Read the follwing passage from "freedom" by joyce m jarrett. analyze the rheterical strategies used by jarrett that establishes her position. in your essay use concrete detail and textual evidence to support your conclusions.
FREEDOM
joyce m jarrett
"born free as free as the wind blows as free as teh grass grows born free to follow the heart" (don black)"
my first illusion of freedom came in 1996 many years follwing teh supreme court's decision on school desegregation. of course to a fifteen year old girl , siolated, caged like a rodents in the poverty stricken plains of the magnolia state, (1) brown vs the board of education had no meaning. though many omust have thought that the decision to attend the all white city high school that fall along with 49 other blacks was made in protest or had evovled from a sense of commitment for the betterment of my people,. nothing could be further from the truth. like a rat finding a new passageway i was propelled to my liberty more out of curiosity than out of a sense of mission.
(2) on the first day of school, i was escorted by hordes of national guardsmen. like a funeral procession the steady stream of official looking cars following me to the campus. some patrolmen were parked near the campus gates while others with guns strapped to thief sides stood ear building entrances. though many of my escots had given me smiles of support still i was not prepared for what i encountered upon entered my new school
(3) there i had to break through lines of irate white protestors spraying obscenities at me while carrying thier denigrating signs "KKK forever" read one "back to africa" said another. and i dashed toward the school door, blinded with fear i nearly collided with another sign that screamed nigger go home.
(4) once inside the fotress i was ushered by school admins and lain clothes police to and from respectiove classes. the anger and fear that i had felt outside of those walls were numbed by the surprising uneventful classroom experiences - until i wnet to geometry, my last scheduled class for that day.
Some time ago, my cousin was playing some basketball. He was trying to get the ball from the other team and suddenly he saw his chance. He managed to get a hold of the ball and dribbled to the other end of the court. He jumped up and took a shot, but the ball missed and fell in the possession of the opponent. The other boy ran across to the other end of the court and went for a three-pointer. Unfortunately, on his way down, he hit my cousin with his elbow right in the chest. The next day, my cousin had come over. He claimed that his chest hurt and that there was some swelling on his right side. I convinced him to tell his mom, and she took him to the doctor. He told me later that day, that his rib had broken when the boy landed on his chest.
The ribcage is there to prevent serious injury to your heart and lungs. However, a forceful enough of a blow will break a rib or two. A rib fracture is quite common to athletes. Symptoms of a broken rib include swelling at a certain point in the ribs. Even a simple cough, sneeze, or a deep breath can be painful. Obviously, pain is also felt whenever pressure, such as touching, is given to the area of the fracture. There isn’t much to do other than to have the doctor x-ray the ribs to see if any internal damage was done. The only real thing to do would be to rest. With enough rest, the athlete should be back in action. Complete recovery should take approximately three to six weeks. However, the fracture will not be given a chance to recover and heal at all if the athlete does not rest.
Arthropoda
- Approximately _______________________ individuals
- Two of every __________ organisms are arthropods
- ______________________ phylum to have ever lived
Characteristics of the arthropod (_______________)
- Segments and appendages
- The exoskeleton, made of layers of ________________ and _______________, protects the body and provides places for muscle insertion
- Open circulatory systems – ___________________ is propelled by the heart through short arteries and into _____________ surrounding organs and tissue
- Hemolymph reenters the arthropod heart by the use of __________
- Variety of organs are used for ______________________; gills for aquatic species, internal surfaces for ________________ species
Trilobites
- _____________ arthropods to have lived on earth
- Lived during the ______________ era, died out by the _____________ Era 250 million years ago
Chelicerates
- Eurypterids, _________________________________, outlasted the trilobites
- Chelicerates are named for their _________________ appendages
- Arachnids include ___________, ___________, and ___________
- _______________ of appendages
Crustaceans
- Crustaceans are sea creatures of about _____________ species.
- Crustaceans have multiple ___________________, each extensively specialized
- Each appendage can be ___________________
- Crustaceans are categorized by size into three groups: _______________ (large), ________________ (small), and ______________ (tiny)
A Critical Discussion of Mutiny on the Bounty
By Charles Nordhoff
and James Norman Hall
Submitted to
Mrs. Jablonski
Comp/Lit III P
Wilson Law
Period III
January 18, 2005
Charles Bernard Nordhoff and James Norman Hall are both well known for their trilogy of the Mutiny on the Bounty. This is the first book that tells the story of the mutiny and the mutineers up to the trials in England. The second book is titled Men against the Sea, which tells the tale of Bligh and his forty-one day voyage across 3,500 miles on water. The final book of the trilogy is entitled Pitcairn’s Island. This book shows what happens to Fletcher Christian and the mutineers when they found an island to reside in. Mutiny on the Bounty illustrates the story of a young man who is taken prisoners by the mutineers and in the end is tried by the court to determine his punishment. The novel concludes with the fate of the young man and continues the story in two more books.
The way an author starts off a story is very important. The opening of a novel determines the reader’s initial liking of the book. Nordhoff and Hall start off Mutiny on the Bounty with a narration from a character’s point of view. This very character starts off with an introduction before he retells the tale. By doing this, the authors have managed to capture some interest due to the fact that the story would be an adventurous one. The plot of the story is unified together because it is told by one of the midshipmen. He tells the story the way that it took place in time. Although the story is very similar to what had really happened back then, the novel is a fiction story. The narrator is based off a midshipman who was there as well as some more minor details. Since the novel is based off the story, it’s obviously possible for it to take place. Because of that, the story isn’t concentrated on one point. The story moves from the events leading to the mutiny, to the actual mutiny and then moving onward to the trials. So rather than one main event that is heavily talked about, the narrator goes into depth on several events. Doing this widens the conflict in the novel as well as provides chances for the character to succeed or fail. Obviously there are struggles in the novel. One of the main struggles would be Fletcher Christian and mutineers versus Lieutenant William Bligh and his supporters. Later on as the story progresses, the struggle changes to the court versus the mutineers and their captives. Such struggles are needed because they are essential. Without the struggle, the character would never reach his or her success or downfall. One of the more easily noticed conflict leading faults is Bligh’s actions when the sailors reached Tahiti. Although Bligh’s punishment and discipline are not as severe, he becomes angrier when things go wrong. This helps lead up the eventual mutiny.
The main characters include Lieutenant William Bligh, the sea captain of the H.M.A.V. Bounty. The other main character is Fletcher Christian, Master’s mate and eventually the leader of the mutinous movement. Roger Byam, the narrator, obviously appears all the time, but he is considered one of the minor characters. These characters are displayed in the reader’s mind quite well, especially since they were based off real people. Due to the fact of the marvelously described characters, Nordhoff and Hall are able to bring the reader on board the Bounty with them. There are specific minor characters as well, such as David Nelson, the ship’s botanist. However, a majority of the crew is considered one naval body. These characters would later be separated into two groups.
The setting of the story is important because it helps takes the reader to its times. In is case, it just so happens to be the later 1700s. The story takes place in an England home where William Bligh is about to launch his ship. Various settings also indicate how far/close to civilization the Bounty is. Settings in the novel are very well written, providing the reading with a clear image in their mind of what’s happening. The novel presents a beautiful balance of scenes, from the harsh punishments on board the Bounty to the idyllic interlude of life in Tahiti to the appalling existence of prisoners chained hand and foot for months at a time, and from the depths of despair at a sentence of death by hanging to the dazzling strangeness of sudden freedom. The authors are able to capture every element of the story clearly (Caroline).
The way the novel is written is quite clear. Unlike authors like Nathaniel Hawthorne and Ernest Hemingway, the idea behind the text is also quite clear and not as hard to understand. The way that Nordhoff and Hall write is different from how most authors of their time wrote. The context of the novel is written in a more serious, but easier to understand meaning. Dialogue within the novel is quite realistic, reasonable to say that it is of the late eighteenth century.
Charles Nordhoff and James Hall came together during their life in the Tahiti islands to write this book. Although Nordhoff did not maintain his success of the Bounty Trilogy, Mutiny on the Bounty and the remaining two books held great success due to the wonderful fictional yet true tale about the misuse of power, and the necessity to keep order and control.
Works Cited
Caroline Alexander, The Bounty: The True Story of the Mutiny on the Bounty, Viking Penguin, 2003
Wilson Law
Ms. Wells
AP Biology H
14 Jan. 2005
AP Biology Lab 5 - Cell Respiration
OBJECTIVES
Before doing this lab you should understand:
- respiration, dormancy, and germination;
- how a respirometer works in terms of the gas laws;
- the general processes of metabolism in living organisms; and
- how the rate of cellular respiration relates to the amount of activity in a cell.
After doing this lab you should be able to:
- calculate the rate of cell respiration from experimental data;
- relate gas production to respiration rate;
- test the rate of cellular respiration in germinating versus nongerminated seeds in a controlled experiment; and
- test the effect of temperature on the rate of cell respiration in germinating versus nongerminated seeds in a controlled experiment.
MATERIALS
Germinating peas, dry peas, beads, weights, dry nonabsorbent cotton, thermometer, vials, pipette, tape, water, waterbaths, and absorbent cotton soaked with KOH
PROCEDURE
1. Both a room-temperature bath (by convention, 25°C) and a 10°C bath should be set up immediately to allow time for the temperature of each to adjust. Add ice to attain 10°C.
2. Respirometer 1: Obtain a 100-mL graduated cylinder and fill it with 50 mL of H2O. Drop 25 germinating peas in the graduated cylinder and determine the amount of water that was displaced (which is equivalent to the volume of the peas). Record the volume of the 25 germinating peas. Remove these peas and place them on a paper towel. They will be used in respirometer 1.
3. Respirometer 2: Refill the graduated cylinder with 50 mL of H2O. Drop 20 dried peas (not germinating) into the graduated cylinder and then add enough glass beads to attain a volume equivalent to that of the expanded germinating peas. Remove these peas and beads and place them on a paper towel. They will be used in respirometer 2.
4. Respirometer 3: refill the graduated cylinder with 50 mL of H2O. Determine how many glass beads would be required to attain a volume equivalent to that of the germinating peas. Remove these beads and place them on a paper towel. They will be used in respirometer 3.
5. Repeat steps 1-4 to prepare a second set of germinating peas, dry peas plus beads, and beads for use in respirometers 4, 5, and 6, respectively.
6. To assemble the six respirometers, obtain six vials, each with an attached stopper and pipette. Place a small piece of cotton in the bottom of each vial, and using a dropper, moisten the cotton with 15% KOH. Make sure that the respirometer vials are dry on the inside. Do not get KOH on the sides of the repirometer. Place a small wad of nonabsorbent cotton on top of the KOH-soaked absorbent cotton. It is important that the amounts of cotton and KOH be the same for each respirometer.
7. Place the first set of germinating peas, dry peas plus beads, and beads in vials 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Place the second set of germinating peas, dry peas plus beads, and beads in vials 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Insert the stopper fitted with the calibrated pipette. Place a weighted collar on each end of the vial.
8. Make a sling of masking tape attached to each side of each of the water baths to hold the pipettes out of the water during an equilibrium period of seven minutes. Vials 1, 2, and 3 should rest in the room temperature water bath (approximately 25°C) and vials 4, 5, and 6 should rest in the 10°C water bath.
9. After the equilibration period of seven minutes, immerse all six respirometers entirely in their water baths. Water will enter the pipettes for a short distance and then stop. If the water continues to move into the pipette, check for leaks in the respirometer. Work swiftly and arrange the pipettes so that they can be read through the water at the beginning of the experiment. They should not be shifted during the experiment. Hands should be kept out of the water bath after the experiment has started. Make sure that a constant temperature is maintained.
10. Allow the respirometers to equilibrate for three more minutes and then record, to the nearest 0.01 mL, the initial position of water in each pipette (time 0). Check the temperature in both baths and record it in Table 5.1. Every 5 minutes, for 20 minutes, take reading of the water’s position in each pipette and record the data in Table 5.1.
DATA
Pea volume: 9 mL
TABLE 5.1: Measurement of O2 Consumption by Soaked and Dry Pea Seeds at Room Temperature (25°C) and 10°C Using Volumetric Methods
Temp (°C) Time (min) Beads Alone Germinating Peas Dry Peas and Beads
Reading at the time X Diff. Reading at time X Diff. Corrected diff. Reading at time X Diff. Corrected diff.
10° 0 0.63 N/A 0.76 N/A N/A 0.87 N/A N/A
5 0.64 0.01 0.72 0.04 0.05 0.79 0.08 0.09
10 0.63 0.00 0.70 0.06 0.06 0.78 0.09 0.09
15 0.62 0.01 0.69 0.07 0.06 0.80 0.07 0.06
20 0.68 0.05 0.69 0.07 0.12 0.81 0.06 0.11
17° 0 0.88 N/A 0.85 N/A N/A 0.52 N/A N/A
5 0.88 0.00 0.80 0.05 0.05 0.51 0.01 0.01
10 0.88 0.00 0.78 0.07 0.05 0.50 0.02 0.02
15 0.88 0.00 0.74 0.11 0.11 0.49 0.03 0.03
20 0.88 0.00 0.71 0.14 0.14 0.49 0.03 0.03
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
1. In this activity you are investigating both the effect of germination versus nongermination and warm temperature versus cold temperature on respiration rate. Identify two hypotheses being tested in this activity.
Two hypotheses are being tested for this experiment: germination versus nongermination and warm versus cold temperature. The two water baths are for the temperature variations at 10°C and 17°C. Germination versus non germination is displayed in the dry dormant peas and the germinating peas.
2. This activity uses a number of controls. What conditions must remain constant? Why?
There were a few conditions in the lab. The first condition is that the temperature around the water had to stay constant. Incorrect temperature would result in incorrect data. Another control would be the volume of the peas. Dry peas do not have the same volume as germinating ones, which is why glass beads were used with this experiment, to fill in the insufficient volume caused by the dry peas.
3. Graph the results from the corrected difference column for the germinating peas and the dry peas at both room temperature and at 10°C.
For this graph you will need to determine the following:
a. The independent variable (Use this to label the horizontal X axis): time
b. The dependent variable (Use this to label the vertical Y axis): amount of corrected difference in mL
SEE GRAPH 5.1 FOR DATA
4. Describe and explain the relationships between the amount of O2 consumed and time.
As time passed, the amount of O2 in the germinating peas increased. When time went up, the amount of O2 consumed went up, in both of the germinating peas at 10°C, and at 17°C. The dry peas were also able to consumed O2, but at a much smaller and slower rate.
5. From the slope of the four lines on the graph, determine the rate of O2 consumption of germinating the dry peas during the experiments at room temperature and at 10°C. Recall that rate = Δy/ Δx. Record the rates in Table 5.2.
TABLE 5.2
Condition Show Calculations here Rate (mL O2/minute)
Germinating Peas/10°C 0.12000/20 = 0.16/10 .00600 mL O2/minute
Germinating Peas/17°C 0.14667/20 = 0.11/15 .00733 mL O2/minute
Dry Peas/10°C 0.13000/20 = 0.13/20 .00650 mL O2/minute
Dry Peas/17°C 0.04000/20 = 0.01/5 .00200 mL O2/minute
6. Why is it necessary to correct the readings from the peas with the readings from the beads?
It was necessary to correct the readings from the peas with the readings from the beads. There’s a possibility that the water temperature and pressure was changed, but not due to the reactions of the peas. The temperature and pressure could have changed due to the glass beads, and that would mean that the temperature and pressure of the germinating peas, along with the dry peas, changed as well. In order to rid of this change, the difference needs to be taken out of the germinating and dry peas difference readings.
7. Explain the effect of germination (versus nongermination) on pea seed respiration.
The effect of germination versus nongermination on the pea seed respiration has a big effect to the outcome of the lab. Dry peas may be dormant, but they are still in the need of O2 to stay alive, although not much is needed. On the other hand, germinating seeds have already begun to grow, and because of that, they continually need a steady supply of O2 to grow.
8. Graph 5.2 is a sample graph of possible data obtained for oxygen consumption by germinating peas up to about 8°C. Draw in predicted results through 45°C. Explain your prediction.
SEE GRAPH 5.2 FOR DATA
As the temperature rises, the amount of O2 would increase. As the peas start to approach higher temperatures, the enzymes will have a harder time breaking down substances during respiration. So what will happen is that the peas would reach a peak at which they would perform respiration at its optimum level, then it would go down until it would be to hot for the peas to function.
9. What is the purpose of KOH in this experiment?
The purpose of KOH was to react with the CO2 in the respirometers. During respiration, O2 is consumed and CO2 is released. The amount of O2 lost should equal the amount of CO2 gained, showing that there was no change in the gas volume. However, in the presence of CO2, KOH would react with it, forming potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and H2O. There would be an obvious change in the gas volume this time, and from that, the amount of O2 consumed would be found.
10. Why did the vial have to be completely sealed around the stopper?
A loose stopper would have allowed water to leak into the vial. Leakage would completely ruin the experiment because it would change the pressure, volume, two important variables that need to be taken into consideration. A bad stopper would ultimately result in invalid data.
11. If you used the same experimental design to compare the rates of respiration of a 25 g reptile and 25 g mammal at 10°C, what results would you expect? Explain your reasoning.
If I were to use the same experiment method to compare rates of respiration, the 25 g mammal would take in more O2 than then 25 g reptile. This is because the reptile is a cold blooded species and the mammal is warm-blooded. Just like how the germinating peas were more active, the mammal needs more O2 to be converted to energy to stay warm. On the other hand, the cold blooded reptile has no problem maintaining a lower body temperature with the usage of less O2.
12. If respiration in a small mammal were studied at both room temperature (21°C) and 10°C, what results would you predict? Explain your reasoning.
The respiration of the small mammal at 10°C would be require more O2 then the one in room temperature. This is because of its need to bring up its body temperature to stay alive. The mammal at room temperature can hold out a longer than the one at 10°C would be able to, and therefore need less energy to maintain a stable body temperature.
13. Explain why water moved into the respirometer’s pipettes.
During the respiration process, the O2 would be consumed and the CO2 would be produced. The production of CO2 would react with KOH and cause them both to undergo a chemical reaction, forming potassium carbonate. The volume of gas lost by the O2 would then be replaced with water until the vial is once again full.
14. Design an experiment to examine the rates of cellular respiration with peas that have been germinating or different lengths of time: 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours. What results would you expect? Why?
I’d probably change only the materials used. Since we are trying to find the rate for germinating peas, there would be no use for dry dormant peas. However, I would keep the vial with the glass beads in the case that there would be another pressure change. Only waterbaths at room temperature would be required. The peas would be placed into the tubs to find out what the O2 consumption is. During this time, several other vials would be tested at the same time for the peas germinating for 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours.
The result should come out similar to this current lab and the question on mammals and reptiles. Peas that have been germinating for a longer period of time would mean that they are more active and would require more O2 during respiration. Therefore, the newly germinating peas would show less O2 consumption when compared with the ones that had been germinating for a while. Eventually, the peas would reach the optimum level and would no longer take intake O2.
A Critical Discussion of Mutiny on the Bounty
By
Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall
Submitted to
Mrs. Jablonski
Comp/Lit III P
Wilson Law
Period III
January 21, 2005
AUTHORS:
Charles Bernard Nordhoff was born on February 1, 1887 in London of two Americans parents. His grandfather was also named Charles Nordhoff and was a well known journalist and author during the Civil War time period. Brought to Philadelphia at age three, he grew up in California and Mexico, spending some time working on his father’s ranch before attending Harvard for three years (1029). In 1909, he graduated from Harvard and became employed at a sugar plantation in Mexico. 1916 came and Nordhoff joined the Ambulance corps in France and later a pilot in the French Air Service.
James Norman Hall was born on April 22, 1887 in Colfax, Iowa. Unlike Nordhoff, Hall did not leave his home until he graduated from Grinnell College in 1910. For the next four years, he joined the Boston's Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. When he was 27, Hall joined Lord Kitchener's Volunteer Army and joined the 9th Battalion as a machine gunner (599). Enlisting again, this time into the Aviation Division of the French Foreign Legion, he met Charles Nordhoff.
After the war, they commissioned to write the history of their Lafayette Flying Corps. Once they completed their task, they left for Tahiti. At first the two wrote books independently, but as time passed, they learned of the tales of the islands. The two men decided to pair up once again to work on their first novel together, Mutiny on the Bounty, the first of the Bounty trilogy. Success of the novel follows through with Men Against the Sea and Pitcairn’s Island. However, the success of the books written after the Bounty Trilogy was not as good. Eventually the partnership between Nordhoff and Hall ended when Nordhoff passed away at Santa Barbara, California, April 11, 1947. Hall continued his life with his half-Tahitian wife before dying himself on July 5, 1951.
PLOT:
The way an author starts off a story is very important. The opening of a novel determines the reader’s initial liking of the book. Nordhoff and Hall start off Mutiny on the Bounty with a narration from a character’s point of view. This very character starts off with an introduction before he retells the tale. By doing this, the authors have managed to capture some interest due to the fact that the story would be an adventurous one. The plot of the story is unified together because it is told by one of the midshipmen. He tells the story the way that it took place in time. Although the story is very similar to what had really happened back then, the novel is a fiction story. The narrator is based off a midshipman who was there as well as some more minor details. Since the novel is based off the story, it’s obviously possible for it to take place. Because of that, the story isn’t concentrated on one point. The story moves from the events leading to the mutiny, to the actual mutiny and then moving onward to the trials. So rather than one main event that is heavily talked about, the narrator goes into depth on several events. Doing this widens the conflict in the novel as well as provides chances for the character to succeed or fail. Obviously there are struggles in the novel. One of the main struggles would be Fletcher Christian and mutineers versus Lieutenant William Bligh and his supporters. Later on as the story progresses, the struggle changes to the court versus the mutineers and their captives. Such struggles are needed because they are essential. Without the struggle, the character would never reach his or her success or downfall. One of the more easily noticed conflict leading faults is Bligh’s actions when the sailors reached Tahiti. Although Bligh’s punishment and discipline are not as severe, he becomes extremely angry when things go wrong. Bligh becomes a little insane during these moments (Tubach 34). This helps lead up the eventual mutiny.
CHARACTERS:
The main characters include Lieutenant William Bligh, the sea captain of the H.M.A.V. Bounty. The other main character is Fletcher Christian, Master’s mate and eventually the leader of the mutinous movement. Roger Byam, the narrator, obviously appears all the time, but he is considered one of the minor characters. These characters are displayed in the reader’s mind quite well, especially since they were based off real people. Due to the fact of the marvelously described characters, Nordhoff and Hall are able to bring the reader on board the Bounty with them. There are specific minor characters as well, such as David Nelson, the ship’s botanist. However, a majority of the crew can be considered two naval bodies, those who follow Bligh and those who stay with Christian. These characters later on become more significant as the story progresses on.
SETTING:
The setting of the story is important because it helps takes the reader to its times. In is case, it just so happens to be the later 1700s. The story takes place in an England home where William Bligh is about to launch his ship. Various settings also indicate how far/close to civilization the Bounty is. Settings in the novel are very well written, providing
