When the city of Fredericton was initially laid out in 1758 city planners set aside a plot of land in the downtown region that was intended to become a school. That school was incorporated in 1800 as the College of New Brunswick and intended to be a boarding school, patterned after the boys' public schools in England. In 1829 when King's College opened in Fredericton, the school was renamed to the Collegiate Grammar School, and supported by the College. In 1871, the Free School Act was enacted, and the school again changed its name, this time to Collegiate High School. At this time it became a preparatory school for King's College, which by then had become the University of New Brunswick.

In 1893, a new building was erected on the corner of York and George streets and the name of the school was changed to Fredericton High School. The graduating class of that year chose yellow and black as the official school colors.

In 1925, the school moved to another new building which was constructed on the corner of Regent and George streets. Numerous annexes were added to the building to accommodate an ever increasing number of students. Eventually a new complex needed to be built on Prospect street on the south hill area of town, and by 1972 all school operations were moved there. The building on Regent and George streets has since become George Street Middle School.

For a time, FHS had the distinction of having the largest student body of any high school in the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1999, a second high school, Leo Hayes High School, was constructed on the north side of town across the St. John River to further accommodate the number of students. FHS currently has a student body of over 1800 students, and a staff of over 100 teachers.

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