Kryptonite
Created by internal pressures that caused Krypton's explosion, kryptonite is
the ore form of kryptonium. It looks like a green glowing rock. It is very
hazardous to Superman. If exposed to kryptonite, Clark will experience pain
and rapidly lose his powers. If exposed for much more than an hour he would
die. If suffering kryptonite posioning, Clark can recover if he gets away
from the kryptonite. [The Man of Steel #1 (1986), Superman
#1 (1986)]
When Clark's birthing matrix left Krypton, a fragment of kryptonite became embedded in the tail section. Villain Lex Luthor obtained this fragment and used part of it for a ringstone, to protect himself from Superman. After being exposed to it for a year, Luthor found the radiation destroyed his hand, and was killing his body through cancer, necessitating he obtain a new cloned body.
Note: Another villain, Mr. Mxyztptlk, a Fifth Dimensional being who can use super-science that resembles 'magic' once created red kryptonite to temporarily remove Clark's powers. Without Mr. Mxyztplk's powers, though, this 'red kryptonite' would be harmless to anyone, and is in no way connected to genuine green kryptonite.
Different Kinds of Kryptonite: