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MaryShelleysFrankensteinisareactionagainstindustrialization.Industrializationwas   madepossiblebecauseofgreatadvancementsinscienceandtechnologyfromc.a.1750toc.a. p 1850.FrankensteinwaspublishedduringtheheartoftheIndustrialRevolutionin1818and H displaysShelleysdistrustofscienceandtechnology.Inhertale,themaincharacterslifeis  p negativelyeffectedbytheadvancementshemakesinscienceandtechnology. H   VictorFrankensteinleaveshisserenehomelandinsearchofamoderneducation.Victor   Frankensteinbecameobsessedwith, naturalphilosophy,andparticularlychemistry,inthemost  comprehensivesenseoftheterm1.Hisobsessionwithscienceallowshimallowshimto  discoverthepowertobestowlifeoninatamentobjects.Scienceallowshimtocreateawretched X  beingwholeadstohis, destructionandinfalliblemisery2. 0"    ThemonsterwhomFrankensteincreatesreekshavoconhislife,andeventuallydestroys $X" everythingdeartohim.Themonster,whowasbornofscience,destroysFrankensteinsfamily, %0!$ killinghisbrother,wife,cousin,andbestfriendandindirectlyleadingtothedeathofhisfather. '#& ThesamesciencethatallowsforthedestructionoftheFrankensteinfamilyisallowingfor )$( advancementsinindustry;Shelleyisinferringthatscienceandtechnologyisbad,andtherefore h+&* soistherapidindustrializationtakingplaceduringthetimeofFrankensteinspublication. @-(,   InFrankenstein,Shelleymaybeusingsymbolism.ThemonstercreatedbyVictor  Frankensteincouldberepresentativeofindustryorofthenegativeeffectsofindustrialization.  ThemonstercreatedbyVictorFrankensteinwastheproductofscienceandtechnology,muchin ` thesamewaythenewindustriesofthe18thand19thcenturiesaretheproductofscienceand 8  technology.Shelleydescribesthemonsteras, morehideousthanbelongingtohumanity3,and  ` asa, filthydaemon3;thedescriptionofthemonstercouldbeusedtodescribeacoalpowered  8  factoryinEnglandduringtheIndustrialRevolution.     Themonstercouldalsobeusedtosymbolizethenegativeeffectsofindustrialization.   Shelleydescribesthemonsterashavingyellowskin,wateryeyesindunwhitesockets,a, p  shriveledcomplexionandstraightblacklips4,whichisremarkablysimilartoadescriptionof H thelowerworkingclassesFriedrichEngelsdescribesinTheConditionsoftheWorkingClassin  p England.InthisworkEngelsdescribestheworkingclassofManchesterasbeing, plank,lank, H narrowchested,holloweyedghosts,whomonepassesateverystep5.Theappearanceofthe   Manchesterworkingclassandthemonsterarearesultofscienceandtechnology.Both  descriptionsshowthenegativeeffectsscienceandtechnologycanhaveandthereforeconveyan  antiindustrializationsentiment. X    MembersoftheFrankensteinfamilycouldalsobesymbolic.Victorsbrother,wife, 0"  father,andbestfriendarealldestroyedbythemonster,whoissymbolicofeitherindustryorthe $X" negativeresultsofindustry.IndustrializationdestroyedmuchofthenaturalbeautyofEngland, %0!$ anditalsohadmanynegativeconsequencesontheworkingclasses.Sincethemonsteriseither '#& symbolicofindustryorthenegativeeffectsofindustry,itislogicaltoassumethatthepersons )$( mosteffectedbythemonsterareeitherrepresentativeofnatureortheworkingclassbecausethey h+&* weremosteffectedindustrialization.ThemonsterkillingoffVictorsfamilycouldbesymbolic @-(, ofShelleysbeliefthatindustrializationwaskillingnatureandordestroyingtheworkingclass.    CircumstantialevidencealsosupportsantiindustrialsentimentthroughoutFrankenstein.  InChapter19VictorFrankensteintravelstoBritaintocreateafemalemonster.Whiletherehe ` describesinsomedetailthenaturalbeautyofNorthernEngland.NorthernEnglandwasthe 8  heartlandofindustrializationinEngland,yetlittlementionismadeofthefactoriesorpollution  ` thatwasboundtocorruptthenaturalbeautywhichShelleydescribes.Whilethisfactdoesnot  8  directlypointtoantiindustrialsentiment,itdoescorroboratethepreviousmentionedanti   industrialsentiment.     DespitetheaboveargumentsforFrankensteinasanantiindustrialwork,itisalso p possiblethatShelleysmasterpiecewasmeantonlytoentertain.Frankensteinwaswritteninthe H romanticstyle;keyfeaturesofromanticismareimagination,emotions,terror,andthesublime.If  p Shelleywerepenningastoryaimedatentertainment,shewouldwanttouseterrorand H imaginationtocaptivateheraudience.Whatismoreimaginativeandterrifyingthanamanmade   monsterwhodestroyshiscreatorsfamily?Despiteallevidencethatpointstoantiindustrialism  inFrankenstein,thefactthatitwasobviouslywrittenintheromanticstyleconveysthat  Frankensteinmayhavebeenwrittensimplytoentertain. X    Atremendousamountofevidencepointstoantiindustrialismasanunderlyingthemein 0"  Frankenstein.AlthoughitispossibleFrankensteinwaswrittensimplytoentertain,theamount $X" ofmaterialthatcanbeinterpretedasantiindustrymakesitmorethanlikelythattheunderlying %0!$ themeofFrankensteinwasantiindustrialism.Giventhehistoricalcontextofthisnovel,anti '#& industrialismwasprobablyanunderlyingtheme.  )$(   Citations      1Shelley,Mary.Frankenstein(London:ColburnandBently,1831)29.    2Shelley,Mary.Frankenstein(London:ColburnandBently,1831)31. `   3Shelley,Mary.Frankenstein(London:ColburnandBently,1831)50. 8    4Shelley,Mary.Frankenstein(London:ColburnandBently,1831)35.  `   5Kishlansky,MarkA,ed.TheConditionoftheWorkingClassinEngland(NewYork:  8  Longman,2003)134.