line, and, of St. Joseph, Jesus' foster-father, mentioned by Matthew (1:13), who highly abbreviated his genealogy even leaving out not only the name of Abiud's father but also three generations of Jewish kings (compare Mt 1:8 with 2 Ki 8:25; 13:1-15; 38; 2 Chr 22-25), and omitted Jehoiakim between Josiah and [Je]Coniah (Mt 1:11), etc. Nearchus campaigned with Alexander "The Great" in India, and commanded the voyage down the Indus River from Nov. 326 to Jul. 325. Then, following the death of Alexander "The Great" in 323BC, during the wars of the "Diadochi", Nearchus supported "Prince" Heracles, his step-son, that is, his wife's son by Alexander "The Great", and Nearchus joined up with another Greek general, Antigonus, a Greek prince, whom he assisted against [his cousin] Ptolemy, Satrap [later King] of Egypt, who defeated them both in the Battle of Gaza/or Palestine (312BC). Barsine, the widow of Nerachus, and her son Heracles, were murdered by Polyperchon, another Greek prince, one of the pretenders to the Greek throne, in 309BC, who was fighting for a share of Alexander's inheritance.

In Jerusalem, the quisling Jewish aristocracy was culturally Hellenized by the influence of Greek commerce, language, and culture.

There is evidence that members of other Davidic families had returned to Jerusalem from exile by this time, and were presenting themselves as candidates to the patriarchate office or "nasi" ["prince" of Judah/or Israel], which office some of them held during the quarrels between the twin branches of the senior-line over the principate/ patriarchate; and the office came to be open to all of the representatives of the different descent-lines of King David’s descendants. Hence, the royal bloodline was kept in tact and a line of Judaic kings "de jure" proliferated at Jerusalem with the title "Prince of Israel", that is, the Jewish Palestinian "Nesi'im". The struggle for the patriarchate among the various Davidic families ["gens davidica"] may have contributed to the country’s disintegration during the 3rd Century BC, along with the Hellenization [or "westernization"] of the country’s culture, which caused divisions in the nation, and the rise of political parties in the court of the Jewish Palestinian "Nesi'im", which gradually grew into an institution of state, the Sanhedrin; like the British Parliament originally was the "royal court" of medieval British monarchs, however, also, has gradually grown into an institution of state.

29. [name], Governor 312-300, son

The Jewish government in Jerusalem changed under Bagohi "The Persian" from a theocracy or the rule of religious clerics to an entirely secular society which freed the "nasi'im" to rule alone. Judea and Jerusalem, under the Greek empire, was Hellenized into a Greek "polis" [commonwealth], with a governing council, citizen-list, and a college ["ephebeia"]. The governing council, called the "Sanhedrin", claimed to have had its origin in the council of sages that advised Moses, however, the "Sanhedrin" does not appear in history until post-exilic times, during the Hellenic Era of Jewish History. It consisted of 70 members, or 72 counting its president or "Rosh Sanhedrin", who was referred to as "Nasi" ['"Prince"], and its vice-president, called the "Av Beit Din", who held office similar to that of "Speaker of the House". The "Nasi" was usually the royal Davidic heir, while the High-Priest [the Aaronic primate] was usually the "Av Beit Din".

30. SIMON [I] "SADDIQ", the Tobaidite Line

31. SIRACH, governor 300/275, the Onaidite Line

32. AZALIA (ESLI), governor 275/250, a Jewish prince

33. ABIUD, famous Jewish prince, ancestor of the Abiudite Line

34. ANTIGONE "SOKO", a Jewish prince

35. ELIAKIM, son, governor (200), the Abiudite Line

36. AZOR, son

37. YOAZAR (YOEZAR), the Tobaidite Line

38. YOCHANAN, rival (200)

39. YOSSEI [JOSE[PH] I], Governor 175/150, the Tobaidite Line

40. SHETAH, Governor 150/125, son, whose sister, Salome, was the 1st wife of the Maccabee King Alexander Jannaeus (104/3-76BC)

41. SIMON [II], Governor 125/100, son, whose sister, Shelzion, was the 2nd wife of the Maccabee King Alexander Jannaeus (104/3-76BC)

42. JUDE, rival claimant versus the Maccabee King Alexander Jannaeus to the throne (100/ 75BC)

44.JESHUA BAR PERA[]YAH, claimant 88BC versus Maccabee, excuted by Romans 69BC

45. MATTHIAS [I] [MATTAI, or NITTAI HA-ARBELI"], was vice-president of the Sanhedrin under the "Nasi" [="Prince"] Jeshua Bar Perachyah (85-80)

46. JUDE [II], Governor 80-75, nephew

47A SHEM, co-ruler 75-70BC, distant cousin, claimant

47B EZAR [ELEAZAR], co-ruler 75-70BC, distant cousin, claimant

47C LEVI, co-ruler 75-70BC, distant cousin, claimant

48. JESUS BAR-PANTHER, claimant 88BC; Governor 70-63, son of Pandira, a Jewish prince, and, his mistress, Stada "The Harlot" [not Miriam]. He was "legitimized" by the Sadducees in the Sanhedrin but was opposed by the Pharisees who debarred him from the throne; rival claimant versus the Maccabee King Alexander Jannaeus; fled to Egypt 88BC, but later returned 76BC; opposed the Roman occupation of Jerusalem; crucified by the Romans 63BC. He, by wife, Bianca, begot Doris "of Jerusalem" [aka Sarah] (daughter), considered the dynasty's heiress at the time. No surprise, then, that she was the 1st wife of Herod "The Great", who overthrows the Maccabees and establishes his family on Judea's throne.

50A MATTHIAS [II], co-ruler

50B SHEMAYA, co-ruler

50C AVTALYON [PTOLLION], co-ruler

51. HONASEH, Governor 60/55BC, the Onaidite Line

52. ALAMYOS, Governor (50BC), son

53. JOACHIM, Governor 50/25BC, son

54. JOSEPH [III], Patriarch 45-41BC, the Tobaidite Line, distant-cousin, deposed 41BC, imprisoned & executed 35BC

55. JOSEPH IV/II, Patriarch 41-38BC, King Herod's brother, usurper

56. JOSEPH V, Patriarch 38-32BC, who succeeded his father in office upon his death in 38BC. Joseph V died childless in 32BC; and the office of "Nasi" was briefly vacant due to party-politics.

57. SHAMMAI, Prince (32BC)

58. YAAKOV (JACOB) "NASI" represented a major Davidic lineage descended from one of Zorobabel's "foreign wives", the Abiudite Line. His brothers were: Hizkiah "The Zealot" and Judas "of Gamala". Governor 32-23BC. He was executed in 23BC by King Herod on a trumped-up charge of sedition; after which King Herod appointed Judah Ben Bathyra to the patriarchate.

59. JUDAH BEN-BATHYRA, Patriarch 23-20BC, another Davidic descent-line, was appointed by King Herod to the office of "Nasi", that is, "Prince of Israel", whose family represented a non-royal branch of King David’s descendants. He resigned his office in 20BC, after only serving three years.

60. HILLEL [III] ["C"] "THE GREAT", Patriarch 20BC-AD10, came from Babylonia, and, according to tradition, belonged to King David's House, that is, he represented a collateral Davidic descent-line [Levi, in "R.E.J." xxxi. 202-211, xxxiii. 143]. He was appointed to the patriarchate by King Herod upon the resignation of Ben-Bathyra, circa 20BC. He was a great teacher of the Holy Scriptures. His family, the House of Hillel, held the patriarchate [= office of "Nasi"] with few exceptions for the next 400 years.

The Davidides were outclassed in the 2nd Century BC by the Hasmoneans, who grasped power and waged war to liberate the Jews of Israel-Palestine from the country’s occupation by the Syrians; and, to re-establish the Jewish state under themselves as the rulers establishing another dynasty, the MACCABEE.

section 7.1: the Maccabees, also called the Hasmoneans

The Maccabees were Levites, off-shoot of the Aaronic Line, descendants of Israel's high-priests. The Maccabees come into prominence and were able to seize power from the Davidides due to the in-fighting of the families of Davidic descent, which families each strove for supremacy over the others. The Maccabees, were so-called from the family’s most prominent member, Judas, whose nick-name was "Maccabeus", meaning "The Hammer".

01. JUDAS "MACCABEUS", 1st Ethnarch [governor] of Judea 165-162BC, founds the Jewish "commonwealth" (d161)

02. JONATHAN I [APPHUS], 2nd Ethnarch & 48th H-P 153-142BC

03. SIMON III [THASSI], 3rd Ethnarch & 49th H-P 142-135BC, bro, ethnarch 143-135

04. HYRCANUS I [JOHN], 4th Ethnarch 135-105BC & 50th High-Priest; changed style from "ethnarch" to "king", 129BC, 1st Maccabee King

05. ARISTOBULUS I, 2nd King of Maccabee Dynasty 105-104/103BC, & 51st High-Priest

06. ANTIGONUS I, 3rd King 104-103BC

07. ALEXANDER I JANNAEUS, 3rd King & 52nd H-P 103-76BC

08. ALEXANDRA I, Queen 76-67BC

09. HYRCANUS II, King 76-67 [1st time], 53rd H-P

10. ARISTOBULUS II, King 67-63 & 54th H-P

(09) HYRCANUS II, King 63-49 [2nd time] (ex 30BC)

11. ALEXANDER II, king, executed 49BC, rival-king 49BC

12. ALEXANDRA II, Queen 49-40/37, by 1st husband Mattathias, was mother of Alexander "Helios" [son] and Alexandra [dau], wife of Ptolemy Bar Mennius, Jewish Exilarch, from whom a descent-line may be traced to Europe

13. ANTIGONUS, King 40-37 (ex)

(12) ALEXANDRA II, Queen 37BC, 2nd time (six months) (ex 28BC), married thrice.

The Maccabee Dynasty was overthrown in the 1st Century BC by the Romans under the Roman Governor of Idumaea, the Herodian Dynasty, which usurped the Jewish throne. Similarly, the Essenes, arose to challenge the Herodian Dynasty and wrote the Qumran Literature. The Qumran Literature speaks of the hope of an ideal future king, the "Messiah", who comes from the Davidic Dynasty, who restores the Jewish kingdom, and, under Him, the Jews go on to world-domination. In the "Shemoneh Esreh" ["Eighteen Benedictions"], which came to be a standard Jewish prayer before the end of the 1st Century AD, we find a petition [the 14th Benediction] that the throne of David be re-established speedily in Jerusalem, and another petition [the 15th Benediction] that the off-spring of King David be exalted and caused to flourish.

The fall of Jerusalem to the Romans in 63BC made the Maccabee Kings the vassals to the Roman Emperors, and subject to the Roman Governors. The Romans appointed the Idumaean sheiks as the country's governors, who eventually succeeded the Maccabees on the throne.

The Herodians were a non-Jewish family of Idumaean [Edomite] origin. The Idumaeans were a tribe of the Edomites of Jordan who had settled in the southern region of Palestine called the Negev. They were subjugated by the Maccabees and had converted to Judaism. The Jews however were prejudice against them, and, just as they called the Samaritians, also called the Idumaeans "half Jews". The Herodians rose to power in Roman service. The founder of the family’s fortune was Antipater (d76/67BC), an Idumaean sheik, the father of three sons, Antipater, Phallion [whose daughter, Berenice [I], was King Herod’s 10th wife], and Joseph [I]. The junior Antipater was appointed Governor of Judea by the Roman dictator Julius Caesar (47BC). He was the father of three sons, Phasel, Joseph [II], and Herod. Phasel succeeded his father in office as Governor of Judea (43BC). Joseph [II] was appointed "Patriarch" of Jerusalem. And, the other brother, Herod "The Great", his brother’s army-commander, with a Roman army, overthrew the Maccabees, and established his family, called the Herodians after him, on the Israeli throne. Herod was confirmed on the throne by Mark Anthony, and was crowned by Augustus Caesar in a ceremony in Rome. He reigned 37-4BC.

The Sanhedrin during the Herodian Period was restricted in its authority by the Roman Empire to domestic matters.

The office of High-Priest declined in authority under the Herodian kings, who appointed the high-priests for political purposes, and the office ceased to exist upon the destruction of the Second Temple in AD70.

The office of "Nasi" [="Prince"] or "Patriarch" of Jerusalem was stripped of its secular powers, and became no more than an honorary position under the Herodians.

The Davidides were dispossessed, spoiled, and persecuted both by the Maccabees and the Herodians as rival claimants to Israel's throne, and later after Christ's appearance [the messiah-principle], were persecuted by the Romans as rival-claimants to the caesars for the world-throne.

02. SIMON [V] "of Perea" [Peraea], senior Davidic heir, whom King Herod had made his slave, in a bid to restore the Davidic Dynasty proclaimed himself king upon King Herod's death in opposition to Herod's son Archelaus, who was as unpopular among the people as his father had been in his latter years. Simon "of Per[a]ea" set the diadem on his own head in the late king's palace. Simon organized some followers, who recognize him as king in their fanaticism, and gathered an army of followers, who were mostly religious fanatics, who recognize him as their king during the unsettled conditions of affairs that followed King Herod's death. The self-styled king Simon [III] was defeated in battle, captured following the battle, and was executed by General Gatus, the military-general of the Herodians, in 4BC. He died childless, thus, the senior-line of the dispossessed Davidic royal house ends. The death of Prince Simon meant the extinction of the Tobitite-Line of the Davidic Dynasty; and, its collateral-line, the Onaidite-Line, ended with daughters about the sametime. That was the end of the male-line descendants of Meshullam, Zorobabel's eldest son by his 3rd [Jewish] wife, whereupon, the male-line descendants of Hananiah, Zorobabel's second-son by his 3rd [Jewish] wife, and Meshullam's full-brother, came in line for the throne. Too, about 40/35BC, in anticipation of the failure of the Davidic Dynasty's senior-line the Sanhedrin legitimated the descendants of Zorobabel’s "foreign wives" [his 1st and 2nd marriages] to supply more eligible candidates for the throne. These were (a) the Abiudite Line, and (b) the Rhesaite Line, which had been bastardized by Ezra "The Scribe", c. 450BC, cause they had been spawned by "foreign wives". These were the ancestors of Christianity's "Holy Family". The Pelatiahite Line was also legitimated by the Sanhedrin at that time.

03. HIZKYA (HEZEKIAH) (EZEKIAS) "THE ZEALOT", claimant, was with difficulty caught by King Herod and executed 4BC; his son, Judas "The Zealot" "of Galilee", carried on where his father had left off as the leader of his father's old followers but was defeated in another battle that same year, 4BC, and, like his father, was captured and executed. Later, his sons Simon (exAD47) & Jacob (exAD47) were crucified by Tiberius Julius Alexander, the Roman Governor, as revolutionaries.

04. JUDAS "THE ZEALOT" of Galilee, son, became the leader of his late father's old followers; was defeated in battle by the Roman Governor of Syria, Publius Quinctilius Varus, who marched into Judea to restore order, was captured and executed in 4BC.

05. ATHRONGES "THE SHEPHERD", a Davidide prince, one of five sons, whose father was representative of the Pelatiahite Line, whose family had suffered persecution by King Herod during his persecution of King David's House, claimed the throne following the death of Prince Simon, as the dynasty's next male-line heir. His primary-descent from "Prince" Pelatiah (above) made him the senior heir of the Davidic Dynasty upon the failure of Meshullam's male-line descendants in 4BC. Athronges put on the diadem, held council, and pressed hard against the Romans and Herodian troops, but was defeated and killed in battle. He was survived by five sons, who were:

(1)/(42A) Theudas, a bishop, killed AD 44/46, who married into "The Holy Family", and was an elder in the Jerusalem Church. He held the office of "prophet" in the Jerusalem Church, and had been one of "The Seventy" [which was an official group of Jesus’ followers, second only to "The Twelve"] disciples, whom Josephus called a "wizard" because he worked miracles. After the failed coup in Jerusalem Theudas led his supporters to escape the persecution of the Christians in Jerusalem during the consulate of Cuspius Fadus, the Roman Procurator, in AD 44, and sought refuge across the Jordan River, however, he and his followers were pursued, overcome, and slaughtered by Roman troops. His wife, Miriam, older half-sister of Joseph of Nazareth and his brothers was by him the mother of at least five sons and three daughters.

(2)/(42B) Amram, fl. circa AD 44/46, the father of (43) Alexander "The Zealot" (AD50), the father of (44) Aimar, who fled to France AD50, and may have been the ancestor of a regional-line of Gallo-Roman French dukes

(3)/(42C) Hanibas (Annibas), fl. circa AD 44/46.

(4)/(42D) Dinai, the father of (43) Eleazar "The Zealot", killed AD60, the father of (44) Moshe (Moshi), executed AD60; &

(5)/(42E) Perisha, the father of (43) Tahinas "Asida" (44/46), who in turn led armed patriotic Jewish bands.

06. ARCHELAUS, succeeded his father HEROD "THE GREAT", as king and reigned 4BC-AD6.

07. JUDAS "OF GAMALA" , or "THE GALILEAN", following the flight of the sons of Athronges (above), came forth as the "royal Davidic heir"; and, following the deposition of Archelaus, AD6, gathered a following supported by Zaddok, a Pharisee, and revolted against the Romans in the time of Quintilius Varus. The Roman Governor, Coponius, was incapable of suppressing the rebellion; so he called upon the governor of [adjacent] Syria, Publius Sulpicius Quirinius, to come and help him. Quirinius defeated Judas "of Gamala" in battle, who was captured and executed, and dispersed his followers, the "zealots".

09. SIMEON I HA-NASI was Palestinian Patriarch AD 10-26 in the succession of Jewish princes [="Nasi'im"].

note: JESUS "of Nazareth", among other claimants

There was at that time in human history a general expectation throughout the whole civilized world of the coming of the Messiah according to the "signs of the times" or "signs" prophesied in ancient Jewish holy scripture which were known worldwide. There was a general feeling throughout the Roman Empire that human history was coming to a climax that the cosmic battle of good and evil, light and darkness, was finally to consummate. This was the high-water mark in a new form of religious thought, i.e., eschatology, or the study of events at the time of "the latter days" in which the world would end in a great apocalypse, ushering in a new world order of peace, prosperity, and plenty, which Jesus promised to "all who would come".

The resurrection and the phenomenon that was associated with the nature of the risen Christ was enough to convince most that they were in the presence of an other-dimensional being who He represented Himself as God to Abraham and the Hebrew patriarchs. Discussing time travel, dematerialization, and inter-dimensional travel is beyond the scope of this study. Yet, we can only refer back to Abraham, on the Hebron plains where extraterrestrial [heavenly] visitors [angels] presented themselves to him and informed him of the soon arrival of a son by his wife Sarah [who was past age], and the destruction of the cities Sodom and Gomorrah. The fact that they ate with Abraham suggests material existence. It could be safe to say, in like manner, Saul/Paul met Jesus in person on the Damascus road. Maybe Jesus did come back to meet St. Paul, this time, the divine returns and intersects the human dimensions of man. Jesus was the pre-incarnate cosmic Christ, the creator of the universe, the creator of the planet earth and all that dwell upon it. He is the creator of all the angelic hosts, the spirit universe and all the other forms of life that He found pleasing to create. Jesus as the "door" is the "star gate" to the spiritual dimensions of The Almighty One.

10. AGRIPPA, King 37-44. The last year of his reign he appointed Gamaliel I "The Elder" to office as the Patriarch of Jerusalem AD 43-68. Gamaliel "The Elder" was both "prince" [="nasi"] [of Israel] and president of the Sanhedrin at Jerusalem. He was the originator of many legal ordinances.

11. JOSEPH "OF GAMALA", incited the inhabitants of Gamala to revolt against (09) HEROD AGRIPPA II, King 48/53-66, and hence also the Romans, when the Romans took the city, AD66.

12. JESUS JUSTUS was officially proclaimed "royal Davidic heir" at the synagogue in Corinth Year AD53 and duly received the Davidic Crown Prince's title of "Justus", i.e., "the Righteous" (Acts 18:7). He went to Rome where he made his residence.

13. ARISTOBULUS [Arwystli Hen], sometimes identified with Herod Agrippa's uncle, was executed by the Romans at Verulamium [St. Albans], Britain, Year AD59.

14. JESUS, the son of Ananias, another messiah figure, was arrested Year AD62. He was lucky in that the Romans decided that he was only delusional and released him.

Nero's regime had caused considerable political nervousness and temperatures were raised to dangerous heights in the Middle East.

In 66 CE, there was another outbreak of messianic revolt. According to Josephus, "What more than all else incited them to the war was an ambiguous oracle, likewise found in their sacred scriptures, to the effect that at that time one from their country would become ruler of the world. This they understood to mean someone of their own race and/or family, and their wise men went astray in their interpretation of it" (Jewish War 6:312-313). One of the claimants to the Davidic throne at this time was Menahem, the grandson of Judas the Galilean. He and his followers entered Herod the Great's arsenal on Masada, armed themselves, and returned to Jerusalem, proclaiming him king (Jewish War 2.433-434). He was killed by followers of Eleazar, the son of the High Priest Ananias, when he entered the Temple "adorned with royal clothing" (Jewish War 2.444). Another, Simon bar Gjora, gathered a following of 40,000 by promising freedom to slaves and rewards for others. They entered Jerusalem, where they expelled John of Gischala, another messianic leader, and set Bar Gjora up as their king. He surrendered at the fall of Jerusalem to the Romans in AD 70 and was executed in Rome.

In AD 66, sporadic fighting broke out in Israel between the Zealotes and Romans. The hostility quickly moved to Jerusalem, where the Zealotes gained a number of strategic positions. They held the city for four years until a massive Roman army led by Flavius Titus arrived in AD 70, laying Jerusalem to waste [as Jesus had so rightly predicted a generation earlier]. The Temple was destroyed and Jerusalem fell with it. Most of the inhabitants were slaughtered; the survivors were marched off into exile in Southern France or were sold into slavery; and the Holy City was an empty ruin for the next six decades.

15. MENAHEM II, a Davidic prince, entered Jerusalem in great pomp and ceremony as a king with a large entourage, following King Herold Agrippa II’s departure, and was acclaimed by the city’s citizens as the country’s next king, in the continuation of the Jewish Monarchy as an institution, and claimed to have restored the Davidic Dynasty back on the throne. King 66-67. He had a quarrel with the High-Priest [who may have had some doubts about Menahem’s title], Ananias (62-66), who became his bitter enemy. It is written that the death of the High-Priest Ananias, so puffed up Menahem, that he became barbarously cruel which turned public opinion against him. He appointed Jeshua IV as High-Priest. (66-67) It was Menahem’s goal to restore the ancient Hebrew Monarchy of "Israel", of all twelve tribes, and he re-named Judea, "Israel". The next year, AD67,and, while, King Menahem had gone to the temple to worship in a royal state ceremony with pompous trappings, wearing splendid royal garments, accompanied by the royal-household-guard and cavalry, which wore uniforms and shining armor breast-plates, was attacked by "the Zealots" under their leader, Eleazar "The Zealot", who had turned against him. He raised a street-mob of the city’s citizens, and attacked the temple, seized many of the nobles of Menahem’s entourage and also numerous temple-priests, including the High-Priest, Jeshua IV, who, among others, were killed by the riotous street-mob which had even invaded the temple. "The Zealots" took over most of the temple. Menaham held out in the temple for a while. The murder of Eleazar "The Zealot" in the city-wide riots, and the chaotic situation in the city that followed allowed Menahem and all the others in his entourage to escape. John "of Giscala", another Davidic prince, entered the city with another army during the city-wide riots and the rioters acclaimed him as king. Menahem, then, perceived that the whole city and gone over for John "of Giscala", and, he and his entourage of government-ministers and state-officers and the royal-household-guards and their families hastily departed Jerusalem and retreated to the armory at Fort Masada, and used the fort as his base. Menahem, there, planned the recapture of Jerusalem, as Israel’s king, however, the Jewish Civil-War suddenly turned into the Roman War of AD67-73, and Menahem, still regarding himself as king, departed to return to Jerusalem, but was intercepted at Ophla by a company of Jewish soldiers under the leadership of the famous Jewish captain Eleazar (dAD67), son of the earlier Jewish pretender Simon (ex AD47), who confined him to the city's jail, where he was tortured with many sorts of torments by his jailors at whose hands he died a horrible death. His nephew, Eleazar Ben Jair [Yair], was appointed by King Menahem as the commander of the Masada "freedom-fighters" before his departure for Jerusalem on that ill-fated venture. Fort Masada held out against the Romans besieging the great-fortress [thought to have been impregnable] under Eleazar Ben Jair until AD73 when the Masada Fort fell to the Romans who were horrified at what they saw. "Prince" Eleazar had exhorted his fellow countrymen to prefer death rather than slavery, and, when it became necessary, to kill first their families and then themselves. The Romans found all its inhabitants had committed mass suicide.

16. JOHN "OF GISCALA" [Gischala], another Davidic prince, had been invited to Jerusalem by his supporters. The city's citizens acclaimed him king, however, he proclaimed the Jewish state a republic recognizing God alone as king and ruler and His laws as supreme. It was an attempt to revive the old Mosaic System of the "judges" begun by Moses, Israel’s first "Judge" [governor], and to make the "Torah" the country’s constitution, once more. Governor 67-69. He appointed Jeshua VI as High-Priest (67-69) to fill the vacancy created by the death of his predecessor at the hands of the city-wide riotous extremists, which had invested him [John "of Giscala"] in power. John "of Giscala" provided leadership for the widespread popular rebellion against the Romans. He succeeded in routing the troops of the Roman Governor, Gessius Florus, and even those of C. Cestius Gallus, the Legate of Syria, who came to his assistance. Nero then sent out another of his generals, Vespasian, who defeated John "of Giscala" in a battle, in AD68. The country, tired of the orthodox tyranny of John "of Giscala", sent the Jerusalem elders to the headquarters of Simon Bar Gjora at Geresa, and invited him to take the throne. John "of Giscala" and his followers withdrew into the Temple, and closed themselves inside, while Simon Bar Gjora reigned in the city as king. Later, John "of Giscala" was captured, sent to Rome, tried before the Roman Senate, given a sentence of life in prison, and is said to have died [probably poisoned] later that year while in custody. The priest Matthias [III], the candidate of the extremist-party, the "Zealots", had replaced his pragmatic predecessor, Year AD69, as High-Priest, upon his predecessor’s deposition by the city’s elders, the same ones who had invited Simon Bar Gjora to take the throne. Simon Bar Gjora entered Jerusalem in the spring of AD69, to the rejoicing of the furious fanaticism of the city’s citizens, and was accepted by the city’s elders as the country’s king.

Meantime, SIMON X/IX, Palestinian Patriarch, took charge of affairs and briefly reigned in Jerusalem as regent AD 68-69.

17. SIMON "BAR GJOR[A]" was Judea's last king (69-70). His mother was an Herodian princess, called "The Idumean" or "The Proselyte", while his Jewish father was a royal Davidic prince. He resided in the town of Gerasa, which was headquarters of his war-band of patriots, and entered Jerusalem on the invitation of the city’s elders and was crowned "King of The Jews" by the High-Priest Matthias III. He appointed the country’s last High-Priest, Phannias (69-70). His coins bore a religious aspect to Simon's claim to the throne. The fact that he wore a royal robe in the temple indicates that he had been anointed king. His whole reign was occupied with the 1st Jewish War against the Romans.

In May, 70, Titus placed Jerusalem under siege, and on August 28th, after Jerusalem had been weakened by famine, it was taken and the Second Temple was destroyed after six centuries of existence, and a thousand years after Solomon had constructed the first. There was never to be a third. Other parts of the city held out for another month and some fortresses in Judea held out still longer. The last stand was the town of Masda on the western shores of the Dead Sea, 35 miles southeast of Jerusalem, which held out till AD 73.

He could not breakout of the besieged city, however, he put up an heroic defense against the Romans. Vespasian, as one of the Roman Emperor Nero’s generals, began the siege of Jerusalem in AD 69, but upon the news of the suicide of Nero after the Roman Senate had deposed him the year before and that there was a struggle for the imperial throne going on in Rome among a series of usurpers, Galba (AD68-69), Otho (AD69), and Vitellius (AD69). Vespasian turned the command of the Roman Army in Israel over to his son, Titus, to continue Jerusalem’s siege, while he took off for Rome. He overthrew the usurper Vitellius, and Vespasion established himself on the imperial throne (AD69), ending the chaos which followed Nero’s deposition by the Roman Senate, which had sought to restore the old Roman republic, however, the Roman Army did not support the Senate and nominated its own candidates for the imperial throne, and cowed the Senate into accepting them. The siege of Jerusalem proper began in the spring of Year 70, before "Passover". The city’s gates were eventually battered open on the 9th of August AD 70 and the Romans poured into the city and fought the Jewish Army in street-to-street fighting, massacred its citizens whole-sale, plundered the city of its wealth, and put to the torch the city’s great buildings, among which the "Second" Temple was destroyed as well as the royal palace, and also the mausoleum which housed King David’s Tomb. David's Tomb survives and still may be seen today. It had been the royal crypt of the ancient Jewish kings, and contains today their mangled bones. By September AD 70 the city had been taken. Simon and the high-ranking government-ministers, officials, and agents, the army-generals, and the royal household staff, with the household-guard [the royal body-guard] for protection, took refuge in the city's subterranean passages, while the Romans laid the city waste. Hunger, however, drove him to come forth. He startled the Roman soldiers by his sudden appearance and that of his entourage. Simon Bar Gjora [King Simon V] formally surrendered the Jewish Nation to Terentius Rufus, who was left to command of the army there. He sent the Jewish king and his entourage to Titus, who had Simon scourged, put in chains, and paraded naked through the streets of Rome at the head of a train of about 70,000 naked former Jewish soldiers in his "triumph" at Rome, with Titus ceremoniously entering Rome at the head of the Roman Army, to the cheers of the city’s citizens, some soldiers carrying the spoils of the sack of Jerusalem including the Temple furniture, in AD73 following the conclusion of the "Jewish War". The Romans captured the last stronghold of Jewish patriots, who held-out at Fort Masada, where 960 men, women, and children killed themselves rather than surrender. And, Simon "Bar Gjora" was executed by crucifixion as "King of The Jews", following the victory procession of Titus' "Triumph" in Rome. His ceremonial surrender and execution shows that the Romans recognized him as the king of his nation. The whole entourage of Simon’s government-ministers and military officers were executed also, that is, all except for the royal household servants who were released and all of them went their separate ways. The Jewish Exiles whom Titus had gathered for mass deportation were re-settled in Province, France, governed by a Roman prefect, who was usually a Jewish prince in Roman service.

Following the Jewish Revolt in Jerusalem in AD66-73, the Roman authorities were reputed to have burned all records [public and private] concerning the Davidic sovereign legacy of Jesus' family. However, the destruction was far from complete and relevant documents were retained by the royal inheritors, who progressed the heritage of the Messiah from the Holy Land into the West. These inheritors were called the "Desposyni" ["the Lord's kin"] and they were pursued by Roman dictate, to be put to the sword by imperial command. Writing as long afterwards as AD 200, the historian Julius Africanus confirmed that the persecution was still formally operative, although the "Desposyni" remained politically active by way of a strict dynastic progression.

18. JOHANAN BEN ZAKKAI, a Davidic prince, held office of "prefect" in Roman service, in his capacity of "Nasi" and/or "Patriarch" of the Jewish communities (70-80). The office of "Nasi" and/or "Patriarch" once again became a very important institution in Jewish life after the passing of the Herodians.

The Sanhedrin was disbanded in AD 70, and the Jewish Nasi'im [= "Prince of Israel"] again became the focus of the Jewish communities scattered throughout the Roman Empire; just as the Jewish inhabitants of the Persian Empire recognized the Jewish Exilarch as their master.

With Jerusalem in ruins, the capital was moved to Yavne [Jabneh], near Tel Aviv, by "Prince" Johanan Ben Zakkai, who seized the principate from the Hillelite heir with Roman support. He re-established a national Jewish authority, the Sanhedrin, whose surviving members returned to their seats.

Following the holocaust of AD70 Jerusalem lay in ruins; some of its former inhabitants, who had fled the city just before the siege, returned and resettled the city [including the Christian community which having been fore-warned by angels retired to Pella, escaping the city's siege].

19. JUDAH BEN-BATHYRA, claimant during an interim c. AD 80-90

20. GAMALIEL II, reigned as "Nasi" (90-110), was head of the assembly at Jabneh, which took the place of the Sanhedrin in Jerusalem, which lay in ruins; undertook a trip to Rome Year 95 summoned by the Roman Emperor Domitian, who after interviewing him dropped all charges and allowed him to leave [note: his sister, Imme-Shalom, was the wife of Eliezer Ben Hyrcanus, ancestor of the early counts of Salms]

21. SHLOMO [BEN HUNYA], Babylonian Exilarch 90-120, sided with the Parthians and campaigned versus the Romans with a Jewish army 115-116.

22. [JOSHUA], who represented another Davidic descent-line, and reigned in association with LUCIUS QUIETUS, one of Trajan's generals, 110-132, who was rewarded with the governorship of Judea in reward for suppressing the Jewish uprising of 115-116.

It was during Trajan's rule (115-117), that one Lukuas, who was also called Andreas, proclaimed himself king and led the Jews to rebel against Roman rule once again. His followers destroyed pagan temples and killed their enemies brutally. According to Dio Cassius, "In all two hundred and twenty thousand persons perished" (Roman History 68.32.1-3). In the backlash against this revolt, the Jews of Alexandria were almost entirely annihilated by the Romans.

The visit of Rabbi Akiva to Nehardea, Babylonia, to meet with the Exilarch and to raise men and supplies for another war with the Romans, and returns to Israel/Palestine Year 130.

Jews from Babylonia enrolled themselves under Bar Kokhba, who prepares for war with Rome Year 131.

The un-settled conditions finally came to a head in the so-called 2nd Jewish War (132-135). The final great rebellion of the Jews against Roman rule was led by Simon Bar Kosiba in AD 132-135. Dio Cassius records that the 2nd Jewish War was sparked by Hadrian’s attempt to build a Roman temple to the Roman Father-God Jupiter on the site of the former Jewish "Second" Temple on Temple-Mount in Jerusalem. The Roman Emperor Hadrian endeavoring to establish cultural uniformity, issued several repressive edicts, which sparked the rebellion of Simon [VII] Bar-Kochba [Simon Ben Kosibah], the "royal Davidic heir" [the "Son of David"], who used the rebellion as a vehicle to press his claim to the throne.

23. BAR-KOCHBA proclaimed himself "King of Israel" Year AD 132, and re-founds the Jewish Monarchy and priesthood. He re-institutes the daily-sacrifices on Temple-Mount; and began rebuilding the Jewish Temple. King 132-135. He appointed a High-Priest, Eleazar. And, appointed the Rabbi Aqiva to head the Sanhedrin. He restored the kingdom and monarchy and preserved the elaborate administrative bureaucracy that the Romans had set up. He also minted his own coins.

He claimed that he was the prophesied "star" in Numbers 24:17-19 ["I see him, but not now; I behold him, but not near; a star [Heb. "kochba"] shall come out of Jacob, and a scepter shall rise out of Israel, who shall rule my people."] His followers referred to him as Simon Bar Kochba, i.e., Simon, "Son of a Star", making an allusion to the messianic prophecy in the Hebrew scriptures.

This was a revolt that could not be readily supported by those Jews who regarded Jesus as the true Messiah, and this sticking point probably represents the beginning of the re-identification of Christianity from one of several Jewish denominations to a completely separate, non-Jewish religion. Bar Kochba insisted that Jewish Christians must accept his role as the Jewish Messiah and imposed the death penalty on those who refused to do so. Thus, the adherence of Jewish Christians to the belief that Jesus had been the true Messiah placed them outside the royal grace. Jewish Christians referred to Bar Kosiba derisively as Bar Koziba, "Son of a Lie". Bar Kochba, for his part, considered the refusal of Jewish Christians to recognize his messianic status as treason and ordered them tortured or killed if they did not accept him and curse Jesus. From this point on, the split between Christianity and Judaism was irrevocable.

Though Israel/Palestine was occupied by Roman troops, the Roman governor, Tineius Rufus, was helpless. The Roman governor of Syria, Publicius Marcellus, came to his aid, but was turned-back by the Jews under Bar-Kochba; and, eventually the Roman Emperor Hadrian had to send his best general, Sextus Julius Severus, recalling him from Britain, who besieged Jerusalem. He was joined by Hadrian, who marched on Jerusalem, and reinforced the siege. Bar-Kochba put up an heroic defense, but the city fell after a long process of starving out the city's citizens. Bar-Kochba, escaped, and made a last stand at Beth-ter [modern Bittir, 6 miles WSW of Jerusalem], where he was captured and executed AD 135, following a 3-year reign.

The 2nd Jewish War was followed by another persecution of King David's descendants. The Jerusalem Church, the "Mother-Church", also called the Christian Caliphate and/or Nazarene Sanhedrin, was closed; and Hadrian executed its 15th High-Apostle, Jude, whose office, "Chief-Apostle", was held by its own nominee for "royal Davidic heir" chosen "by lot" from among the "desposyni", that is, "The Master's Kin". His "supposed" son, Mark, who, rebelled the next year, 136, re-gathered the Nazarene-Sanhedrin, but the uprising was crushed and the Nazarene-Sanhedrin was closed again by Hadrian; and the Davidic heir Mark was captured and executed in 138. His brother/or son, Pius, was taken hostage to Rome, and may be identified with Pope Pius, 10th Bishop of Rome.

Hadrian razed Jerusalem to build a new capital-city for the empire, called "Aelia Capitolina", but the Roman government was never relocated there from Rome. Hadrian closed the Judaic Sanhedrin at Jabneh, and prohibited the study of the "Torah". His successor, Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius reversed Hadrian's edicts and allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem and practice their own religion.

Meantime, the Babylonian exilarchate had a change in dynasties with the end of the 1st Dynasty of Babylonian Exilarchs and the devolvement of the "sovereignty" to another branch of the Davidic Dynasty which became the 2nd Dynasty of Babylonian Exilarchs, circa AD 130.

(continuance of the Israeli/Jewish "Nesi'im")

24. SIMON [III], 135-165, was unsure of his position due to the presence of the rival claimant Nathan, who came from the Babylonian Exilarch's House; the failure of the conspiracy led by the rabbis to replace the "Nasi" Simon with the "Nasi" Judah, gave Simon a sense of ease.

25. JUDAH I HA-NASI, 165-217, compiled the "Mishna" [= collection of laws; includes legal debates & decisions; religious rituals; ethics; etc.] He was the first of Hillel's descendants and successors to whose name the title of hereditary dignity, "Ha-Nasi" ]["the prince"] was added as a permanent epithet. The epithet "holy" [Shab. 118b; Yer. Meg. 74a; Sanh. 29c] is messianic and analogous to the epithet "divus" used to designate Roman emperors ["Ha-Haluz", ii. 93]. The splendor of the "nasi'im's" court was due to the favor of the Roman emperors. The "nasi'im's court was compared to that of the Roman emperor [Ber. 43a, 57b]. His wealth was legendary. The "Nasi" Judah is said to have opened his granaries and distributed corn among the needy during a famine. He lived and died at Sepphoris, where is tomb may still be seen.

26/68. GAMALIEL III, 217-225, concluded the revision of the "Mishna", begun by his father. [note: his brother, name unsure, was the ancestor of Moshe Maimonides (d1204), who founded a dynasty of the Nagids in Egypt: the Maimonidean Dynasty]

27/69. JUDAH II [JUDE "NESI'AH" = "HA-NASI"], 225-245, moved the seat of the patriarch to Tiberias. He is especially known for his decrees; one of which said that the leader is adapted to the time in which he is called to leadership, and that he must not be blamed for his own incapacity. He is identified with the "Patriarch JOULLOS" with whom the Christian saint Origen conversed on Bible subjects on an occasion when they both were at Caesarea, Israel/Palestine.

28/70. MAZABANES (d266), Patriarch 245-250

71. GAMALIEL IV, 250-265, was dissuaded from issuing an ordinance for farmers to tithe their crops

72. JUDAH III, 265-330, organized schools for children in Palestinian cities. The most important event in Judah III's patriarchate was the visit of the Roman Emperor Diocletian to Israel/Palestine. He was called upon hurriedly to visit the emperor at Caesarea Philippi, and his extraordinary quick journey there from Tiberias entered into Jewish folklore. He was buried in the Hillel Family's tomb at Sepphoris.

73. HILLEL [IV], 330-365, all Jews everywhere depended for the legal observance of the feasts upon the calendar sanctioned by the Judean Sanhedrin under the "Nasi" [="Prince"]/or "Patriarch", but the arrest of the messengers who traveled to distant congregations to convey the patriarch's decisions started a religious persecution of the Jews by the Romans. As the persecution continued, Hillel II issued a decree that provided for an "authorized calendar", which had the unforeseen effect of severing the ties which united the Jews of the Diaspora to their mother country and to the patriarchate. The Roman Emperor Julian was particularly gracious to Hillel, whom he honored on numerous occasions. The "Bordeaux Pilgrim" reports the Jews anoint the "lapis perfusus" rock near Hadrian's statutes on Temple Mount (AD332). He was given permission in AD 361 by the Roman Emperor Julian "The Apostate" to starting rebuilding their [third] temple, but the emperor's early death in 363 put an early end to the project.

74. GAMALIEL V, 365-380, perfected the Jewish calendar; was incensed at the Roman Consul Esychius, who by fraud obtained important papers from him which turned into a scandal that caught the attention of the Roman Emperor Theodosius "The Great", who executed Esychius.

75. JUDAH IV, 380-400, under him the Palestinian "Talmud" was completed, circa 390, which is a commentary of the "Mishna", and, also is an encyclopedia covering almost everything.

76. GAMALIEL VI, 400-415/425, deposed by the Byzantine Emperor Theodosius II, who abolished the Palestinian Patriarchate (AD425). In the fifth century there was renewed anti-Semitic legislation by the Roman Senate. The Roman Senate passed a law in 415 that prohibited the construction of any new synagogues. In 425 the Palestinian Patriarchate was abolished, though it reappears about a century later under a new dynasty of "nasi'im". The taxes gathered by the Jewish "Nasi" were thereafter diverted into the imperial treasury. There is reference that Gamaliel VI was also a physician, whom the writer calls "Gamalielus Patriarcha". He died 426, and was survived by three sons, who were:

01. AHIJA[H] (above), the 44th Babylonian Exilarch, 135-145, in succession from the ancient Jewish king [Je]Coniah (Jehoiachin), the "1st" Exilarch, founds new [2nd] dynasty of exilarchs. The enumeration of Jewish exilarchs begins over again with Prince Ahija[h], who founds the Second-Dynasty, which indicates a rupture in the system, similar to the "Act of Settlement" of 1701 which redirected the British succession to [and through] another descent-line. The House of Ahija[h], i.e., the Ahijahite Line, continued to sit at Nehardea from King [Je]Coniah's time; sent letter to Palestinian "Nasi" at Usha, c. 140; conflict between he and the Israeli [or, Palestinian] rabbinic authorities.

(1)/(46A) Nak[h]um II, 2nd Exilarch

(2)/(46B) Johanan [II] (Yochanan; Yohanna), 3rd Exilarch

(3)/(46C) Nathan, who went to Palestine, & rivaled the "Nasi" Simeon III, 135-160, father of Rav (d247), who returned from Israel AD219

02. NAKHUM [II], 145-170, sent letter to the Palestinian "Nasi" and the Sanhedrin at Bet She'arim, c 170. His brother, Nathan, went to Palestine, and by virtue of his Davidic ancestry gained a following among Palestinian Jews to displace the Hillelite "Nasi" Simon [Bar Gamaliel], but the conspiracy against the Palestinian Patriarch collapsed due to the failure of the Palestinian Jews to rise up in his support. He was subsequently among the confidants of the patriarchal house, and in intimate relations with the Jewish Palestinian "Nasi" (135-165). His grandson, Rav[a], returned to the exilarchal house in Babylonia, AD 219, and died in AD 247.

03. JOHANAN [II], 3rd Exilarch 170-175

04. SHAPHAT (SHAF[T]) (SHEPOT), 4th Exilarch 175-195

(1)/(48A) [C]hiyya, 9th Exilarch

(2)/(48B) Hanan (Annan; Anani), 10th Exilarch, ancestor of a major descent-line

(3)/(48C) Joash, father of (49) Avraham, father of (50) Micah, had issue

05. HUNA I, 5th Exilarch 195-210, sent letter to the Israeli/Palestinian Nasi and another to the Sanhedrin at Sepphoris, c 200

issue: (48) Yakob I, 6th Exilarch

06/48 YAKOB I, 6th Exilarch 210-215, father of (49) Hama, father of (50) Joseph, father of (51) Rava "Gaon" (d352)

07. MAR-UKBA I [NATHAN], 7th Exilarch 215-240, the arrival of Rav at exilarch's court at Nehardea, and established the Academy of Sura, AD 219; sent letter to the Palestinian Nasi and the Sanhedrin at Tiberias, c 235; had been intimate friend of the last Parthian King Artabanus V [IV] (213-227)

08. HUNA II, 8th Exilarch 240-259, intimate friend of the new Persian Shah, Shapor I, whose favor the Jews enjoyed during his long reign; shortly before he died he began making preparations for the oncoming war with the Romans which obviously was on the horizon.

(1)/49A) Nathan I, 11th Exilarch

(2)/(49B) Nosson I, 12th Exilarch

(3)/(49C) Peninah (dau), wife of Yosef

09. [C]HIYYA, 9th Exilarch 259-260, last exilarch at Nehardea, city destroyed by Odenathus, King of Palmyra (259/260), under Roman vassalage; many rabbis escaped to Pumbedita, which became the seat of a celebrated Jewish college [or, academy]

(1)/(49A) Yakob II, 13th Exilarch

(2)/(49B) Pedat, father of (50) Eleazar, father of (51) Nazor, father of (52) Papa "Gaon" (d375)

(3)/(49C) Yudah, father of (50) Ezekiah (d299), father of (51) Hobah (daughter), wife of Huna "Gaon" (d297)

10. HANAN (ANNAN; ANANI), 10th Exilarch (260), ancestor of a major descent-line, transferred the seat of the exilarchate to Sura; ancestor of the "Hananite Line", which divided into two great branches descended from the twin-brothers (67A) Hiyya (690) and (67B) Ravya (700) (below)

(49) Nathan, son of (10) Hanan (Annan; Anani), 10th Exilarch (above), father of

(50) Chochana (Khokhna), father of

(51) Khanna, father of

(53/52) Huna, father of

(54/53) Marima, father of

(55/54) [C]Hanina, father of

(55) Chunah (Khanna), father of

(56) Nissan, father of

(57) Khunai, father of

(58) Yosi (d516), father of

(59) Eina (d540), father of

(60C) Huna (d555) [bro of (60A) Giza & (60B) Sama], father of

(61) Kahana (Chana[n]) (d589), father of

(62) Dimi Bephizur Sheva, father of

(63) Mari Sorgo Gaon (609), father of

(64) Chana[n] "Gaon", father of

(65) Isaac "Gaon" (660), father of

(66) Sheshna, the father of

(1)/(67A) HIYYA (690) [twin], ancestor of the Hiyyate Line (below)

(2)/(67B) RAVYA (700)[twin], ancestor of the Ravyate Line (below)

The Hiyyate Line ended with an heiress, who married a distant cousin, an heir in the ancestral-line of "The Maharal of Prague"; and, the Ravyate Line [also] ended with an heiress, who [also] married a distant cousin in the ancestral-line of "The Maharal of Prague", see

(1)/(68A) Papa, father of (69) Ahunai Kahana (d768)

(2)/(68B) Amunah, father of (69) Natroni Kahana (d759) (below)

(3)/(68C) Huna, father of (69) Hanina Kahana (d776)

issue of (69) Natroni Kahana (d759) (above) was:

(70) Yaakov Kahana (d812), father of

(71) Mesharsheya (Moshe), Gaon of Sura 832-843, father of three sons, who were:

(1)/(72a) Ravi, father of (73) Matityahu "Gaon" (d868), father of (74) Ahai, father of (75) Mar Joseph Rav, father of (76) Tzadok Kahana (d935), father of (77) [name unsure] (daughter), wife of Hophni (d963), see ancestral-line of "Maharal"

(2)/(72b) Sheshna, father of (73) Amram, Gaon of Sura 858-876

(3)/(72c) Ammi, father of (73) Abba (d869)

(68) Nachman (below), father of three sons

(1)/69A) Judah, Gaon of Sura 757-761/or 760-764, father of (70) Shila, father of (71) Yosef (d804)

(2)/(69B) Dodai, Gaon of Pumbedita 761-767 (below)

(3)/(69C) Achai (760), father of (70) Malcha (d773), father of (71) Abbaye, father of (72) Paltoi (d857), father of (73) Zemah (d890)

(70) Rabba, Gaon 773-? (d782) (below)

(1)/(71A) Bibai, Gaon of Sura 777-788 (d790), father of (72) Rav, father of (73) Kahane (d858), father of (74) Kimoi (d906)

(3)/(71C) Hiyya, father of (72) Yosef (833), father of (73) Menahem (859), father of (74) Samuel, father of (75) Judah (917)

(72) Mar Rav Aba, son, father of

(73) Marimar (Mari-Mar), father of

(74) Samuel Reish Kalah Ha-Gaon, father of

(75) Yehuda, Gaon of Pumbedita 906-911 (d916), who, of wife, Judith [daughter of Tzemach (891), son of Mar Chaiym Gaon, son of Tzadok (823), see], begot

(76) Hananiah (Khanayah), Gaon of Pumbedita 938-943, father of

(77) Sherira (Shrirah), Gaon of Pumbedita 968-998 (d1006), father of

(78) [K]Hai, Gaon of Pumbeita (d1038), last prince of his line, father of

(79) Eve, daughter, heiress, wife of Samuel Ha-Nagid (d1056), see ancestral-line of "Maharal"

(45) AHIJAH, 1st Exilarch on new [2nd] dynasty, c. AD 130 (above)

(46) Johanan [II], 3rd Exilarch, son

(47) Shaphat (Shefa[t])/(Shepot), 4th Exilarch, son, the father of

(48C) Joash, son, bro of (48A) [C]Hiyya, 9th Exilarch & (48B) Hanan, 10th Exilarch (above), the father of

(49) Avraham, the father of

(97) MANOEL SOEIRO [a.k.a. Menasseh "Ben Israel"] (1604-1657), the father of

(98) Rachel (daughter), wife of Ed Russell

11. NATHAN I, 11th Exilarch 260-270, bro of Nosson I, 12th Exilarch

(50A) Nehemiah I, 14th Exilarch

(50B) Mar-Ukba II, 15th Exilarch

12. NOSSON I, 12th Exilarch 270, bro of (11) Nathan I (above), executed

13. YAKOB II, 13th Exilarch 270, son of (9) [C]Hiyya (above), executed

(1a) Huna "Gaon" (d297), father of Rabbah, rival 309-320 (d332)

(2b) Nahman, 16th Exilarch 313-320, father of Kaylil, father of Abbaye "Gaon" (d339)

(3c) Hisdav "Rav" (d309)

14. NEHEMIAH I, 14th Exilarch 270-313, executed

(51A) Mar-Ukba III, 17th Exilarch

(51B) Isaac, 18th Exilarch

(51C) Huna III [aka Huna-Mar I], 19th Exilarch

15. MAR-UKBA II, 15th Exilarch 313, victim of persecution; executed by Shapor II, Shah of Persia

16. NAHMAN, 16th Exilarch 313-320, argued with members of the "Desposyni" over seniority

(52) Abbaye "Gaon" (d339)

17. MAR-UKBA III, 17th Exilarch 320-337, visited by Christian missionaries

(52) Abba "Mari", 20th Exilarch

18. ISAAC, 18th Exilarch 337-8

19. HUNA III [HUNA-MAR I], 19th Exilarch 338-350

20. ABBA "MARI", 20th Exilarch 350-370; attacked by Romans under the Roman Emperor Julian "The Apostate", while the Persians stood aside and did not get involved in the war in Mesopotamia

(1)/(53A) Nathan II, 21st Exilarch

(2)/(53B) Safra (d399), father of (54) [Hunya], father of (55) Moses of Crete, claimant 440, who raised a following whose purpose was to retake Jerusalem from the Byzantines, but was murdered by the group's treasurer who stole the wealth of his master's followers and disappears

(3)/(53C) Kahane I, 23rd Exilarch

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21. NATHAN II, 21st Exilarch 370-400; had a bro, Safra (d399) [father of Hunya, father of Moses], &, a bro, Kahane I, 23rd Exilarch

(1)/(54A) Hachni, 22nd Exilarch

(2)/(54B) Susan, a.k.a. Soshandukht (daughter), 1st wife of Yazdigerd I, King of Shah of Persia 399-421

22. HACHNI (54A), 22nd Exilarch 400, father of (55) Kahane, father of (56) Rechemiah, father of (57) Nathan, father of (58) Julian "of Canaan", claimant AD 520

23. KAHANE I, 400-415, uncle, younger bro of (21) Nathan II (above)

(54B) Gasyandukht (daughter), 2nd wife of Persian Shah Yazdigerd I

(1)/(55A) Huna IV, 24th Exilarch

(2)/(55B) Mar-Zutra I "The Pious", 25th Exilarch

(4)/(55D) Khanai (Kahane), father of (56) Zutra, father of (57) Maremar, father of (58) Haninai (ex 520), father of (59) Mar-Zutra II, 30th Exilarch, see

(5)/(55E) Ashi, Rosh Yeshiva at Sura (below), ancestor of a major descent-line, father of (56) Tavyomi (d468), father of (57) Huna, father of (58) Achai (d516), father of (59) Simon (d540), father of (60) Ravai (d555), father of (61) Abba, father of (62) Mar Rav Huna, father of (63) Mar Rav Mar, 1st Gaon of Sura 591-614/or 609-620, father of (64) Mar Rav Huna, father of (65) Joseph, father of (66) Mar Rav Huna [Huna-Mari], Gaon of Pumbedita 689-?, father of (67) Mar Rav Mar, father of (68) Samuel, Gaon of Pumbedita 748-755, father of (69) Mar Abba Gaon, father of (70) Isaiah (d798), father of (71) Rav Ashi Gaon, father of (72) Tzadok (823), father of (73) Mar Chaiym Gaon, father of (74) Tzemach (891), father of (75) Judith, (daughter), wife of Yehuda, Gaon of Pumbedita 906-911 (d916); see ancestral-line of "The Maharal of Prague", i.e., the "Hillel The Great Pedigree"

24. HUNA IV, 24th Exilarch 415-442, was exilarch at the time of the abolishment of the Israeli/Palestinian Patriarchate and office of "Nasi" by Roman Emperor Theodosius II in AD 425; after which the Babylonian Exilarch regarded the entire Judaic Nation "from the Nile to the Euphrates" as his dominion

(56) Nahman, father of (57) Ravina [II], last Rosh Yeshiva at Sura, father of (58) Merima, father of (59A) Pachda, Regent 508-512, & (59B) [name] (daughter), 1st wife of the 30th Exilarch Mar-Zutra II

25. MAR-ZUTRA I, "THE PIOUS", 25th Exilarch 442-456; was obliged to leave Nehardea and take up his residence at Sura, where he held court attended by delegates of all the Jewish Babylonian communities; in 456 there was a persecution of the Jews by the Persian Shah Yizdegerd II, who executed the Jewish Exilarch. The death of the Persian Shah the next year, 457, prevented further persecution. [note: his brother Khanai was the male-line ancestor of Mar-Zutra II (below); and, another brother, Ashi, Rosh Yeshiva at Sura, was the ancestor of a major descent-line, the Ashiite Line, which ended with an heiress (AD 900/925), who married a distant cousin, an heir in the ancestral-line of "The Maharal of Prague"]

(1)/(56A) Kahana II, 26th Exilarch

(2)/(56B) Huna V, 27th Exilarch

(3)/(56C) Nosson II, 28th Exilarch

26. KAHANE II, 26th Exilarch 455-465, retained hope of restoring the Judaic Nation, yet aware that his nation was gradually slipping away from the monarchy-in-exile, Zionism, and gradually loosing any loyalty to their religion, Judaism, or the "Promised Land", Israel, the "covenant land". To counter this, the Exilarch placed great emphasis on the rabbinic academies, and the rabbis began passing judgments on all Jews everywhere.

(57) Huna VI, 29th Exilarch

27. HUNA V, 27th Exilarch 465-475, fell victim to the persecution of Shah Peroz [Firiz] of Persia, and was executed; much violence; destruction of synagogues; prohibition of Bible study; destruction of Sura. The marriage of Huna V's daughter [Ruth] to Rabiah ibn Mudhar [Ma'adi-Karib Ya'fur], King of Yemen, &, mother of Dhu Nuwas, King of Yemen 517-525, an Arabian king/sheikh, was an event of historical significance, i.e., it introduced the Jewish Blood Royal ["Sherif"] into Arabia

28. NOSSON II, 28th Exilarch 475, resided at Pumbedita, was executed by Persian Shah Peroz [Firiz] [note: his execution was followed by an interim or vacancy in the office of the exilarchate]

29. HUNA VI, 484-508, was installed in office after the persecutions had abated and there had been a change in the political climate; moved seat-of-government to Ctesiphon; obtained from the Persian Shah Balash the right for the Jews to bear arms to protect themselves

(58) HAVA[H], only child & daughter, heiress (d493), wife of (58) Haninai (ex 520), Head of The Academy (above/below)

(59A) Mar-Zutra II, 30th Exilarch

(59B) Hizkiah, father of (60) David, father of (61) Akhtab [a.k.a. Mar-Zutra III], 34th Exilarch (below)

X. PACHDA, regent 508-512; his sister, [name], was 1st wife of Mar-Zutra II; &, his daughter [name], was 2nd wife of Mar-Zutra II; was deposed by Persian Shah Balash at Mar-Zutra's request; thereafter Mar-Zutra's father, (58) Haninai, was associated with his son Mar-Zutra II in his reign.

30. MAR-ZUTRA II, 512-520, numbered 30th in official list, reigned first under the regency of Pachda, the brother of his 1st wife and the father of his 2nd wife; moved seat to Mahoza [note: the exilarch's seat was transferred several times through its history, and finally to Baghdad]; opposed the Persian Shah Kobad, who crucified Mar Zutra outside his own capital-city, Mahoza, while his son, Ahunai [Huna-Mar], [by 1st wife] went into hiding until the accession of Khusrau "The Just" in 531; while his [other] son, Sutra [Mar-Zutra], [by 2nd wife], was carried as an infant to safety in Palestine, where as an adult he was accepted as "Nasi" [="Prince &/or "Patriarch"] by Palestinian Jews, and founded a new dynasty of the Israeli/Palestinian "Nesi'im", headquarters at Tiberias, where the Sanhedrin had established itself after the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in AD70. He =1 [name], sister of Pacha, regent; and, =2 [name], daughter of Pacha, regent [niece of 1st wife]

(60A) Ahunai [a.k.a. Huna-Mar II], 31st Exilarch, begotten of his father's 1st wife, sister of Pachda, restored after an interim; father of (61) Hofnai (Kafnai; Qafnai), 32nd Exilarch

(60B) Sutra [I] [Mar-Zutra] "Rav", begotten of his father's 2nd wife, daughter of Pachda; was carried by his mother as an infant to Canaan-Palestine [Israel & Gaza] where as an adult he was made "Rosh Pirka" [head of the Sanhedrin] at Tiberias, and was accepted as "Nasi" or "Patriarch", and, founded a new dynasty of the Palestinian "Nesi'im", circa AD 550. The "Palestinian Talmud" was believed to have been completed in his lifetime, heavily influenced by Babylonian teachings of his court's scribes.

interim: 520-550, during which (a) the "temple-tax" collected by the Exilarch was taken over by the Persian Shah Kovad; (b) a Persian governor was appointed over the Jews; (c) the Exilarch's [Jewish] Army was disbanded and all of its soldiers returned to their homes (d) the doors of the academies were shut; &, (e) the Jews were deprived of personal rights

31. AHUNAI [a.k.a. HUNA-MAR II], 31st Exilarch 550-560; resided at Mahoza, half-bro of Sutra [Mar-Zutra], Jewish Palestinian "Nasi" ["Prince"]

(61) Hofnai (Kafnai; Qafnai), 32nd Exilarch

32. HOFNAI (KAFNAI; QAFNAI), 32nd Exilarch 560-581

(1)/(62A) Haninai, 33rd Exilarch, father of (63) Bostonai (Bustanai), 37A/1st Exilarch, founds new [3rd] dynasty

(2)/(62B) Hushiel (d608), father of (63) Nehemiah II, 35th Exilarch 614-640, father of (64) Shallum, Crown-Prince (d640), father of (65) Abdullah, 36(A) Exilarch 640-2 dep (d660)

(3)/(62C) Hanamel (d614), father of (63A) Heman [I], rival 640-2, & (63B) Yakub "of Syria", claimant (ex) , father of (64) Ishak, 40th/3rd Exilarch, father of (65A) Saura of Syria, claimant, & (65B) Yakov, father of (66) Ishak [a.k.a. Abu-Isa] (d755), ancestor of the Issawite Line, father of (67) Judah Al-Ra'i, had issue, descent-line continues to circa AD 950, when the 2nd-Dynasty officially became extinct in the male-line

33. HANINAI, 33rd Exilarch 581-589

(63) Bostanai, 37A Exilarch/1st Exilarch, who founds a new [3rd] dynasty of exilarchs

34. MAR-ZUTRA III [AKHTAB], 34th Exilarch 589, whose execution was followed by an interim or vacancy in the office of the exilarchate

(62A) Yahya, father of (63) Safiya (daughter), ninth wife of Mohammed, "Prophet of Islam" [her 3rd marriage], &, widow of Kahane, son of Al-Rabbi, a rabbi, son of Abul-Huqayq

(62B) Zahna (daughter), wife of Assad Ibn Hashim, an Arabic sheikh (d582), the parents of (63) Fatima (daughter), wife of Abd Manaf, the parents of (64) Ali, 4th Caliph

interregnum: 589-614 the Persians under Chosroes II captured Jerusalem who sacked and looted the city and massacred its inhabitants, however, it was immediately re-inhabited by the Jews

35. NEHEMIAH II, the Babylonian Exilarch 614-627, drafted a Jewish army said to have numbered 20,000 men-at-arms, and, accompanied by his son, Shallum, joined the Persian army under Shahrbaraz [Rhazmiozan], the shah's son-in-law, on his march on Jerusalem; alliance with Persians, conquers Jerusalem, and attempts to construct a temple on Temple-Mount; built on Temple-Mount a temporary wooden tabernacle; reigned in Jerusalem as a king as representing the "restored" Davidic Dynasty on Israel's throne. He was governor of Israel/Palestine and Patriarch of Jerusalem for five years before he was sentenced to death by the Persian Shah Chosroes II Parvez on a trumped-up charge (619), but it appears that he was granted a reprieve and lived on several years afterwards.

He invited seventy rabbinic families from Tiberias to come to Jerusalem and form a new sanhedrin.

His son Shallum, the crown-prince, with a band of soldiers, revolted against Persian rule, and went on to capture the Persian capital-city and occupied all of Iraq. His revolt was cruelly suppressed by the Persians who sold Shallum into slavery. Shallum was freed from slavery by "Prophet" Mohammed in 624, and he converted to Islam and joined him in his campaigns.

(64) Shallum (d640), crown-prince & heir, converted to Islam in 624

36A ABDULLAH, 36th Exilarch 638-642 dep, d660; son of Shallum, the Crown-Prince (above), resided at Mahoza, was opposed for his conversion to Islam (624); was the (so-called) "Arab Sheik" who was deposed by Caliph Omar in favor of Bostanai, who founded a new dynasty of exilarchs. He expounded Mohammed's appearance in a Jewish sense, and laid the foundation for the later Shiite sect of Islam.

the above was opposed by

36B HEMAN [I], anti-exilarch 638-642, rival, first opposing Shallum who was then in prospect, and, then, his son, Abdullah, who defeated and killed him in battle

note: The genealogy of the heirs of the 2nd-Dynasty, the Ahijahite Line, dispossessed by the 3rd-Dynasty, the Bostonaite Line [an offshoot], ends in the male-line with [K]Hai, Gaon of Pumbedita (d1038), whose daughter, Eve (Ava), married Samuel Ha-Nagid, a Davidic prince, &, an ancestor of "The Maharal of Prague".

37A BOSTONAI, 37th/1st Exilarch, founds new [the 3rd] Dynasty of Jewish Exilarchs, ancestor of the Bostonaite Line

37B YAKOV "OF SYRIA", anti-exilarch 642-643, who had fled to Bet Aramaye, Syria, the next year, declared himself his brother's successor. He resided in Damascus, where he held court. He led a small force of about 400 men in a revolt against the local Syrian authorities. The local Syrian government's army swiftly suppressed the insurrection, and Yakub, called "The Syrian Messiah", was crucified by the Parthian authorities.

(64) Ishak (Yitzhak), 40th Exilarch/or 3rd Exilarch

40. ISHAK [YITZHAK BEN YAKOV], 40th Exilarch 685-700 [2nd Dyn.]/3rd Exilarch [3rd Dyn.], was an usurper in the line of the 3rd-Dynasty of exilarchs, however, reigned as a continuation of the 2nd-Dynasty of Jewish Exilarchs; he was deposed by Abd al-Malik, who destroys the Jewish wooden temple in Jerusalem and built the "Dome of the Rock" on the Jewish temple site. Ishak fled to Kurdistan where he died in 705.

(1)/(65A) Saura "of Syria" (Sherini; Sheria; Serene), claimant

(2)/(65B) Yakov, father of (66) Ishak [a.k.a. Abu-Isa] (d705), ancestor of the Issawite Line, called "Isawites", "Iswanites", or "Isuyites", which claimed to represent the legitimate line [2nd-Dynasty], father of (67) Judah Al-Ra'i, father of (68) Mushka, etc., descendants died out by circa AD 950.

41. [name], anti-exilarch

42. SAURA "OF SYRIA" (SERENUS; SERENE), 42nd Exilarch 720-723 fled to Syria upon the deposition of his father, circa 700. He resided at Damascus, Syria, and there he bided his time. Later, an opportunity arose, and, Serenus (Saura of Syria) gathered a multitude of Mediterranean Jews under his command in 720, and briefly retook Palestine from the Muslim Arabs in 723. Serenus was a claimant to the Jewish throne 720-723. He was arrested by local Syrian authorities under Emir Ambiza, who turned him over to Caliph Yezid, who insisted that he perform some magic tricks or work some miracles to entertain him and his court, but when Serenus failed to perform any tricks the caliph had him executed when no miracle intervened to save him.

43. [name], anti-exilarch 725-750

44. ISHAK, aka ABU-ISA AL-ISFAHANI (d755), anti-exilarch 750-755, ancestor of the Issawite-Line, which represented the claimants of the 2nd dynasty, the orphaned Jewish prince, started out as an uneducated tailor, but gathered a following when it was revealed that he was a royal Davidic heir. His opponents labeled him an imposter, and not a Jewish prince. He first appeared near Isfahan, Persia [Iran], in 750, where he announced his intentions. He not only claimed the Jewish throne, but claimed to be the Jewish Messiah foretold by the prophets. He led an uprising of Jewish followers. As he and his followers marched beyond Persia and approached Baghdad, the Sultan sent out a group of local rabbis to determine if Abu-Isa was truly the Messiah. The rabbis interrogated Abu-Isa's followers and concluded that Abu-Isa had not performed any miracles that would verify his claim. The rabbis persuaded his followers to stop the revolt, and the Sultan even gave them money to abandon the march and leave the country.

In 755 Abu-Isa led a second revolt against the Arabic conquerors, and was captured and killed near Rhagae [Rae, Iran]. Abu-Isa succeeded in founding a minor dynasty of successor-messiahs, called the Issawites (Isaphanites), which held court in Damascus [among other cities], and continued for almost 200 years (c. 750-950). He was succeeded by his son, Judah Al-Ra'i, the father of Mushka, etc.

Muslim Arabs under Caliph Al-Mansur "The Victorious" expelled the Persians from Jerusalem in 762, and captured the city. The exilarchate was relocated to Baghdad in 762.

45. JUDAH AL-RA'I, a.k.a. YUDGAN "OF HAMADAN", called "THE SHEPHERD", 45th anti-exilarch 755-785, became the focus of a movement to restore the old exilarchate dynasty about Year 800. He resisted all attempts by his supporters to declare his dynastic claims. He died a natural death sometime later. Upon his death his son, Mushka, became the leader of his late father's followers, called the "Yudghanites"

46. MUSHKA, a Jewish [Isavite; Isaphanite] prince, presented himself as a messianic figure. He revolted against Persian rule 785-?, fought several battles, and was killed in the Battle of Qum. He was survived by a wife and a child, a son [name] (below)

47. [name], anti-exilarch (800), son of above

48. [name], anti-exilarch (825), son

49. Yehuda anti-exilarch (850), son

50. [K]Hanayah anti-exilarch (875), son

51. YAKOB, anti-exilarch (900), son

52. Sherira, anti-exilarch (925), son

53. Khai; [K]Hai, anti-exilarch (950), son, deposed

survived by an infant girl, who was raised by her grandparents

(60B) Sutra [I] [Mar-Zutra] "Rav", "Prince [of Israel]", son of the 30th Exilarch, (59A) Mar-Zutra II, begotten of his father's 2nd wife, who carried him as an infant to Israel/Palestine where as an adult he was accepted as "Nasi" and/or "Patriarch", i.e., head of the Sanhedrin [at Tiberias], and, founded a new dynasty of the Israeli/Palestinian "Nesi'im", circa AD 550 [ending the interim that followed the deposition of Gamaliel VI circa AD 425 over a century earlier], &, was the father of

(61) Saadia (Sa’adyah), Prince of Israel (575/600), the father of

(62) Guriya, Prince (600/625), the father of

(63) Sutra II [Mar-Zutra], Prince (650), the father of

(64) Yakov, Prince, the father of

(65) Shemaiah, Prince, the father of

(66) Haninai, Prince (750), the father of

(67) Magis (Magus) (Migas) (Misas) [id. with Minis], Prince, the father of

(68) Nehemiah (Nekhemya) (Nechemia), Prince, the father of

(69) Abdimi (Avdimi) (Avidima) (Dimi), Prince (850), the father of

(70) Abbai, Prince, the father of

(71) Pinkhas (Phinehas) (Pinchus), Prince, the father of

(72) Hazub (Khazuv)(Chatzuv), Prince (950); deposed by Fatimide Caliph Mu'ezz-li-Din-Allah, who took Jerusalem in 969; the last prince of the Davidic Dynasty mentioned in the "Seder Olam Zuta" [= the medieval Jewish chronicle], claimant, the father of

(73) David, son, the father of

(74) Nathan, the father of

(75) Avraham, the father of

(76) Zakkai, the father of

(77) David, the father of

(78) Hizkiya, the father of

(79) David, the father of

(80) [C]Hiyya Al-Daudi (d1154) was a prominent rabbi, composer, & poet; served as advisor to Portugal's king; the father of

(81) Yaish Ibn Yahya (d1196), the father of

(82) Yahya Ha-Nasi, or Yahya Ibn Yaish, or Don Yahya "El Negro", Lord of Aldeia dos Negros, Portugal (d 1222/7); eponymous ancestor of the "Ibn Yahya" Family; resided in Lisbon; was held in high esteem among the Jews as well as by King Alfonso I of Portugal who honored him for his courage and presented him with an estate that had belonged to the Moors, wherefore he assumed the nick-name "Negro"

note: the Ibn Yahya Family descends from the House of Mar-Zutra, which gave the Israeli-Palestinian Jews a dynasty of "nesi'im"; and, does NOT descend from the sons of the 38th Exilarch Chizkiya II/[IV] who fled to Spain in 1040, nor from the younger brothers of the 45th/47th Exilarch Chizkiya III/[V] who also came to Spain, which is a recent theory that elevates the Shaltiel Family at the expense of the Charlap Family

(1)/(83A) Yaish Ibn Yahya, the father of three sons, namely,

(84a) Yosef (Jucef),

(84b) Shlomo (1255)

(84c) Moshe (d1279) (below)

(2)/(83B) Yahya "Negro", father of three sons, namely:

(84a) Jose

(84b) Shlomo [or Yehuda] [father of (85) Yosef]

(84c) Bakr the father of (85) Yahya, father of (86) Bakr, father of (87) Aloandro, Governor of Faro, in Portugal, had issue

(3)/(83C) Yakov Ben Yahya, the father of (84) Hiyya, the father of (85) Eli

(4)/(83D) Yosef (Jucef) Ibn Yahya (d1264), the father of (84) Shlomo Ha-Zaken (d1299), the father of three sons, who were: (1)/(85a) Yosef (Jucef), (2)/(85b) Gedaliah (below), & (3)/(85c) Hiyya

(86b) Paloma (above), wife of Fadrique (d1358), the brother of King Enrique II of Castile, and, mother of (87) Alfonso, who, by wife, Juana de Mendoza, begot (88) Fadrique (d1473), who, by wife, Mariana of Cordova, begot (89) Juana (daughter), wife of Juan II, King of Aragon, and, mother of (90) Fernando II/V of Aragon (d1516), who, by wife, Queen Isabella I of Castile, begot (91) Juana [Joan "The Mad"] (daughter), wife of Philip "The Handsome" of Austria (d1506), a.k.a. Felipe I, King of Spain, and, mother of (92) Ferdinand I, HRE 1558-1564, who, by wife, Anne of Bohemia & Hungary, begot (93) Marie (daughter), wife of William V of Cleves, Julich, & Berg (d1592), and, mother of (94) Marie Eleanor (daughter), wife of Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia, and, mother of (95) Magdalene-Sibylle, wife of Johann George I, Elector of Saxony, and, mother of (96) Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels (d1680), who, by wife Anne-Marie of Mecklenburg, begot (97) Magdalene-Sibylle (d1681), wife of Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (d1691), and, mother of (98) Frederick II of Saxe-Gotha (d1732), who, by wife, Magdalene-Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst (d1740), begot (99) Augusta (daughter) (d1772), wife of Frederick-Lewis, Prince of Wales (d1751), and, mother of (100) George III, King of Britain, exactly 100th generation from Israel's King David, ancestor of succeeding British monarchs

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(5)/(83E) Yehuda (Judah) "Sar", father of

(84a) Yahya [father of (85) Yakov, father of (86) Hiyya]

(2)/(86B) Shmuel (1352)

(3)/(86C) Yehuda (Judah), father of (87) Yucef Abenafia of Barcelona (1381), had issue

(5)/(86E) Aaron, father of (87) Shlomo (1375)

note: The Charlap Family regards itself as a branch of the renowned Spanish-Portuguese Ibn-Yachia Family, which, beginning in the sixth century and continuing from the twelfth to the eighteenth century, produced important rabbis, poets, doctors, politicians, and business leaders - first in Portugal and Spain, then later in Turkey and Italy. The family lists in their genealogy the kings of Judah and Israel back to King David [see Dr. L. von Katzenelson and Baron Ginsberg, gen. eds., "Die Judische Enzyklopadie", vol. 8, St. Petersburg]. The Charlap Family today has members who are found in Poland, America, and Israel-Palestine, including the famous rabbi, gaon, and Kabbalist R' Ephraim Eliezer Zvi Hersch Charlap, who died in 1849. He left behind a genealogical sketch, written on parchment in his own hand, which is kept by his descendants in Jerusalem. From this was printed the table in his book "Hod Tehilah" (Warsaw:1899).

(87a) Shlomo (d1430), had a bro (87b) Gedaliah [father of three sons] & another bro (87c) Yehuda "Ha-Meshorer" (d1420), whose descendants went to Italy where they were prominent rabbis and communal leaders

(88a) David (d1450), had a bro (88b) Gedaliah (d1440) & another bro (88c) Yosef

(89a) Yosef [or Hosea] (d1498) (below), bro of (89b) Shlomo (d1490) [father of (90A) Yosef, (90B) Gedaliah [father of (91) Shlomo], & (90C) David (d1528) (below)

(91) Yacov-Tam (d1542), the ancestor of the Shem-Tov Family, which was also known as the Yom-Tov or the Toviyah Family

issue of (91) Yacov "Tam" (d1542) (above) was:

(92a) Yosef "Ha-Rofe" (d1573)

(92b) Gedaliah [father of Yavob "Tam", had issue]

(92c) Avram, poss. the father of (93) ?Hayim, father of (94) Eli (d1602), father of (95) Yehiel Bashan (d1625), father of (96A) Joseph Mitrani & (96B) Yomtov Benyaes, father of (97) Hananiah "Benyaker", father of (98A) Chaim Kamhi & (98B) Judah Benrey (d1717), father of (99) Avraham "Rozanes" (d1745), father of (100) Chaim Jacob, had issue

(90a) David "The Martyr" (d1542), had a brother (90b) Shlomo "Molkho" [a.k.a. Diego Pires, his baptismal name], claimant (d1533) [father of (91) Yosef (1550), who had issue], & bro of (90c) Meir (d1530)

(91a) Yosef, a rabbi, bro of (91b) Gedaliah [father of (92) Shlomo of Ancona] & bro of (91c) Shlomo

(92b) Gedaliah (d1587), middle bro between (92a) David (d1565) [father of (93) Ahikam (1610), father of (94) Meir, father of (95) Shalom, father of (96) Rafael, father of (97) Shalom, father of (98) Rafael, father of (99) Jair, etc.] & (92c) Judah Ha-Rofe (d1560)

(93) Yehuda, begotten by his father's 2nd wife, had several half-brothers, including Moshe (d1615), Yosef (d1610), Shlomo (d1620), Hunya (Ghana) (d1625), & David (d1625)

(94a) David (d1650), bro of (94b) Hanannel (d1650), (94c) Noah (d1650), (94d) Gedaliah (d1650), & (94e) Moshe (d1650)

(95) Eliezer Charlap (c 1575), the first "Charlap", upon his adoption of the surname, which is an acronym for "Chiya Rosh Le-Galey Polin", ancestor of the Charlap Family

(104A) Eliezer Charlap (c 1800), the father of (105a) Ser [had issue]; (105b) Mankuta [had issue]; & (105c) Kur [had issue], who founded three great families

(104B) Avraham Charlap, ancestor of the modern Charlap Family (below)

(104C) Shapero Charlap, ancestor of the Shapiro Family

issue of (105A) Yakov Lew (above) was/is:

(106) [name], a daughter

(106) Eliezer Charlap (d1893), father of (107) Ben-Zion (d1941), father of (108) Shabtai, a.k.a. Don Yahya Charlap (d1948) [among others], father of three sons, namely:

(109A) Ben-Zion [Benny], father of (110) Daphne, a daughter

(109B) Yechiya

(109C) Eliezer Charlap, the father of (110) BEN-ZION, the Charlap heir, father of (111a) Uri, (111b) Jonathan, & (111c) Dan

issue of (105C) Ze'ev [Zawel] (above) was/is:

(106A) Avraham Gershom (below)

(106B) Ephraim/Eliezer Zvi Hersch Charlap (below)

(106C) Yaakov "Konavitsher"

issue of (106A) Avraham Gershom (above) was/is:

(1)/(107A) David, father of (108a) Abraham Gershom [father of (109) Charles, father of (110) Allan, father of (111) Aaron], (108b) Moshe Aaron [father of (109a) Hesse [father of (110) Charles, father of (111a) Robert & (111b) Stuart] & (109b) Gregory [father of (110a) Monroe [father of (111) Gregory] & (110b) Harvey], & (108c) Ephraim Eliezer

(2)/(107B) Yehezkiel "Polotsk", father of (108) Abraham Moshe

(3)/(107C) Israel, by 1st wife begot (108a) Morris Lappen, (108b) Charles Lappen, & (108c) Sholom Lappen; &, by 2nd wife begot (108d) Myron, father of (109) Yerocham Fishel, father of (110) Myron, father of (111a) Jeffrey & (111b) Robert

issue of (106B) Ephraim/Eliezer Zvi Hersch Charlap (d1849) (above) was/is:

(1)/(107A) Yosef (below)

(2)/(107B) Yeshayahu (below)

(3)/(107C) Yitzhak (below)

(1)/(108A) Lazer

(2)/(108B) Ephraim Zvi (d1949) (below)

(3)/(108C) Sigmundo, father of (109) Edward, father of (110) Robert, father of (111a) David ["Dave"] & (111b) Matthew ["Matt"]

(4)/(108D) Samuel, father of (109) Guy, father of (110a) Jean Paul & (110b) Francis Capmeil, father of (111) Guy

(5)/(108E) Moshe, father of (109) Hersch Harlap, father of (110) Amiram, father of (111) son [name]

(1)/(109a) Israel, father by 1st wife of (110a) Joshua [father of 2 daus] &, father, by 2nd wife of (110b) Amichai [father, by 1st wife, of (1)/(111a) Shmuel [father of (112a) Goni & (112b) Asaf], (2)/(111b) Daniel [father of (112a) Yael, (112b) Jonathan, & (112c) Ariel], &, father, by 2nd wife, of (3)/(111c) Joab [father of (112) Omri]

(2)/(109b) Ariel (Aryeh), father of (110a) Yair [father of (111) Gill, father of (112) Adam] & (110b) Obed

(3)/(109c) Amnon [father of (110) Uri, father of (111a,b,c) three daughters]

issue of (107B) Yeshayahu (above) was/is:

(108) Baruch, a.k.a. Don Yechiya (below)

(109A) Menachem Mendel a.k.a. Menke Vidzer (below)

(109B) David (below)

(1)/(110A) Avraham Ber, father of (111) Menachem Mendel, father of (112a) Chaim David "Donchin" [had issue] & (112b) Yehuda Lieb "Donchin", father of (113a) Victor Mendel [father of (114a) Robert [father of (115) Peter] & (114b) Peter [father of two daughters, namely: (116a) Joanne & (116b) Carolyn]

(113b) Avraham [father of (114a) Jack & (114b) Neal, father of (115) Steve[n]]

(2)/(110B) Rafael Hayyim, father of (111) Moshe

(3)/(110C) Shlomo, father of (111a) Menachem Mendel [father of (112a) Louis "Donchin" [had issue] & (112b) Baruch ["Ben"], father of (113a) Manuel [father of two daughters] & (113b) Louis [father of [name], a daughter]

(1)/(110a) Shlomo

(2)/(110b) Hiyyim (below)

(1)/(111a) Shlomo Yitzhak [father of (112) Moshe]

(2)/(111b) Shabtai (below)

(1)/(112A) Menachem Mendel [father of (113a) Shmuel, a.k.a. Don Yachya [father of (114) Boris "Doniach"] & (113b) Aharon Zelig "Doniach"]

(2)/(112B) Chaim, father of (113a) Yehuda Lieb [father of two daughters], (113b) Aaron Zelig [father of (114a) Moshe & (114b) Chaim], & (113c) Eliyahu [father of Chaim-II]

(3)/(112C) Eliezer [father of three daughters]

issue of (107C) Yitzhak (above) was/is:

(108A) William Charlop (below)

(108B) Joshua Charlop (below)

(108C) Morris Charlop (below)

(1)/(109A) Murray, father of (110a) Elliot [father of two daughters], (110b) Yosef [father of two daughters], & (110c) Winton

(2)/(109B) Jacob, father of (110) Herbert

(3)/(109C) Joseph

issue of (108B) Joshua Charlop (above) was/is:

(1)/(109A) Charles Charlap, father of (110a) Clarence [father of (111a) Leonard & (111b) Richard] & (110b) Sidney [father of (111) Charles, father of (112a) Marc[us] & (112b) Jason]

(2)/(109B) Boris, father of (110) Savidor, father of (111a&b) two daughters

issue of (108C) Morris Charlop (above) was/is:

(1)/(109A) Irwin, father of (110) Walter, father of (111) Win[ston]

(2)/(109B) Harold, father of (110A) Morris [father of (111a) Thomas & (111b) William, father of (112) Sofie (dau)] & (110B) Paul [father of (111) Peter, father of (112a) Noah & (112b) Anne (dau)]

(106A) Yaakov (below)

(106B) Yankel Lew (below)

(106C) Yisrael (below)

issue of (106A) Yaakov (above) was/is:

(107A) Yisrael

(107B) Betzalel, father of (108) Hersch Zisha

(107C) Baruch

(107D) Ezriel Aharon (below)

(107E) Yehuda

issue of (106B) Yankel Lew (above) was/is:

(107) Ezriel Aharon, adopted "Levine" as surname

(1)/(108a) Kalman Levine (below)

(2)/(108b) Betzalel [father of three daughters]

(3)/(108c) Avram

(109A) Baruch

(109B) Avigdor

(109C) Louis, father of (110) Frances (dau), wife of Alp Kaplan

(109D) Joseph Levine (d1971)

(109E) Yakov

(109F) Betzalel

(109G) Harry, father of (110a) Jack [father of (111) Michael, father of (112) Gabriel] & (110b) Arthur [father of two daughters]

(1)/(110a) Louis Levine (d1994)

(2)/(110b) Avraham, father of three daughters

(3)/(110c) Harry

(111a) HARVEY LEVINE, father of (112a) Mark & (112b) Sarah (dau)

(111b) Stanford Levine, father of (112) Aaron

(111c) Eugene Levine, had issue

issue of (106C) Yisrael (above) was/is:

(107A) Beryl, father of (108) Itche Leibel, father of (109A) Avraham [father of (110) Barry [had issue]], & (109B) Benjamin [had issue]

(107B) Mordecai (below)

(108A) Isaac, father of two daughters

(108B) Yakov [had issue],

(108C) Shepset [father of (109) Carlos, father of (110a) Henry [father of two daughters] & (110b) Mario [father of (111a) Justin & (111b) Eric]

(108D) Pesach, father of (109a) Israel [father of (110) Steve[n]] & (109b) Morris] (108E) Avram

(106) Michael (below)

issue of (106) Michael (above) was/is:

(107A) Dov (below)

(107B) Eliyahu (below)

(107C) Yosef (below)

(107D) Mordecai (below)

(107E) Zvi (below)

issue of (107A) Dov (above) was/is:

(1)/(108A) Baruch, father of (109) Julius, father of (110a) Samuel [father of two daughters], (110b) Karl, father of (111) Martin, father of (112) Otto], & (110c) Barney [father of (111) Gerald, father of (112a) Robert [father of (113a) Aaron, (113b) Clifford, & (113c) Bonnie (dau)] & (112b) William, father of (113) Toni

(2)/(108B) Meyer, father of (109a) Hyman & (109b) Ruben

(3)/(108C) Harris, father of

(109a) Avraham, his brothers were (109b) Lewis & (109c) Benjamin

(110a) Seymour, son of (109a) Avraham (above), father of (111) Steven

(110b) Bernard, bro, father of (111a) David, father of (112) Avram Moshe; & (111b) Gordon [father of three daughters], (109b) Lewis [father of (110) Howard, father of (111) Gregory], & (109c) Benjamin [father of (110a) Stephen, father of (111a) David & (111b) Sarah (daughter) & (110b) Lenore ["Patsy"] (daughter)

issue of (107B) Eliyahu (above) was/is:

(109a) Boris Karloff, father of 2 daughters

(109b) Mottel, father of (110a) Aaron [father of (111) Jonathan] & (110b) Marvin [father of (111a) Marshal & (111b) Darren]],

(109c) Leo [father of (110) Jeffrey, father of (111) [name], son]

(109d) Ellis

issue of (107C) Yosef (above) was/is:

(1)/(108A) David (below) & (2)/(108B) Simon

(109a) Ephraim, father of (110) Joseph, father of three daughters

(109b) Max, father of (110a) Brian, father of (111) Paul, father of (112) [name], a daughter] & (110b) David, father of 2 daughters

(109c) Solly, father of (110) David [had issue]

issue of (107D) Mordecai (above) was/is:

(108) Yaakov Harlaf, father of

(109a) Moshe, father of (110a) Grishe [father of two daughters] & (110b) Perele

(109b) Yehezkiel, father of (110) Amiram

(109c) Mordecai, father of 2 daughters

issue of (107E) Zvi (above) was/is:

(1)/(108a) Eliezer, father of (109) Michael

(2)/(108b) Eliyahu (below)

(3)/(108c) Yitzhak

(109a) Itzhak,

(109b) Shmuel, father of 3 daughters

(109c) Avraham, father of (110) Belka

(109d) Yosef, father of (110) Itzhak

(109e) Lazer, had issue

(1)/(106A) Yakov, father of (107) Yosef Beryl

(2)/(106B) Khaya, father of (107) Zebulon, father of (108a) Yaakov Moshe & (108b) Yitzkha Eliezer, father of (109) Khaya Reizel, father of (110) Avraham Moshe Hamburger, father of (111) Zebulon

(3)/(106C) Yosef Ze'ev, father of three sons, namely:

(1)/(107A) Kalman Lieb,

(2)/(107B) Avraham Chaim, father of (108) Joseph Hyman, father of (109A) Arthur [father of (110) Joseph, father of (111) Nolan] & (109B) Richard ["Dick"] [father of (110) David, father of (111a&b) two sons & (111c) one daughter]

(3)/(107C) Mordecai Hersch

(2)/(106B) David

(3)/(106C) Yitzhak

(107A) Lazer Meir, father of (108) Hirsch

(107B) Zalman Hirsch

(107C) Moshe David, father of (108a) Lieb, (108b) Yankel, & (108c) Avram

(107D) Beryl

(107E) Itche Lieb

issue of (106a) Eliezer Charlap (above) was/is:

(1)/(107a) Ser, ancestor of the SER LINE, article 9.5A

(2)/(107b) Mankuta, ancestor of the MANKUTA FAMILY, article 9.5B

(3)/(107c) Kur, ancestor of the KUR LINE, article 9.5C

issue of (107a) Ser (above) was/is:

(3)/(108c) Yechiel, father of (109a) Zawel Ser, (109b) Ephraim Eliezer [father of a daughter] & (109c) Yitzhak, father of (110) Zebulon Chaim, father of (111a) Yitzhak Eliezer, & (111b) Yaacov Moshe, father of (112a) Yechiel, (112b) Yosef David, & (112c) Zebulon, father of (113) Yitzhak Meir, father of (114) Yaacov Moshe, father of (115) Zebulon

issue of (108a) Yankel (above) was/is:

issue of (109a) Mordecai Zebulon (above) was/is:

(1)/(110a) Shlomo, father of (111) Zebulon, father of (112a) Hunya, (112b) Yankel, & (112b) Hersch, father of (113) Shlomo Yankel

(3)/(110c) Hersch, had issue

issue of (110b) Chaim Moshe (above) was/is:

(1)/(111a) Max "Ser", father of (112a) Hyman & (112b) Avram

(2)/(111b) Mordecai, father of (112) Hyman, father of (113a) Saul & (113b) [name], his brother, another son, who had an un-named grandson, (115) [name]

(3)/(111c) Leib Hersch

issue of (109b) Abram Israel (above) was/is:

(1)/(110a) Chaim Yehuda, father of (111a) Mordecai [father of (112) Hunya Moshe]

& (111b) Menachem Mendel [father of (112) Rivka, a daughter]

issue of (110b) Aryeh (Ariel) (above) was/is:

(1)/(111a) Moshe, father of (112) Avram, father of (113) Yoel, father of (114a) Eyal, (114b) Gill [father of (115) [name], a son], & (114c) Noga (daughter)

(2)/(111b) Mendel, father of (112) Itzhak, father of (113) [Hedva] (daughter)

(3)/(111c) Herman, father of (112) Adek, father of (113) Henry, father of (114a) Daniel & (114b) Joel

issue of (110c) Harry Aaron (above) was/is:

(1)/(111a) Isidor, father of (112) David, father of (113) Richard, father of (114) Elliot

(2)/(111b) Louis, father of (112a) Harold & (112b) Irving, father of (113) Howard, father of (114) Jason

(1)/(109a) Zebulon

(2)/(109b) Yitzhak Isaac, father of (110) Yankel, father of (111) Marcel Majrym

(3)/(109c) Beryl

(109a) Zawel Ser

(109b) Ephraim Eliezer

(109c) Yitzhak

issue of (108d) Shlomo (above) was/is:

(1)/(109a) Zebulon, father of (110a) Yankel & (110b) Hersch, father of (111) Shlomo Yankel

(2)/(109b) Yehuda Lieb, father of (110) Yakov Eliezer Cear, father of (111) Israel, father of (112a) Louis [father of (113) Jeff] & (112b) Stanley [father of (113) Mark]

(3)/(109c) Yosef, father of (110a) Abram, (110b) Yitzhak Isaac, & (110c) Moshe

(4)/(109d) Michel Yankel

(5)/(109e) Lazer, father of (110a) Avram Isaac & (110b) Moshe, father of (111) [Sarah], a daughter

issue of (108e) Yitzhak [Isaac] (above) was/is:

(1)/(109a) Yosef (below)

(2)/(109b) Sender Ari (below)

(3)/(109c) Zebulon (below)

(4)/(109d) Herschel Zvi (below)

(5)/(109e) Lazer

issue of (109a) Yosef (above) was/is:

(1)/(110a) Yitzhak

(3)/(110c) Shmuel

issue of (110b) Chaim Hersch (above) was/is:

(1)/(111a) Morris, father of (112) [name], a daughter

(2)/(111b) Jacob, father of (112) Julio, father of (113a&b) [names], 2 daughters

(3)/(111c) Abram, father of (112ff) several daughters

(4)/(111d) Sol, father of (112a) Murray [father of (113) Elliot, father of (114a) Samuel Mills & half-bro (114b) David Shapiro: different mothers] & (112b) Albert, father of (113) Mikhel

(5)/(111e) Shmuel, father of (112a) Chaim Abram & (112b) Yosef

issue of (110c) Shmuel (above), was/is:

(1)/(111a) Velvel, father of (112) Abram Shmuel

(2)/(111b) Reuben "Barzelai", father of (112a) Hiyyim [father of (113) Yanef (son)] & (112b) Shmuel [father of (113) Roey (dau)]

(3)/(111c) Avram

issue of (109b) Sender Ari (above) was/is:

(1)/(110a) Yankel, father of (111) Nathan, father of (112) Morris, father of (113) David, father of (114) Joshua

(2)/(110b) Max, father of Herman

(4)/(110d) Itche, father of several daughters

(5)/(110e) Leibel, father of Shmuel & Israel

issue of (110c) Mottel (above) was/is:

(1)/(111a) Jacob, father of (112) Richard, father of (113a) Aaron & (113b) Benjamin

(2)/(111b) Sidney, father of (112a) Michael [father of (113a) Mark, by 1st wife, &, father of (113b) Kenneth & (113c) Lawrence, by 2nd wife] & (112b) Ronald [father of (113) Robert]

(3)/(111c) Isidor, father of (112) Norman

issue of (109c) Zebulon (above) was/is:

(2)/(110b) Yosef, father of Zebulon

(3)/(110c) Moshe "Sir", father of (111) Samuel "Ser", father of (112) Morton, father of (113a&b) [names], two daughters

issue of (110a) Lazer (above) was/is:

(1)/(111a) Morris (below)

(2)/(111b) Shlomo (below)

(3)/(111c) Chaim Mordecai Sear (below)

(4)/(111d) Harry (below)

(5)/(111e) Avram Isaac

issue of (111a) Morris (above) was/is:

(1)/(112a) Samuel (below)

(2)/(112b) Shlomo, father of (113) Harry Ser, father of (114) Gerald, father of (115a&b) [names], two daughters

(1)/(113a) Louis, father of (114a) Allan [father of (115a&b) 2 daughters] & (114b) Edwin [father of (114) Zachary]

(2)/(113b) Manuel

(3)/(113c) Yosef

(1)/(112a) Yosef, father of (113a) Hersch & (113b) Shmuel

(2)/(112b) Shmuel Zawel, father of (113) [name], a daughter

(3)/(112c) Hersch, father of (113) Shmuel

issue of (111c) Chaim Mordecai Sear (above) was/is:

(1)/(112a) Samuel, father of (113) Julius, father of (114a) Warren [father of (115a) Samuel & (115b) Abraham], (114b) David [father of (115a) Isaac & (115b) Aaron], & (114c) Adam

(2)/(112b) Benjamin, father of (113a) Randy & (113b) Cary, father of (114) Michel, father of (115) [name], a son

(112a) Abraham Ser, father of (113a,b,c) [names], three daughters

(1)/(110a) Samuel Sier, father of (111) [Adele], a daughter

(2)/(110b) Tuvia (Tifke) Sier (below)

(3)/(110c) Yaacov, father of (111) [name], a daughter

issue of (110b) Tuvia (Tifke) Sier (above) was/is:

(1)/(111a) Morris, father of (112) Herbert, father of (113) Michael

(2)/(111b) Sidney, father of (112) [Lisa], a daughter

(3)/(111c) Irving, issue unsure

(1)/(108a) Michel (below)

(2)/(108b) Nahum (below)

(3)/(108c) Manes (below)

issue of (108a) Michael (above) was/is:

(1)/(109a) Abram, father of (110a) Jachim [father of a dau, (111) name], (109b) Abram [father of (110) Hersch Yehuda], & (109c) Sender [father of (110) Yehuda]

(2)/(109b) Yosef

(3)/(109c) Moshe

(1)/(109a) Meir, father of (110) Nahum Wolf, father of (111) [name], a son

(2)/(109b) Aron, had issue

issue of (108c) Manes (above) was/is:

(1)/(109a) Aron Wolf, father of (110a) Moshe & (110b) Jochen

(2)/(109b) Yehuda, father of (110a) Manes [father of (111) Lazer], (110b) Mordecai Lieb [father of (111) Aryeh (Ariel)], & (110c) Moshe, father of (111) Yehuda Manor, father of (112) Aharon, father of (113a) Avi, (113b) Yochai, (113c) Moshe

(3)/(109c) Abram, father of (110a) Aaron & (110b) Jospe

(4)/(109d) Yankel, father of (110) Kalman, father of (111a) Irving [father of (112) Arnold] & (111b) Harry, father of (112) David, father of (113) Ithamar

(5)/(109e) Chaim, father of (110a) Velvel [had issue] & (110b) Isaac, father of (111) Sol, father of (112a) Eric & (112b) David, father of (113) [name], a son

(108a) Yosef Kur

(1)/(109a) Yitzhak, father of a daughter, (110) Frume

(2)/(109b) Hunya, father of (110) Hiyyim Hersch, father of (111a) Hunya & (111b) Mattis Lemill

(3)/(109c) Haskel, father of (110) Mordecai, father of (111a) Gutman & (111b) Gittel (dau), wife of ...

part 10: Medieval Jewish Exilarchs (continued): House of Bostanai, or, the Bostonaite Line, 3rd-Dynasty; the numeration of the exilarchs begins anew with the redirection of the succession on the Davidic Dynasty's Family-Tree

01. BOSTONAI (Bustanai) (d665), a Davidic prince of the "2nd" dynasty of exilarchs (above), was appointed by the Arabic Caliph as the new exilarch in 642, which began a new [3rd] dynasty of exilarchs, the Bostonaite Line. The interruption in the succession equates to a change in the direction of the dynasty's line of succession, from one descent-line to another. Meantime, the Issawite Line, an offshoot of the previous [2nd] dynasty, i.e., the Ahijahite Line, claimed to represent the continuation of the previous [2nd] dynasty until its eventual extinction (c. AD 950).

Bustanai caught the attention of the caliph as a sixteen year old youth, when he did not flinch out of respect for the caliph when a bee [or wasp] landed on the side of his head but remained at attention. The caliph was so moved by the episode that he removed "the Arab Shiekh" who was exilarch and gave the exilarchate office to Bostonai; and also gave him a Parthian princess [Dara-Izdadwar] for his [2nd] wife.

Upon the death of Bostenai his two sons by his 1st [Arabic-Jewish] wife insisted that their father's [2nd] "foreign wife" as well as her three sons were illegitimate, and, as such, had no claim to the succession. The judges were divided in opinion, but finally decided that the marriage with his "foreign wife" was morganatic and that the offspring of that marriage had no claim to the succession. It is absolutely untrue that "the birthright" passed to the offspring of Bostanai and his second wife as the "Bahai' Faith" pretends, when history clearly records that "the birthright" passed to the offspring of his first wife.

The son and descendants of Bostanai and his 1st wife were his successors in the Jewish exilarchate, that is, they were the medieval Jewish exilarchs; while the three sons of Bostanai and his 2nd wife founded regional-dynasties in three Iranian provinces.

The tomb of Bostonai in Pumbedita, Iraq, was a place of worship as late as the twelfth century.

section 10.2: Family of Bustanai

(1)/(64A) Hisdai I (Chasdayi) (Hasdai), 2nd Exilarch

(2)/(64B) Haninai Baradai (Bar-Adoi) (d689), ancestor of the dynasty's main-line

(3)/(64C) Shahrijar (Shahari), Prince of Tabaristan, ancestor of the Shaharite Line

= [name], sister of Bohak [a.k.a. Baw; Baus; Bav), a Persian prince ?[son of Shapor, son of Kaus, etc.], 1st Prince of Tabaristan 665-679, who gave his name to the Buwayhids [his successors]

(4)/(64D) Gurdanshah, a.k.a. Ghilanshah, a.k.a. Gil "Gawbara", Prince of Gilan (d676); [Gil Gavpare] Prince of Gilan (d676) ; note: the historic record says that Ghilanshah was a Persian prince [the son of Peroz, son of Narse, son of Djamasp [Zambaspe], King/Shah 497-499], however, the Jewish record says that he was a Davidic prince, the son of Bostonai begotten by his [2nd] "foreign" wife.

= [name], daughter of Peroz, son of Narse, son of Djamasp [Zambaspe], Persian King/Shah

(5)/(64E) Mardanshah, Prince of Mazandaran (665) (below)

(65A) Yomtov-Ruzbihan-Yitzak [a.k.a. Ahunai], father of (66) Zakkai Yehuda, 9th Exilarch (below)

(65C) Sur[k]hab, 3rd Prince of Tabaristan 688-717, ancestor of the Afshar Dynasty of Persia

(1)/(65A) Dabuya (Dabwaih) (David; Daboe), Prince of Gilan (d706), whose descendants were called "the Dabwaihides" [Davidides]

(2)/(65B) Khurshid [I], Prince of Gilan (d709)

(3)/(65C) Patospan, a.k.a. Baduspan [I], Prince of Mazandaran (d694), whose descendants were called "the Baduspanides"

issue of (5)/(64E) Mardanshah, Prince of Mazandaran (665) (above)

(65) Hurmuzd, father of (66) [name here]

(1)/(65A) Hisdai II, 4th Exilarch 700-730 (below)

(3)/(65C) Hananiah (Haninai), Gaon of Sura 689-694, (below)

issue (65B) Nehemiah (above) was:

(2)/(66B) Haninai (Hakinai) (Habibai; Havivai) (below)

issue of (66A) Natronai, Gaon of Pumbedita (above) was:

(67) Haninai "Ha-Gaon", the father of three sons,

namely:

(1)/(68A) Hillel (Hilai), Gaon of Sura 823-827, the father of (69) Natronai "Gaon" (d858), the father of

(70A) Hillel, Gaon of Sura 896-904 [father of (71) Natronai, father of (72) Shlomo, father of (73) Sarah (daughter), wife of Mar Barzilai]

(70B) Jacob, Gaon of Sura 911-924, father of (71A) Yomtov Kahana, Gaon of Sura 924-928, & (71B) Joseph, Gaon of Sura 942-944, the father of (72) Aaron, Gaon of Pumbedita 943-961, father of (73) Isaac, father of (74) Zemah (d997)

(2)/(68B) Machir (Makhir) ["B"] [sometimes confused with cousins of the same name]

(3)/(68C) Isaac, Gaon of Pumbedita 833-839, the father of (69) Shaprut, the father of (70) Isaac, the father of (71) Hasdai "Nasi" [went to Spain] (929), the father of (72) son [name unsure] (950), had issue

issue of (66B) Haninai (Hakinai) (above) was:

(1)/(67A) Natronai I, 10th Exilarch, father of (68) Hisdai III, 14th Exilarch

(2)/(67B) Makhir ["C"], 11th Exilarch [sometimes mis-identified with Makhir, the son of Zakkai-Yehuda, 9th Exilarch]

(3)/(67C) Samuel I, 15th Exilarch, father of (68) Daniel, claimant 820

issue of (66C) Yitzchak "Isqawa" (above) was:

(1)/(67A) Zakkai II, 12th Exilarch

(2)/(67B) Judah (Yehuda) (below)

(3)/(67C) Nathan [Mar-Huna] (d788)

issue of (67B) Judah (above) was:

(1)/(68A) David I, 18th Exilarch

(2)/(68B) Makhir ["D"] [sometimes confused with Makhir ["A"], the son of Zakkai-Yehuda, 9th Exilarch]

(3)/(68C) Gershom, father of (69) Solomon "Nasi", who went to France and was made Marquis of The Spanish March, ancestor of a French noble house to which European Royalty can trace many genealogical-links

(a) Hillel, Gaon of Sura 694-712

(b) Yakob, Gaon of Sura 712-730, father of Mari, Gaon of Sura 748-756, ancestor of the Meirite "B" Line & the "Maharal" of Prague

03. ISHAK, 685-700, deposed, d705, represented previous [2nd] dynasty (above)

(1)/(66A) Jacob, Gaon of Sura 715-730

(2)/(66B) Zakkai I, 5th Exilarch

(3)/(66C) Judah, Gaon of Pumbedita (739)

(4)/(66D) Solomon I, 6th Exilarch

(1)/(67A) Anan [I], anti-exilarch 757/761, founded the Karaite sect &/or the Ananite-Karaite Line

(2)/(67B) Hananiah, 8th Exilarch (762), founded the Hananiahite-Line,

and

(3)/(67C) Meir, three, founded the Meirite "A" Line

05. ZAKKAI I, son, 5th Exilarch 730-733

06. SOLOMON I, bro, 6th Exilarch 733-759

(1)/(67A) Isaac Iskoi I, 7th Exilarch

(2)/(67B) Semah

(3)/(67C) Judah

(4)/(67D) Judith Ha-Geveret, wife of [cousin] Hananiah, 8th Exilarch

07. ISAAC ISKOI I, 7th Exilarch 759-762

(68) Shemaiah, by wife, [name], daughter of Nathan [son of Shahari], the father of (69) Daniel I, 17th Exilarch (820)

(67) Anan [I] (above), [1] Karaite Anti-Exilarch, was the father of

(68) Saul, [2] Karaite Anti-Exilarch, the father of two sons

(1)/(69A) Daniel [3A] Karaite Anti-Exilarch (820), the father of (70) Anan [II], [4A] Karaite Anti-Exilarch

(2)/(69B) Josiah, [3B] Karaite Anti-Exilarch

(1)/(70A) Boaz, [4B] Karaite Anti-Exilarch, father of (71) Jehoshaphat, [5B] Karaite Anti-Exilarch, the father of (72) David, [6B] Karaite Anti-Exilarch

(2)/(70B) Jehoshaphat, [4C] Karaite Anti-Exilarch, father of (71) Boaz, [5C] Karaite Anti-Exilarch, father of (72) David (Abu Sa'id), [6C] Karaite Anti-Exilarch, father of (73) Karaite Anti-Exilarch Solomon [I] (1016), father of two sons, namely:

(74a) Hizkia (Chezkia), 10th Anti-Exilarch [father of (75) Hisdai, 11th Anti-Exilarch, father of (76) Solomon [II], 12th Anti-Exilarch, father of (77) Judah, 13th Anti-Exilarch

(74b) Josiah, father of (75) Isaac, father of (76) Nathan, 14th Anti-Exilarch

(3)/(70C) Semah, the father of (71A) Yefet and (71B) Asa, the father of (72) Semah, the father of (73) David, the father of (74) Solomon, the father of (75) Jabez

issue: [two sons] of (71) Boaz, [5C] Karaite Anti-Exilarch (above) were:

(1)/(72A) David (Abu Sa’id) (below), [6C] Karaite Anti-Exilarch

(2)/(72B) Josiah

issue of David (Abu Sa’id) (above)

(73) Solomon, [7] Karaite Anti-Exilarch (below), son of either (a) David, [6B] Karaite Anti-Exilarch, son of Jehoshaphat (above), or (b) David, [6C] Karaite Anti-Exilarch, son of Boaz (above)

(1)/(74A) Hizkiah (Chezkia), [8] Karaite Anti-Exilarch, the father of (75) Hisdai (Hasdai), [9] Karaite Anti-Exilarch, the father of (76) Solomon [II], [10] Karaite Anti-Exilarch, the father of (77) Judah, [11] Karaite Anti-Exilarch

(2)/(74B) Josiah, the father of (75) Isaac, the father of (76) Nathan, [12] Karaite Anti-Exilarch (1050), last prince of the Karaite/Ananite Line

08. HANANIAH (762), 8th Exilarch 762, moved exilarch's seat to Baghdad in 762, his elder bro, Anan, was passed-over in the succession for his heretical beliefs; nevertheless, Prince Anan declared himself "Exilarch", i.e., "Exiled-King", and was the ancestor of the Karaite Line of anti-exilarchs, who reigned in opposition to the line of orthodox exilarchs for five centuries, whose sect, Karaism, at one time nearly supplanted Rabbinic Judaism as the dominant Jewish sect

= Judith Ha-Geveret [cousin]

(1)/(68A) Zakkai, the father of (69) Jedediah, the father of (70) Natronai II, 21st Exilarch 857-?, father of (71) Hisdai IV/III, 22nd Exilarch ?-875, father of (72) Jehoshaphat, 23rd Exilarch 875-?, father of (73) Sabbatai, father of (74) Esther (daughter), wife of Hananeel II, Prince of Oria

(2)/(68B) Shimon Kayara, the father of (69) Boaz, the father of (70) Sar-Shalom (d853), the father of (71) Ezra, the father of (72) Yitzchak, the father of (73) Abu Yusuf (d970)

(3)/(68C) Chiyya, the father of (69) Joseph (d833), the father of (70) Menahem (d859), the father of (71) Mishael, the father of (72) Shalom (d911), father of (73) Yosef, father of (74) Aaron (d970)

section 10.6: the Meirite "A" Line

(67C) Meir (above), the father of

(68) Moshe, claimant 832, son, the father of

(69) Aaron, a gaon, the father of

(70) Meir (d 912), the father of

(71) Aaron (923), the father of

(72) Avraham (d955), the father of

(73) Aaron, the father of

(74) Meir, the father of

(75) Solomon, the father of

(76) Judah, the father of

(77) SOLOMON III "ROSH", 40th Exilarch 1040-? [in whose favor the Exilarch David IV/II [39/44] abdicates before his travels]; was later deposed & went to Palestine were he was accepted as Patriarch (d1051), & begot three sons

section 10.7: descent-line of (79) Yahya (1090) (above/below) is:

(79) Yahya, claimant (1090), the father of

(80) Meir, the father of

(81) Migash, the father of

(82) Joseph (d1141), the father of

(83) Meir, the father of

(84) Neriah, the father of

(85) Baruch, the father of

(86) Avraham, the father of

(87) Joseph, the father of

(88) Avraham, the father of

(89) Samuel, the father of

(90) Joseph (1303/6), the father of

(91) Meir, the ancestor of

(98) Luis Diaz , claimant (ex 1542)

section 10.8: medieval exilarchs (continued)

09. ZAKKAI-YEHUDA, 9th Exilarch (d771)

(1)/(67A) Nathan, claimant (771)

(2)/(67B) Makhir (Machir) ["A"], claimant, ? went to France (771) and became Theodore of Narbonne, Marquis of Septimania, founded a French noble house from which European Royalty may trace many genealogical-links

(3)/(67C) Yehuda, the father of (68) Mushka (825), the father of (69) son [name unsure], claimant

10. NATRONAI I, 10th Exilarch 771-3, deposed and went to Spain, the father of three sons, who were:

(1)/(68A) Hisdai III, 14th Exilarch (803)

(2)/(68B) Samuel Ha-Nasi (814), the father of (69) Aaron, who went to Italy (876), father of (70) [name here], ancestor of an Italian noble house

(3)/(68C) [name here], son, born in Spain, the father of (69) Judah "The Hebrew" "of Barcelona" (875), who begot (70) [name unsure], son, had issue

11. MAKHIR, 773 dep, one of four near contemporary princes who bore the name "Makhir", who came to France in the reign of Pepin "Le Korte" and married one of his daughters, and became Theodore [FR. Thierri] of Narbonne.

12. ZAKKAI II, 773 dep

13. BABAWAI-MOSES, 773-?

(67) Isaac Iskoi II, 16th Exilarch, father of (68) Qarim (d856), ancestor of (104) Baha'u'llah, claimant (d1892)

(69) Shlomo "Gaon", father of (70) Ezra, father of (71) Joseph, father of (72) Samuel, father of (73) Jose

15. SAMUEL I, 803-816

(68) Daniel, claimant (820)

received from Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786-809) confirmation of the right to carry a seal of office. He is mentioned by name to have been present at the Caliph's Court on the appearance of an embassy from the western emperor Charlemagne. Caliph Harun al-Rashid sent Charlemagne a Jewish prince from the Exilarch's House, "Prince" Solomon; deposed, his descendants are traceable as a dynasty of regional-rulers for 1000 years, and, was the father of

(68) Qarim, ancestor of (104) Baha'u'llah, founder of the Bahai' Line

17. DANIEL I, 17th Exilarch 820

18. DAVID I, 18th Exilarch 820-840 (68A) (above)

(1)/(69A) Lucke, 19th Exilarch

(2)/(69B) Judah I, 20th Exilarch, whose two sons were (70A) Ukba, 25th Exilarch, after whose deposition there was an interim; and (70B) Zakkai, father of five sons (below), and ancestor of the Zakkaite Line & several major branches

(3)/(69C) Hisdai V/IV, 24th Exilarch

(4)/(69D) Jacob, Gaon of Sura 832-?, father of (70) Netira (d916), had issue

(5)/(69E) Isaac, the father of (70) Joash, the father of (71) Hizkiah, the father of (72) David, the father of (73) Nathan, the father of (74) Nabal (1000), the father of (75) Aminadab (1050), the father of (76) Eliphelet (1090), the father of (77) Solomon, the father of (78) Jehoash, the father of (79) Hezekiah (below)

(1)/(80A) Israel, father of

(81) Isaac (d1240), father of

(82) Solomon [sometimes confused with his cousin, who had the same name], begot

(83) Avraham, father of

(84) Menahem [ancestor of Menahemite "B" Line] father of

?(85a) Hizkiah, or ?(85b) Koshav, & ?(85c) [name] (below)

(2)/(80B) David, a scribe (d1200)

(3)/(80C) Hoshea [Oshea], father of (81) [name unsure], father of (82) Solomon, father of (83) [name unsure]

(68) David I, 18th Exilarch (above)

(5)/(69E) Isaac, the father of

(70) Joash, the father of

(71) Hizkiah, the father of

(72) David, the father of

(73) Nathan, the father of

(74) Nabal (1000), the father of

(75) Aminadab (1050), the father of

(76) Eliphelet (1090), the father of

(77) Solomon, the father of

(78) Jehoash, the father of

(1)/(80A) Israel, father of

(80) David I, 18th Exilarch

(82) Solomon [sometimes confused with his cousin, who had the same name], father of

(83) Avraham, father of

(84) Menahem, ancestor of Menahemite "B" Line

(85) Hizkiah, father of

(86) Solomon, father of

(87) Judah, father of

(88) Josiah, father of

(89) Phineas, father of

(90) Hodayah, father of

(91) Jedediah, father of

(92) Mordechai Komitano, anti-exilarch 1526-42, father of

(93) [name], father of

(94) Avraham, father of

(95) [name], father of

(96) Mordechai, claimant, father of

(97) Sabbatai "Zevi", claimant 1648, resigned claim 1666 (d1676)

= Jochobed, aka Michal, dau of Joseph "Filosoff" [="The Philosopher"]

"protégé"of (98) Jacob Querido, adoptive son

section 10.10: medieval exilarchs (continued)

19. LUCKE, 19th Exilarch 840

20. JUDAH I, 20th Exilarch 840-857

(70A) Ubka, 25th Exilarch

(70B) Zakkai, prince, ancestor of the Zakkaite Line

(71) Hisdai IV/III, 22nd Exilarch

(72) Jehoshaphat, 23rd Exilarch

(73) Sabbatai, the father of (74) Esther (daughter), wife of Hananeel [II], Prince of Oria, Italy, a Davidic scion

24. HISDAI V/IV, 24th Exilarch, bro

section 10.11: the Zakkaite Line

25. (70B) Zakkai, the brother of 25th Exilarch UKBA, was the father of five sons, who were:

(1)/(71A) David II, 26th/28th Exilarch

(2)/(71B) Joshua [claimant], the father of (72) Hachni, the father of two sons: (73a) Aahron [the father of two sons: (74a) Josiah (d1020) & (74b) Hushiel, the father of (75) Hananel (d1055), the father of (76) nine daughters] & (73b) Nathan [the father of (74) Avraham Ha-Nagid (1000), the father of (75) Saadya (1030), the father of three sons: (76a) Judah [father of (77) Nataniel, father of (78) Yakhin], (76b) Mevorak Ha-Nagid (1098) [the father of (77) Haninai, the father of (78) Samuel Ha-Nagid (d1159)], & (76c) Nathan [had issue]

(3)/(71C) Shlomo (d929), the father of (72) Paltiel Ha-Nagid (952), who, by wife, [dau of Jauhar, a general], was the father of (73) Samuel [I] "Ha-Rofeh"

(4)/(71D) Josiah I (Yoshiyahu) Al-Hasan "of Khorasan", 27th Exilarch

(5)/(71E) Isaac (Yitzchak) "Gaon", the father of (72) Joseph (d944), father of (73) Solomon, father of (74) Elijah "Nasi", father of (75a) Abiathar [father of (76) Solomon, had issue] & (75b) Solomon, the father of

(1)/(76a) Mazaliah

(2)/(76b) Nethaniel, father of [three sons] namely: (77) Moshe, father of (78) Nathaniel, father of (79) Sar-Shalom, had issue

26. DAVID II, 1st time, 921-930, continued the controversy, alternately feuded with, and maintained friendly relations with, Saadiah, a cousin & a "gaon". It is for these controversies that he is most remembered. The final reconciliation with Saadiah came in 937 during David's 2nd reign.

27. JOSIAH I AL-HASAN, 930-933, dep

(72) Solomon II, 32nd Exilarch

28. DAVID II, 2nd time, 933-940, after David's death, Saadiah spoke highly of him and supported his son Judah as the next Exilarch

(72A) Judah II, 29th Exilarch

(72B) Heman [II], 31st Exilarch

29. JUDAH II, 940-1, represents a missing generation in the Charlap Family genealogy as handed down by various ancestors. Judah followed his father in death a scant seven months later, but left behind a twelve year old son

(73) Chizkiya, 30th/33rd/35th Exilarch (below)

30. CHIZKIYA I/III (HEZEKIAH), 30th/33rd/35th Exilarch 941 [age 12] [1st time], 953-75 [2nd time], & ?-980 [3rd time], was put on the exilarch's throne by Saadiah, who served as regent for the boy-king about a year until his own death in 942, whereupon Chizkiya was deposed by his uncle

(74A) David III/I, 36th Exilarch

(74B) Zakkai III, 37th Exilarch

31. HEMAN [II], 942-951, uncle

32. SOLOMON II, 951-953, cousin

(73A) Azariah I [Uzziah], 34th Exilarch (975)

(73?) Haninai

33. CHIZKIYA I, 2nd time, 953-975

34. AZARIAH I, 34th Exilarch (975)

(1)/(74A) Zakkai IV, 41st Exilarch, father of (75) Joseph (Yosef) "Rabba", 42nd Exilarch, father of Zakkai V

(3)/(74C) Solomon (below)

(4)(74D) Joseph "Gaon" (d1054), father of a son (75) [name unsure], called the "Messiah of Lyons" (1087), possible ancestor of the Bernadotte Family of France & Sweden

(5)/(74E) Daniel "Nasi", claimant, went to Palestine, expelled the ex-Exilarch David IV/II [39/44], who had re-established the Jerusalem Patriarchate, and replaced him as "Nasi" 1051-62, but the invasion of the [Seljuk] Turks put an end to his reign. His son, David, fled to Egypt where he established a rival exilarchate supported by the Fatimide Muslim Dynasty.

(1)/(75A) Jesse, the father of (76) Jedidah, 43rd Exilarch

(2)/(75B) Yeshai (Josiah) ["C"], compare above, ancestor of the Day[y]an Family, see

(3)/(75C) Judah (Yehuda), father of (76A) Joazar, (76B) Solomon (d1051) [father of (77) Maziliah (1127)], (76C) Josiah, father of three sons

issue of the claimant (74E) Daniel "Nasi" (above) was:

(1)/(75A) David [V] "Nasi", anti-exilarch, patriarch/prince 1081-94, who, by wife, Nashiya [daughter of Moshe Ha-Kohen], had issue [note: there were several families in the 1300s which claimed descent from him]

(2)/(75B) [name unsure], the father of (76) Jacob, the father of (77) Isaac "Alfasi" [fled to Spain 1088] (d1103), the father of (78) Ibn Arye "of Cordova" (1117), the father of (79) [name unsure], son (1150)

(3)/(75C) Yosef Ha-Nagid of Egypt 1081-1091

section 10.12: descendants of CHIZKIYA II/IV, 38th Exilarch, was/were:

38. CHIZKIYA II/IV, 1021-40, deposed 1040; imprisoned; released 1046; executed 1058; at least two of his sons fled to Spain in 1040 upon their father's imprisonment and got refuge from Rabbi Yosef HaNaggid, whose ancestors had lived in Spain for several generations. The two young princes stayed with Rabbi Yosef HaNaggid until his murder in Granada in 1066.

(a) Isaac, one of Chiskiah's sons, fled to Saragossa, married, settled down, and raised a family, and, begot a son [name here]. He was Chiskiah's grandson. This grandson settled in the area called Edom, which at that time was part of Spain under Christian rule. This grandson of Chiskiah, who had settled in the Christian part of Spain, was NOT the father of Rabbi Chiya al-Daudi, the Jewish royal heir.

(b) Yosef (Joseph), the other son, also went north into Christian Spain, but left there and traveled to France and Italy. He is theorized to have been the ancestor of an European noble/or royal house.

(1)/(76A) David IV/II [39/44] (above)/(below)

issue of (76B) Yosef [a.k.a. Joseph "of Fustat"] (above)

(1)/(77A) David, Gaon of Fustat (1083-89), father of (78) Elhanan, father of (79) [H]Anani[ah], father of (80A) Samuel Ha-Nagid (1142-59) & (80B) Elhanan, father of (81) Shemariah, etc.

(3)/(77C) Mazhir, father of (78) Avraham, father of (79) Ezra (1120)

(3)/(76C) Isaac, fled to Spain in 1040 (below), had three sons

issue of (76C) Isaac [son of (38) Chizkiya II] (above) was:

(1)/(77A) Meshulam, the father of (78) Sheshet, the father of (79) Shaltiel (d1097)

(2)/(77B) Yosef (Joseph) "Oroved", who, by wife, Reyna, begot (78) Barzilai, the father of (79) Judah Ben Barzilai (1080), none issue

(1)/(78A) Shemuel Ha-Nasi (d1097)

(2)/(78B) Isaac, the father of three sons (below)

(3)/(78C) Sharbit Hazahav "Verge di Oro", ancestor of Berdugo Family [genealogy lost], from whom descends Moshe Berdugo Rabbi, father of Itzhak "Ha-Yachieh" Berdugo, father of Yosef, father of Mordecai Ha-Tzadik Berdugo (d1763), father of Raphael Burdugo (d1821), who had issue

(1)/(79A) Meshullam "Prefecto" (below)

(2)/(79B) Yosef Ibn Benveniste, ancestor of the Benveniste Family, the father of (80) Solomon, the father of (81) Sheshet Benveniste (1170), the father of (82) Makhir, ancestor of the famous Marranoes Gracia Nasi [called "Ha Geveret" or "La Senora"] and her nephew and son-in-law Joseph Nasi, Duke of Naxos. He was succeeded as Duke of Naxos by Solomon Abenaes, Duke of Mytilene.

issue of (79A) Meshulam "Prefecto" (above) was:

(1)/(80A) Shaltiel, the father of (81) Sheshet, the father of three sons: (82a) Judah, (82b) Isaac [the father of (83) Yosef "The Ribash"], & (82c) Yosef

(3)/(80C) Sheshet, the father of (81) Shaltiel (1160), the ancestor of the Shaltiel Family, &, father of (82) [name unsure], father of (83) [name unsure], father of (84) Isaac "Bonafos", father of (85) [name unsure], father of (86) Avraham Shaltiem, father of three sons: (87a) Judah [ancestor of the Chaltiel Family of Algiers & the Choltiel Family of Tunis], (87b) Moshe [ancestor of the Shaltiel Family of the U.K. & the U.S.], & (87c) David [ancestor of the Graziani Family of Italy]

39. DAVID IV/II, 1st time, 1040, abdicated & went to Palestine [Canaan], Palestinian Patriarch/Prince 1040-1051; went to Spain; returned to Baghdad and restored as Exilarch 1081-1092 [2nd time], ancestor of later exilarchs

section 10.13: descendants of DAVID IV/II were:

(1)/(77A) Chizkiya III/V, 45th/47th Exilarch 1092-1094 [1st time], 1096-1099 [2nd time]

(2)/(77B) Baruch, born in Spain, moved to Italy, changed his name to Benedictus Christos on his conversion to Christianity [baptized by the pope], the father of

(78) Leo, a Roman senator (d1111), the father of

(79) Pierre de Leon (d1128), ancestor of the Pierleoni Family of Italy. Now extinct in the male-line.

(78A) Avraham "Nasi", the ancestor of several "Marrano" families, the most prominent of whom was the Senior Family whose most prominent member was Avraham Senior, Anti-Exilarch (1480)

(78B) Moshe Al Dar'l "of Fez" (1127)

(78C) Bonjudah "Vital", the ancestor of Haim Vital (d1640) & the Vital Family

(76) Hezekiah, father of (77) Solomon IV Al-Duji, 46th Exilarch

(78) David V/III, 48th Exilarch

76. Hezekiah, begot

47/(78) Avraham, son, the father of

48/(79) Menahem, ancestor of the Menahemite "A" Line, the father of

(80) David Alroy, claimant (1150), father of

(81a) Judah, father of (82) Nathaniel, father of (83) Yakin, father of (84) Mevorakh, father of (85) Moshe, father of (86) Daniel, father of (87) David, father of (88) Solomon, father of (89) Hezekiah, father of (90) Judah

(81b) Mevorakh, father of (82) Moshe, father of (83) Hezekiah, father of (84) Judah (1250), father of (85) Solomon, father of (86) Jedidiah, father of (87) Solomon, father of (88) Josiah, father of (89) Jesse, father of (90) Zedekiah, father of (91) Joseph (Yosef), father of (92) Yakin, three generations (93,94,95), (96) Jacob Puigo, father of (97) David Puigo, father of (98) Joseph "Filosoff", father of (99) Jacob Querido (1676)(d1690), father of (100) Berokia, claimant (d1740), father of (101) [name], playboy & dandy at Spain's royal court, father of (102) [name], a tobacco dealer, father of (103) [name], an army officer, father of (104) Enrique Puig y Molto, paramour of Queen Isabella II of Spain and was probably the father of her son, (105) King Alfonxo XII, and, ancestor of the Spanish Bourbons

(81c) Daniel, father of (82) David, father of (83) Solomon, father of (84) Judah, father of (85) Josiah, father (86) Phineas, father of (87) Hodayah, father of (88) Jedidiah, father of (89) Solomon, father of (90) [name here]

(100) Berokia, claimant 1716 (d1740), father of

(101) [name here], playboy heir, guitar-playing gallant prince at the royal Spanish court, father of two sons:

(102a) [name not given], was a Christian merchant at Copenhagen

(102b) [name not given], was a tobacco dealer at Pigueral, who begot

(103) [name here], an army officer, the father of

(104) Enrique Puig y Molto, the paramour of Queen Isabella II of Spain, who may have been the biological father of (105) King Alfonso XII of Spain & thus ?ancestor of the Spanish Bourbons

47. CHIZKIYA III, 2nd time, 1096-9

48. DAVID V/III, 1099-1134

(1)/(79A) Nehemiah II, 49th Exilarch

(2)/(79B) Hisdai IV/V, 50th Exilarch

(3)/(79C) Natronai III, 53rd Exilarch

49. NEHEMIAH [II], 1134

50. HISDAI IV/V, 1134-5, was highly esteemed by the caliph, a circumstance that for a time lent new dignity to the exilarchate, which had by this time sunk into near insignificance

(80A) Solomon V, 51st Exilarch

(80B) Daniel II, 52nd Exilarch

(80C) [name here] (daughter), wife of Hodayah, a Davidic prince [see "Hillelite Line"], the mother of (81) David VI/IV, 56th Exilarch

51. SOLOMON V, 1135-1150

52. DANIEL II, 1150-1174, died childless

53. NATRONAI III, 1175

(80A) Judah III, 54th Exilarch

(80B) Samuel III/II, 57th Exilarch

(80C) David, the father of (81) Jesse, the father of (82) Solomon "Nasi", claimant, the father of (83) Josiah II, 66th Exilarch

54. JUDAH III, 1175, deposed, went to Spain

(81A) David VIII/VI, 60th Exilarch

(81B) Joshua, the father of (82) Hisdai V/VI, 63rd Exilarch

(81C) Shlomo, the father of (82) Daniel III, 64th Exilarch

55. SAMUEL II/I [son of Ali Ha-Levi], usurper,1175

56. DAVID IV/V "BEN HODAYA" 1175, rival of # 55 & # 57; son of Hodayah [see "Hillel Pedigree"]

(82) Hasdai V/VI, 61st Exilarch

57. SAMUEL II, 1175-95, son of (53) Natronai III, 1175

(81) David VII/V, 58th Exilarch

(82) Azariah II, 59th Exilarch

(83) Samuel IV/III, 65th Exilarch

(82) Abraham, father of (83) Nissim, 69th Exilarch

(83) Solomon VI, 62nd Exilarch

(84) Daniel IV, 68th Exilarch

(83) David IX/VII, 67th Exilarch

(83) Samuel, who went to Spain in 1240, the father of (84) Abraham Abulafia "Raziel", who went to Italy, claimant 1282/84 (d1291), father of (85) son [name unsure], father of (86) Samuel Abulafia (d1361), father of (87) son [name unsure]

(84) Phineas, the father of (85) Sar-Shalom, 73rd Exilarch

(84) Judah IV, 70th Exilarch (1300)

(85) Solomon VII "Muleh", 71st Exilarch

issue:

(86) David X, 72nd Exilarch

(86) Melchi "Nasi", 74th Exilarch

(87) Shalom, 75th Exilarch

75. SHALOM, 75th Exilarch, last one, 1365-1401, deposed by Tartar King Tamerlane, however, his descendants continued to be recognized by the Jews of the "Diaspora" as their kings until the dynasty's extinction upon the death of Pasha, called "King of the Jews" by the Baghdad Ghetto, in 1825, upon which the title to the throne, that is, Jewish "sovereignty", devolved to another Davidic descent-line, the Ha-Nasi Family [Nasi "A" Family], which was an offshoot of the main-line of the exilarch's house.

note: the Jewish Exiles still in Babylonia [Mesopotamia] barely survived the occupation of Mesopotamia [Babylonia] by the Tartars; and, the Mesopotamian Jews, that is, the last generation of the "The Babylonian Captivity", were scattered everywhere by the Tartars in the late-14th/early-15th centuries AD under the Tartar King Tamerlane, who abolished the Babylonian Exilarchate (1401), and, thus, passes into history the last remnant of the ancient Jewish "monarchy-in-exile", though the heirs of the exilarch's house continued to be recognized as kings of the Jews by the Baghdad ghetto until 1825 when the dynasty's main-line died out. The Diaspora finally came to an end in a series of airlifts from Iraq [Mesopotamia] to Israel in 1951 in "Operation Ezra & Nehemiah".

75. Shalom, 75th Exilarch (above)

76. Ezra, anti-king, son of Shalom, 75th Exilarch, (above)

78. Huna, anti-king, son of above

79. Avraham, claimant (1517)

80. Yakov, claimant (1535)

81. Avraham Shalom, claimant 1574

82. Moshiah Ha-Melech, claimant (1600)

83. Amram, claimant (1625)

84. Yitshak, anti-king

85. Eliyahu, anti-king

86. Yekytel, anti-king

87. Yitshak, anti-king

88. Yosef, anti-king

89. Saleh Ha-Nasi, exilarch (d1791)

90. Pasha, exilarch, last of main-line, called "King of the Jews" by the Baghdad Ghetto (d1825)

01. HAZUB (KHAZUV; CHATZUV), first medieval claimant, c. 950, ancestor of the Charlap Family, see

05. "LYON[S] MESSIAH" (so-called), set forth his claims in Lyon[s], France, c. 1060, and was killed by the French in a city-wide riot. He may have been the ancestor of the Bernadotte Family of France & Sweden.

06. SOLOMON "RASHI" of Troyes, France, claimant 1087, a famous Jewish rabbi made dynastic claims

07. IBN AYRE, a reluctant Jewish prince at Cordoba, Spain, in 1100, became the focus of a growing number of local Jewish leaders as a likely candidate to be their leader. To preempt reaction by the Muslim authorities, the leaders of the Jewish community brought Ibn Ayre to the synagogue. He was found guilty for failing to instruct his followers that they were acting in error. He was publicly flogged, fined, and excommunicated from the synagogue.

08. MOSHE AL-DAR'L went to Fez, Morocco, from Muslim Spain, in 1120, and attracted the notice of local Jews. He predicted that the messianic age was about to dawn, and that he would lead the Jews back to Palestine. He swindled a lot of people, and, in 1127, fled with their money once he caught the interest of local Moorish authorities.

09. DAVID ALROY was an active claimant between 1127-1147. His father, Menahem, and his grandfather, Shlomo al-Duji, had earlier worked to organize a movement to return the Jews to Palestine; and, upon his father's death, David Alroy found himself the third generation leader of the movement. Alroy declared that its was his purpose to complete his father's work to lead the Jews to retake Palestine. He aimed to use military force to accomplish this. His base of operations was the city of Amadia, Kurdistan. In 1147, David Alroy, proclaimed himself "King of the Jews" at Babylon. The Persian Shah threatened to kill all of the Jews in the country unless Alroy was stopped. In response, Jewish leaders appealed to a neighboring Turkish ruler, Sultan Zun-al-Din, a friend of the Jews, who saw that only the death of Alroy would save the Jews from Persian reprisals. Sultan Zun-al-Din gave the father of Alroy's wife 10,000 gold pieces to kill him. The father-in-law accomplished this by getting Alroy drunk at a banquet given in his honor, and then murdering him while he slept. He cut off his head and sent it to the Seljuk sultan. The followers of his descendants [the Menahemite "A" Line] were called "Menahemists", from his father's name "Menahem", who was considered the founder of the family's fortune.

10. YOSEF "HA-NASI", a prince of the Exilarch-House, during a vacancy of the patriarchate, came from the exilarch-house at Baghdad, Iraq, to Aleppo, Syria, and was received by the Jewish inhabitants of the city as their "prince" ["nasi"], and founded another dynasty of the Palestinian "Nesi'im", about the sametime as the overthrow of Jerusalem’s Crusader-Dynasty [the first time] in 1187.

11. ABRAHAM ABULAFIA was the son of the Jewish exilarch-prince, Samuel, the son of the 64th Exilarch Daniel III. He had three divine calls: the first in Barcelona, Spain, in 1271; which he wrote about and published in a book in Urbino, Italy, in 1279. This was soon followed by his second call in 1280 in Capua, Italy; and, he got his third and most elevating vision at Messina, Sicily, in 1284, and, thereafter set forth his claims to be the "Messiah", or the "royal Davidic heir"; for the Davidic Dynasty was suppose to produce the "Messiah". He had an audience with the pope [Nicholas III] who condemned Abulafia to be burned at the stake, however, it was not Abulafia but Pope Nicholas who was struck down by the plague and died within a few days. The authorities believed that this was not a random illness, but a divine intervention that rescinded the pope's execution order, and Abulafia was released. Much was made of the date of his birth, for year AD 1240 corresponded with Year 5000 since Creation in the Jewish Calendar; and, a prediction that was popular at the time was that 1290, one Jubilee [fifty years] after the fifth millennium from Creation that the Kingdom of God would be established on earth. He was so forcefully denounced by the rabbis that a rebuffed Abulafia withdrew from actively promoting his messanic claims. In 1282 he gathered a following of European Jews to retake Jerusalem, but was arrested by the King of Italy; and exiled to Isle of Malta (1284) where he was imprisoned and died seven years later (1291), one year after the failed 1290 prediction.

12. NISSIM [ben Abraham], the "prophet of Avila", who set forth messianic claims in 1295, in Avila, Castile [Spain], but proved to be a false prophet when none of his predictions came true. Many of his former followers converted to Christianity after the debacle rather than returning to Judaism.

13. SAMUEL ABULAFIA served King Don Pedro of Castile as his financial administrator. He built a magnificent personal residence, which today serves as the El Greco Museum in Toledo. In 1358 he was sent to Portugal as a royal diplomat. In 1360 his master, King Don Pedro of Castile, nicknamed "The Cruel", had Samuel Abulafia arrested and tortured to death, and seized all of his property and possessions.

14. MOSES BOTAREL, descended from a "Marrano" family; was declared "King of the Jews" in Burgos, Spain, in 1393, by Hasdai Crescus, one of the great Jewish philosophers of his time, but Botarel's cause never caught on among the Jews of Castile, and he had only a few supporters.

15. AVRAHAM SENIOR (1487), descended from a "Marrano" family, the "Senior Family" appears to be derived from the Spanish word "senor", meaning "sire" or "lord" [like the French "sieur"], which might, in turn, be a translation of the Hebrew "Nasi", meaning "Prince". Note that "Coronel", the surname adopted by Don Abraham Senior in 1492, meant [at that time] "crown".

18. ASHER LEMMLEIN came from Germany to Venice, Italy, in 1502, where he announced that "Messiah" would appear within a year. He died or disappeared during the winter of 1502/1503 and many of his followers abandoned Judaism and became Christians.

19. DAVID REUVENI (1523), a popular Jewish pretender with mysterious origins. He took care to trace his ancestry to Solomon, King David's son, however, there are other theories of his ancestry, which are: that he (a) was from Baghdad [Mesopotamia]; or (b) Beta Israel [Ethiopia], and/or (c) was a Polish Ashkenazi Jew. The Arabs captured him on his way to Europe and held him as a slave until the Jewish community in Alexandria, Egypt, ransomed him. He appeared in Rome in 1524 riding a spectacular white Arabian horse, and accompanied by attendants dressed in fine silks, and shining breast-plates. He obtained an audience with the pope [Clement VII]. The pope gave him letters of safe passage to meet with King John III of Portugal. Thus, here in the midst of the Inquisition, here is a Jewish prince traveling from the pope to a king in exotic splendor and under banners emblazoned with Hebrew characters. He stayed at the home of the king's brother, Cardinal Don Enrique. The revelation that the king's council-secretary, Diogo Pires, was actually the Jewish prince Shlomo "Molkho" of the Charlap Family, obliged David Reuveni to quietly leave Portugal without fanfare. He wondered about Europe for several years, and ignorantly asked the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V for an audience. Emperor Charles V had David Reuveni arrested and sent him in chains to be tried by the Inquisition, whereupon he disappears from history. It is not known what happened to him, and his end comes to be as mysterious as his beginning.

20. SHLOMO "MOLKHO" (1525) was born DIOGO PIRES in Lisbon in 1500 to a family of the Portuguese Marranos, i.e., the Charlap Family. He held an important office in the court of King Joao III of Portugal when he re-adopted Judaism [which was a capital offense under the Inquisition], was circumcised, and began using his Jewish name. In 1525 he began a seven-year personal odyssey traveling throughout Europe. He made messianic claims and preached powerful sermons to both Jews and Christians alike. He won the support of Pope Clement VII in a private audience. The pope secretly rescued Shlomo Molko from the Catholic Church's own Inquisition in 1529; but in 1532 he was arrested during an audience with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V who turned him over to the Inquisition, which burned him at the stake in 1532.

21. LUIS DIAZ, "the Messiah of Setubal", Portugal, who, a poor, uneducated shoemaker, in 1540 claimed to be the rightful heir to King David's throne, and made messianic claims. His pedigree from ancient Jewish royalty was known from his family's records. His family came from the "Marranos", who were Hispanic Jews. The popularity of Luis Diaz caught the attention of the Spanish Inquisition which arrested and burned him at the stake in 1542.

22. ISSAC LURIA "ARI" [="THE LION"] (1534-1572), claimant 1572, founder of the modern school of "cabala"/"kabbalah". He and his disciples shaped "Kabbalah" into its present form. He died from the plague in 1572, interpreted as having been smote by God possibly for his involvement in the "Kabbalah Heresy" or either his messianic claims.

23. HAYIM VITAL CALABRESE (1543-1620) went to Damascus, claimant

24. MANOEL SOEIRO [a.k.a. Menasseh Ben Israel], another Davidic prince, who established his court at Amsterdam, Holland, and established a rival exilarchate and/or principate. He could trace his ancestry from the Davidic Dynasty genealogy through medieval Jewish exilarchs. Manoel Soeiro (d1657) had dealings with the world-leaders of his time. He bargained with Cromwell of England who, strapped for cash, was anxious to get as much money from Manoel Soeiro as possible. Manoel Soeiro was survived by an only child, a daughter, Rachel, who married Edward Russell, an English noble.

25. SABBATHAI ZEVI (AHEBETAI ZVI) (1626-1676), demagogue, king, represented the Davidic Dynasty's Menahemite "B" Line. He traveled throughout Europe, North Africa, and the Near East visiting Jewish communities. Sabbatai Zevi moved to Jerusalem in 1662 where he gained thousands of followers from all the world’s Jews, who hailed him as "King of the Jews" and "Emperor of The World", and, where he received ambassadors from most of the world's nations as well as from the worldwide Diaspora of Jews everywhere. He assumed the pomp and splendor of royalty, and held court supported by the money sent to him by the world’s Jews. Late 1665 he formally proclaimed that he was the Messiah. It awoke a messianic fever among the Jews everywhere. Early 1666 Sabbatai Zevi was "sent for" by the Turkish sultan, along with twenty-six of the sultan’s other vassals. [The Ottomon Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453, and took Jerusalem in 1516.] Sabbatai Zevi set out in ceremony-of-state with a large entourage in great fanfare. He thought he was going to receive the sultan's crown of dominion over Palestine, however, he was arrested at Gallipoli, and taken in chains to Adrianople where the sultan was then in residence. He was brought before the sultan and given a choice, either convert to Islam or be crucified. He chose to convert to Islam in 1666. He was kept a prisoner in the sultan’s palace, and made the doorman of the sultan’s harem. The news that Sabbatai Zevi had converted to Islam stunned and shocked the world’s Jews, and main-stream Judaism began to drift away from messianism in the coming years. He died in a fortress at Dulcigno [Ulvinj] in Albania a broken-man in 1676. His eldest son, Ishmael, died in adolescence; and, his second son, Ibrahim, appears to be an insignificant figure in his father's movement. His widow, [Michal] Jochobed, daughter of Rabbim Joseph "Filosoff" [="The Philosopher"] Puighe "of Salonika", claimed that Jacob "Querido" was their son, thus, the Sabbatinians ["Followers of Sabbatai Zevi"], afterwards followed him.

26. JACOB QUERIDO, claimant 1676/78, the royal Davidic heir [though his lineage was questionable] overshadowed the claims of Moshe Nassi, who eventually did achieve the Palestinian Patriarchate. Jacob Querido was probably not the son of Shabbatai Zevi but rather the brother of Shabbatai Zevi's widow, Jochobed, thus, he was the son of Joseph "Filosoff" [="The Philosopher"] Puighe and not his sister's son by Shabbatai Zevi, though that is the official doctrine. He was forced by islamic powers to renounced his rights and converted to Islam in 1687, and died in 1691. The "Sabbatinians" [= "Followers of Sabbatai Zevi"] then supported his son, Berechiah, called "Prince Berokia", as the royal Davidic heir.

27. MORDECAI "MOKIAH", claimant 1678 (d1682)

(x) BARUCHYA RUSSO (d1720), claimant 1716, opposed by:

28. BEROKIA (BERECHIAH), claimant 1687/1716 (d 1740), father of

(29) [name unsure], son, who was a guitar-playing gallant young dandy prince in the Spanish royal court at Madrid, Spain, and, was the father of two sons:

(30a) [name unsure], a wealthy Christian merchant at Podolia, Poland; made his millions in Cohenhagen, Denmark, where he took up his residence [none reference to offspring]; and

(30b) [name unsure], a wealthy tobacco dealer in Pigeural, was the father of (31) [name unsure], an army-officer, the father of

(32) Enrique Puig y Molto, the paramour of Queen Isabella II of Spain, and, the reputed father of King Alfonso XII of Spain; and, thus, the possible ancestor of the Spanish Bourbons?

Though, there has not been any officially recognized Jewish "state" in Canaan-Palestine from the Roman Conquest in AD70 until 1948/1967, however, there has been a Jewish "authority" in Palestine officially recognized from time to time, who were descendants of the ancient Jewish Davidic Royal House until 1849, when the Ottoman Empire abolished the "patriarchate". The duties of the "Nesi'im" were assumed by the "Hakhamei" [overseer of the Jews] of the Ottoman Empire after 1849, who also was suppose to be one of King David's descendants. The British Empire took Jerusalem in 1917 on the collapse of the Ottoman Empire; and in 1948 empowered the local Jewish authority there to establish the modern Jewish state.

31. [Avraham] MIGUEL CARDOZO (d1706) was murdered by his nephew Hayim [ben Shlomo] (below) over the leadership of the family-dynasty

32. MORDECHAI "OF EISENSTADT" (d1706) traveled all over Germany claiming to be the royal Davidic heir and also the messiah

33. HAYIM [BEN SHLOMO] (d1716), claimant

(34) BARUCHYA RUSSO (d1720), the leader of a sect, the Konyosos; his descendant was

(X) DJAVID BEY, who was also an active leader of the Konyosos sect

35. YEHUDA LEIB "OF PROSSNITZ" (d1730), an uneducated peddler from Moravia, wandered from city to city, setting forth his claims to David's throne

36. YEHOSHUA HESHEL TZOREF (d1700) was an uneducated jeweler from Lithuania who became a successor to Sabbatai Zevi's movement

37A HATIM BEN SHLOMO, a.k.a. HAYIM MALAKH (d1716), together with:

37B JUDAH HASID, founded the "Hasidim" [="Society of The Pious"], a Shabbatean religious group

38. NEHEMIAH HIYYA HAYYUN (d1726); attracted a large following across Europe, which organized into a movement, but almost immediately broke up into divisive factional groups; meantime, the European rabbinate was conflicted with similar controversies

39. MOSHE HAYIM LUZZATTO (d1747), called the "RAMHAL"; were all active in the first half of the 1700s. In 1744, he went to Palestine to engage in his cabalistic studies, but it developed into a messianic role. He died there.

40. BAAL SHEM TOV (d1760) founded "Hasidism" as a Jewish sect.

41. "Rabbi" NACHMAN "OF BRATSLAV" (1772-1811) was a claimant.

42. DOV BER, the immediate successor of Baal Shem Tov as "European Exilarch", was the great-grandfather of

43. ISRAEL OF RIZHIM (d1850), a rabbi, great-grandson of Dov Ber, the successor of Baal Shem Tov, and made messianic claims. he was held in a Russian prison for several years on suspicion that he was involved in a scheme to declare himself "King of the Jews"

44. JACOB FRANK represented another Davidic descent-line. He also made messianic claims. In 1753 he went to Podolia, Poland, where the Sabbatean Sect had their headquarters, and were in need of a leader. He argued the "Talmud" publicly in Christian churches attended by Christians. He was addressed as "Holy Lord", and drove about in cities and towns in a ornate horse-drawn coach surrounded by a bodyguard dressed in decorative uniforms. He obtained a great following but when he converted to Islam in 1757 then to Christianity in 1759 the Sabbatean Sect took another direction. He was a conniver, and manipulated Jews, Christians, and Muslims alike. He gained an audience with the Empress Maria-Theresa, who was so impressed that she gave him the estate at Offenbach, near Frankfurt, and title of baron. There, he and his family lived in an opulent palace, called "Gottes Haus" ["God's House"], and carried on a lavish life-style. He held a splendid court in the oriental-style, and claimed lordship of the world's Jews. He died from a stroke in 1791, and was given a lavish funeral attended by thousands of his followers as well as by the local nobility. He was succeeded by his daughter, the only child of his first marriage; for, his two sons, Josefus & Rochus, by his second wife, had both died in their adolescence.

45. EVA, his daughter, claimed David's Crown upon her father's death and styled herself with messianic titles, e.g. "Matronita", and "The Virgin" [Gavirah] to compare her to Christianity's "Virgin Mary". She was addressed as "Holy Lady". Queen Eva reigned at "Gottes Haus" ["God's House"] on the Offenbach estate, and was worshipped as "Lady Divine" as Judaism's only female Messiah; yet over a continually shrinking circle of followers. Financial support gradually dried up, which left Queen Eva bankrupt. She, the last of her line, died childless in 1817 without any significant followers.

note: There is reference to Jewish Babylonian Exilarchs in Baghdad as late as the 1800s. The last one, PASHA (PASCHA) (1775-1825), was called "King of The Jews" by the Jewish ghetto. He died without issue in 1825, and with him the Davidic Dynasty's main-line became extinct. The Davidic Dynasty survived in numerous secondary-lines, one of which, the Jewish Palestinian "Nesi'im", had the best claim as the dynasty's heir[s]. ELIJAH MAZAL-TOV, claimed succession to the Baghdad Exilarchate (1850), as well as his son YOSEF CHAIM (1871-1889; deposed; d?) after him. Elsewhere, (X) SHUKUR KUHAYL I [YEHUDA BAR SHALOM], was an active claimant for David's throne in San'a, Yemen, from 1861. He was arrested and executed 1865. Then, two years later, his son, (X) SHUKUR KUHAYL II, claimant appears in 1867. He married his step-mother, his father's widow, and claims King David's throne. He moved the family's seat from San'a to al-Tawila. He used the funds he received from the world's Jewish communities to support his lavish court in al-Tawila where he fed hundreds of followers and visitors daily. He also redistributed some of the funds for relief of poor Jews, and to pay the inevitable bribes to Arab authorities. He was brought down by "yellow journalism". The journalist Jacob Saphir wrote a series of articles verbally attacking Shukur Kuhayl II in "Ha-Levanon", the first Hebrew language newspaper in Palestine. He was discredited in these articles, which dried up his base of financial support, and, without money Shukur Kuhayl II lost his power to bribe Arab officials, maintain hsi court, and dispense charity. He restored to borrowing funds from Arab bankers, nut wehn he could not repay, he was imprisoned. He later died destitute and forgotten at his home in San'a.

46. BAHA'U'LLAH [HUSAYN ALI], another Davidic prince, proclaimed self "King of the Jews" in 1868 and made messianic claims (d1892). The male-line of Baha'u'llah is now extinct.

47. ITZAK EIZIK "OF KOMARNO" (d1874), was the last Hasidic Master who asserted Messiah status; and,

48. YUSUF ABDALLAH (d1895), who [also] claimed to be the royal Davidic heir, spent his money on food, wine, and prostitutes.

49. HACHAM YESHIA (d1903), head of the Sanhedrin at Aleppo, Syria, father of

50. YITZAK DAYYAN, considered heir in 1933 by Jewish rabbis as the Davidic Dynasty's heir and titular "King of Israel"; but after his death none of his three sons pursued their father's dynastic claims. Then, in 1968, another family member, [another] YOSEF DAYAN, was encouraged by Jewish rabbis to be an active claimant to the throne.

The pedigree of The Day[y]an Family given in "Yashir Mosheh" (1879) traces the Dayan Lineage to Josiah ["A"], son of Solomon II, 32nd Exilarch. The pedigree of the Day[y]an Family given in an unpublished manuscript written in 1617 by the great Rabbi Kehahr [abrev. = Kevod HaRav HaGaon] traces the Dayan Lineage to Josiah ["B"], the son of Azariah I, 34th Exilarch, however, the article "DAYYAN [fam.]" in the "Encyclopaedia Judaica" traces the lineage to Josiah ["C"], the son of Prince Solomon, the son of the Exilarch Azariah I, 34th Exilarch, which harmonizes the sources and satisfies chronological difficulties.

The Jewish "Prince" (75) Yeshai, who was a medieval Davidic Dynasty prince of the exilarch's house, the grandson of the 34th Exilarch Azariah, emigrated along with his father, "Prince" Solomon, to Israel/Palestine and founded another dynasty of the Israeli/Palestinian "nesi'im", c. 1187, and, became the ancestor of the Ha-Nasi Family, which family reigned until its deposition by the Turkish sultan in 1678, whereupon, the dynasty's heir took up residence in Aleppo, Syria, and became the ancestor of the Dayan Family.

(75) Yeshai (Josiah) ["C"] [son of "Prince" Solomon, one of the five sons of the 34th Exilarch Azariah I, son of the 32nd Exilarch Solomon II] settled with his father at Aleppo, Syria, where his descendants reconstituted the Palestinian Patriarchate. He was the ancestor of the Nassi [Nasi "A"] Family, which became extinct in the male-line, upon which its surviving off-shoot, the Day[y]an Family, inherited its legacy, and, begot

(76) Hayyim, who begot

(77) David, who begot

(78) Zechoria[h], who begot

01/(79) Yosef Ha-Nasi, 1st Prince ["Nasi"], son, founder of a new dynasty of the Israeli/Palestinian "Nesi'im", [date uncertain] (c. 1150/1175), ending the interim from the deposition of Mar-Zutra's House, circa 950, until then, about two centuries. He came from the exilarch-house at Baghdad, Iraq, to Aleppo, Syria, and was received by the Jewish inhabitants of the city as their "prince" ["nasi"], and begot

02/(80) Seadia Ha-Nasi, 2nd Prince, who begot

03/(81) Moshe Ha-Nasi, 3rd Prince, who begot

04/(82) Shlomo, younger brother of "Nasi" Seadia II, 4th Prince, who was challenged by the Islamic Mamluks [Kurds] who took Jerusalem in 1291 and ended the Crusader-Kingdom of the Middle-East. The Mamluks' Khan met with the Jewish "Nasi" [Seadia II], and made a truce. Meantime, Samuel Abulafia (1320-1361) [whose grandfather had been a prince of the exilarch's house and had earlier emigrated to Spain], who was an official in the service of King Pedro of Castile, entertained visiting members of the exilarch's house, and, very likely at sometime also "Prince" (82) Shlomo, who begot

05/(83) Yehuda Ha-Nasi , 5th Prince, corresponded by letters with the deposed 69th Jewish Exilarch Nissim, in exile at Avila, Castile [Spain], who wrote a book containing prophecies he claimed to have gotten from visions from God for which he was called the "Prophet of Avila" (1295). And

(83) Yehuda Ha-Nasi , 5th Prince, begot

06/(84) Ovadia (Obadia) [younger brother of Moshe II, 6th Prince, the father of Yehuda II Ha-Nasi, 7th Prince, who adopted his title "Nasi" as his family's surname] begot

07/(85) Zedaka (Tzedaka) [son of Ovadia (above), and, father of Seadia III Ha-Nasi, 8th Prince (below)], the cousin of Yehuda II Ha-Nasi, 7th Prince, who was obliged in 1453 to yield to the Turkish Sultan Mohammed "The Conqueror", who that year established the institution of the "Hakham Basi" as the overseer of all of the Jewish communities in the Ottoman Empire, which greatly diminished the authority of the Israeli/Palestinian "Nasi" office, and challenged the existence of the Babylonian "Resh Galuta" office. The "Hakhamei", all of whom were suppose to be descendants of King David's royal-line, were the pre-eminent exilarchs among Levantine Jewry in Palestine during the occupation of Canaan/Palestine by the Turks. And, Zedaka begot

08/(86) Seadia [III] (Sedayah) Ha-Nasi, 8th Prince, who was under the authority of the "Hakham Basi"

09/(87) Moshe Ha-Nasi, 9th Prince, who begot

10/(88) Ovadia Ha-Nasi, 10th Prince, who begot

11/(89) Zedaka Ha-Nasi, 11th Prince, who begot

12/(90) Ovadia Ha-Nasi, 12th Prince, who begot

13/(91) Moshe Ha-Nasi, 13th Prince, Chief Justice of "Bet Din" [= "Sanhedrin"] (1500), who begot

14/(92) Seadia Ha-Dayan, who, was appointed "Supreme Rabbinical Judge" by his older brother, the "Nasi" Ovadia III, 14th Prince (1525), and, begot

15/(93) Moshe Ha-Dayan, a judge [cousin of Yehuda III, 15th Prince], begot

16/(94) Mordechai "Zalhah", a judge (d1590) [the 2nd cousin of Seadia IV, 16th Prince], and begot

17/(95) Nathan Ha-Dayan [the 3rd cousin of Zedaka II, 17th Prince], went back-and-forth from Damascus to Jerusalem, even residing a while in Hebron, for it seems he wanted to avoid the movements of Hayim Vital (1542-1620), another Davidic scion, who saw himself as a messianic figure, claimed David's throne, and preached in Israel, Syria, and Egypt. And, Nathan Ha-Dayan begot

18. (96) Yosef Ha-Dayan (1678) who became the "royal heir" upon the death of his childless [4th] cousin Moshe V, 18th Prince, in 1678, the last representative of the Nasi "A" Family, and, who, thereupon, adopted his title "Da[y]yan" ["judge"] as his family's surname. He has many descendants today, and, among them, was Yitzak Dayyan, who, in 1933, was recognized by Jewish rabbis as the Davidic Dynasty's heir and titular "King of Israel", but after his death none of his three sons pursued their father's dynastic claims. Then, in 1968, another family member, [another] Yosef Dayan, was encouraged by Jewish rabbis to be an active claimant to the throne.

(96) Yosef Dayan (above), the "royal heir" upon the extinction of the senior-line [the Nasi "A" Family] in 1678

(1)/(97A) Mordechai "Mokiah", claimant 1678 (below)

(2)/(97B) Hayyim, the father of (98) Mordechai, the father of (99) Isaiah, the father of three sons, namely, (100A) Saul, (100B) Isaac, & (100C) Ezra, the father of (101) Yosef, a rabbi

(98) Yosef (d1757), son, who begot