ÿWPC[ Hù6n°ê§šÉ®óS˜O¸ ›qrâ¹"üâX±¼‚?äóKi¶ïù”ÜïPsxë•J<’QôbèdÕ½¾òz1ëäÖ‘GbPG»ó¹¬Ûw×FQ” ¬ð€PK f9BjÉ$  "õ, elªÌ£ÞÓ‡³],Îõâl¸ 3,ëEˆúËsÓMõ˜F|EuÓŠªA_ˆàK¬9Øï¡ÉÐ/ŠFÔ´‚³ÍáÞ5ÆDe-º1ÚÚïwÄíÎ+d(CƕݒÃ8Zp§,_™Îª29D%F\'¤åƒ/”»m€.™«ÎåD·,0ìýƒ™¢…ì1m¬#yì{Ћ 1?^T¼¸•XÌA ybtÙv’‚“[Ú‹MVÏØ=MÝò¿iÉZåa´ØÄ<®kȼ[©xηoò1€c ù£E$„–"1¤¬ÌÛœŒL?"øL1_Xžff =ÁcÁEDù¾œ#ú{aJÅ’‘ÿ°Õ¦U»¾Îo" ……»ûݶÌ)Ží`ŸV'êõdÒ5>ÏË÷XúwAGárÌ¥¹ñZùã?ÈÎΚC°ä¦ O½»?óÜjÇù&StôàŒ¥ Pý—vyEäÝW5L÷„i0“‡]¡aƒ Íâd @är£¡[÷N\YŸ|#ÉÄUN %Û 0:á^ w'4+?N mPgž}U@˜Dell AIO Printer A920 (Copy 1)PX,..,PX0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ôˆ<È.é `¾F/ê:i¢×+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Ñ ° Ñ BaumerHimmelstossKantorekKlosterbergPrimoWheenRemarque(ÖÃ9 Z‹(Times New Roman Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓÓÑ€ OYÑòòóóÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓòòÔ‡ LXXÔSurvival€in€Auschwitzóó€and€òòAll€Quiet€on€the€Western€Frontóó:€SimilarÐ pÀ ÐArchetypes,€Different€RelationshipsÔ#†XýX L}#ÔÐ ä4 Ðby€Drew€W.€ThomasÐ X¨ ÐÓ  ÓÐ  0€ Ðà  àòòAll€Quiet€on€the€Western€Frontóóand€òòSurvival€in€Auschwitzóó€are€two€books€in€which€theÐ ° Ðmain€characterððs€relationship€with€authority€figures€plays€a€central€role€in€the€plot.€€The€authorityÐ ˆØ Ðfigures€in€òòAll€Quiet€on€the€Western€Frontóó€have€counterparts€in€òòSurvival€in€Auschwitzóó€and€viceÐ `° Ðversa.€€Despite€the€similarities€of€these€archetypes,€their€relationships€with€the€main€charactersÐ 8 ˆ Ðdiffer€as€a€result€of€the€differing€context€surrounding€these€archetypes€in€each€novel.€€TheseÐ  ` Ðdiffering€relationships€result€in€differing€post„war€reactions.Ð è 8  Ðà  àòòAll€Quiet€on€the€Western€Frontóó€is€the€story€of€Paul€Baumer,€a€German€teenagerÐ À  Ðtransformed€into€man€old€beyond€his€years€as€the€result€of€World€War€I.€€Throughout€the€story,Ð ˜è  ÐPaulððs€relationships€with€authority€figures€disintegrates€as€he€realizes€the€ways€in€which€theseÐ pÀ Ðauthority€figures€manipulate€him.€€When€Paul€comes€to€the€realization€of€this€manipulatoryÐ H˜ Ðrelationship,€he€begins€to€hate€these€authority€figures.€€The€main€manipulators€of€Paulððs€life€areÐ  p ÐKantorek,€Himmelstoss,€and€the€German€leaders.Ð øH Ðà  àThe€earliest€relationship€with€authority€Paul€mentions€was€with€Kantorek,€his€formerÐ Ð  Ðschool€master.€€Kantorek€was€the€epitome€of€the€older€generations€of€Germans;€he€viewed€theÐ ¨ø Ðwar€as€a€good€thing€and€celebrated€its€declaration.€€Kantorek€was€convinced€he€was,€ð ðacting€forÐ €Ð Ðthe€bestòò1óó,ðð€when€he€used€his€position€of€authority€to€convince€Paul€and€his€fellow€classmates€toÐ X ¨ Ðenlist€in€the€army€earlier€than€was€required.€€Kantorek€fed€his€students€lies€about€the€glory€of€warÐ 0"€  Ðand€patriotism€in€order€to€pressure€them€into€enlistment.€€Some€of€Paulððs€friends€bought€intoÐ $X" Ðthese€lies€and€enlisted;€others,€such€as€Joseph€Behm,€enlisted€despite€their€reservations.€€Behm,Ð à%0!$ Ðand€many€more€like€him,€joined€the€army€because€they€feared€ostracization€and€being€called€aÐ ¸'#& Ðcoward€by€fellow€classmates€and€authority€figures.€€Soon€after€enlistment,€Paul€and€his€friendsÐ )à$( Ðrealized€that€Kantorekððs€view€of€war€as,€ð ðan€ideal€and€almost€romantic€characteròò2óó,ðð€was€false.Ð h+¸&* Ðà  àPaul€begins€to€see€the€falseness€of€Kantorekððs€sermons€after€coming€under€the€commandÐ @-(, Ðof,€ð ðCorporal€Himmelstoss,€the€ððterror€of€Klosterbergòò3óó.ðððð€Under€Himmelstossðð€guidance,€PaulÐ ° Ðand€his€classmates€were,€drilled,€degraded,€and€learnt€the€ways€of€the€army;€as€Paul€put€it,€ð ðWeÐ ˆØ Ðhad€fancied€our€task€would€be€different,€only€to€find€we€were€to€be€trained€for€heroism€as€thoughÐ `° Ðwe€were€circus„poniesòò4óó.ðð€€Paul€and€his€fellow€classmates€hated€Himmelstoss,€but€they€becameÐ 8 ˆ Ðaccustomed€to€his€ways;€it€is€not€until€they€enter€the€front€that€they€realize€nature€of€theirÐ  ` Ðrelationship€with€Himmelstoss€and€Kantorek,€and€it€is€at€the€front€where€they€begin€to€truly€hateÐ è 8  Ðthese€two€authority€figures.Ð À  Ðà  àThe€horrors€of€war€allow€Paul€to€view€the€true€nature€of€his€relationship€with€bothÐ ˜è  ÐHimmelstoss€and€Kantorek€as€one€of€manipulation.€€Kantorek€and€Himmelstoss€manipulatedÐ pÀ ÐPaul€and€his€classmates€in€order€to€stay€safe€from€the€death€and€destruction€of€the€front.Ð H˜ ÐHimmelstoss€treated€his€recruits€harshly€not€to€prepare€his€recruits€for€war,€but€so€that€he€mightÐ  p Ðstay€safely€behind€the€lines;€Kantorek€pressured€his€students€to€join€the€army€not€because€of€hisÐ øH Ðpatriotism,€but€because€in€doing€so€he€would€not€feel€obligated€to€join€the€army.€€Once€PaulÐ Ð  Ðbegins€to€see€the€true€nature€of€his€relationships€with€Himmelstoss€and€Kantorek,€he€begins€toÐ ¨ø Ðtruly€hate€them.€€He€views€these€authority€figures€as€sending€him€to€his€death€for€their€ownÐ €Ð Ðpersonal€benefit.Ð X ¨ Ðà  àPaulððs€hate€for€Himmelstoss€subsides€as€time€passes,€but€his€hate€for€Kantorek€remains.Ð 0"€  ÐThe€reason€Paulððs€hate€for€Himmelstoss€subsides€and€Kantorek€stays€the€same€takes€root€in€theÐ $X" Ðsituation€of€each€individual.€€Paulððs€hate€for€Himmelstoss€subsides€shortly€after€Himmelstoss€isÐ à%0!$ Ðsent€to€the€front.€€Himmelstoss,€after€witnessing€the€horror€of€the€front,€tries€to€make€amendsÐ ¸'#& Ðwith€Paul€and€his€classmates.€€After€Paul€witnesses€the€transformation€in€Himmelstossðð€character,Ð )à$( Ðhe€realizes€he€would€act€as€Himmelstoss€had,€if€it€would€save€him€from€the€front.€€In€contrast,Ð h+¸&* ÐPaulððs€hate€for€Kantorek€does€not€diminish€once€Kantorek€is€drafted.€€Kantorek€was€a€hypocrite:Ð @-(, Ðhe€convinced€many€young€men€to€enlist€in€the€army,€but€he€himself€was€drafted.€€Unlike€his€viewÐ ° Ðof€Himmelstoss,€Paul€does€not€believe€he€would€act€like€Kantorek€if€put€in€a€similar€situation,Ð ˆØ Ðthus€his€hate€for€him€does€not€diminish.Ð `° Ðà  àÔ‡ XýXXXýÔAs€the€war€progresses,€Paul€and€his€friends€begin€to€see€the€true€manipulatory€nature€ofÐ 8 ˆ Ðtheir€relationship€with€the€German€leaders.€€After€a€visit€from€Kaiser€Wilhelm,€Paul€and€hisÐ  ` Ðfriends€become€further€disillusioned€with€their€authority€figures.€€Paul€and€his€comrades€debateÐ è 8  Ðwhat€causes€a€war,€and€eventually€come€to€the€conclusion€that€political€leaders€and€generalsÐ À  Ðcause€wars€in€order€to€become€famous.€€These€authority€figures€manipulate€the,€"laborers,Ð ˜è  Ðworkmen,€or€poor€clerksòò5óó,"€of€their€countries€to€fight€the,€"laborers,€workmen,€or€poor€clerksòò5óó,"€ofÐ pÀ Ðother€countries.€€The€individuals€actually€fighting€and€dying€in€the€trenches€have€no€reason€forÐ H˜ Ðwar,€rather€they€were€manipulated€into€fighting€for€the€fame,€glory,€and€benefit€of€others.Ð  p Ðà  àThe€final€disillusionment€with€Paul€and€the€figures€of€authority€occurs€when€Paul€dies.€Ð øH Ð"He€fell€in€October€1918,€on€a€day€that€was€so€quiet€and€still€on€the€whole€front,€that€the€armyÐ Ð  Ðreport€confined€itself€to€the€single€sentence:€All€quiet€on€the€Western€Frontòò6óó."€€How€ironic€is€itÐ ¨ø Ðthat€when€Paul€dies,€the€authority€figures€say,€"All€quiet€on€the€Western€Frontòò6óó."€€This€quote€goesÐ €Ð Ðto€show€the€non„excitant€relationship€between€figures€of€authority€and€the€common€man€in€theÐ X ¨ Ðtrenches.€€There€was€no€relationship,€a€man€can€die€and€it€can€be€considered€a€good€day€at€theÐ 0"€  Ðfront€by€those€not€thereÐ $X" Ðà  àThe€manipulatory€methods€used€by€the€upper€classes€led€to€the€common€mansðð€search€forÐ à%0!$ Ðnew€leadership€after€the€end€of€World€War€I.€€Soldiers,€especially€those€who€knew€nothing€butÐ ¸'#& Ðwar,€turned€to€leaders€such€as€Bonito€Mussolini€and€Adolf€Hitler.€€The€rise€of€these€leaders€led€toÐ )à$( ÐWorld€War€II,€so€in€many€senses€World€War€I€was€the€cause€of€World€War€II.€€Many€of€theseÐ h+¸&* Ðnew€leaders€were€the€driving€force€behind€one€of€the€most€hateful€events€in€the€history€ofÐ @-(, ÐÑ OYÑâ  âѰ°Ñâ  âÑ  Ñmankind,€the€Holocaust.€€Ð ° ÐÔ#†XýXX Xý,#Ôà  àòòSurvival€in€Auschwitzóó€is€the€true€story€of€Primo€Leviððs€experience€in€a€German€workÐ ˆØ Ðcamp€during€the€Holocaust.€€In€his€account€of€Auschwitz,€Primo€describes€his€relationship€withÐ `° Ðtwo€types€of€authority€figures:€the€Kapos€and€the€SS€men.€€Primoððs€relationship€with€the€SS€isÐ 8 ˆ Ðone€of€fear€and€hate,€his€relationship€with€the€Kapos€is€also€one€of€hate.€€As€Primoððs€time€in€theÐ  ` Ðcamp€increases,€he€begins€to€understand€the€actions€of€some€of€the€Kapos.Ð è 8  Ðà  àWhile€Auschwitz€was€ran€by€the€SS,€the,€ð ðmasters€in€practiceòò7óó,ðð€were€the€Kapos.€Ð À  ÐPrisoners€in€Auschwitz€were€divided€into€work€groups,€each€of€which€was€headed€by€a€Kapos.€Ð ˜è  ÐMost€Kapos€were€criminal€prisoners,€but€a€small€number€of€Jewish€prisoners€filled€their€ranks.€Ð pÀ ÐThe€Kapos€were€brutal€to€the€prisoners;€they€would€work€them€hard,€beat€them,€verbally€abuseÐ H˜ Ðthem,€and€use€their€position€of€power€to€receive€a€greater€allowance€of€food.€€Primo€hated€theÐ  p ÐKapos€because€of€their€brutal€nature.Ð øH Ðà  àPrimoððs€hate€for€the€Kapos€did€not€diminish€as€time€went€on,€but€he€began€to€understandÐ Ð  Ðthe€Jewish€Kapos.€€Unlike€the€political€and€criminal€prisoners,€the€Jews€new€that€eventually€theyÐ ¨ø Ðwould€die€in€the€camp€either€in€the€showers€or€because€of€exhaustion.€€To€a€Jew,€being€one€of€theÐ €Ð ÐKapos€could€be€the€difference€between€life€and€death;€Kapos€didnððt€have€to€work€nearly€hard€asÐ X ¨ Ðthe€men€they€controlled€and€used€their€authoritarian€status€to€access€more€food.€€Jewish€KaposÐ 0"€  Ðhad€to€be€more€brutal€then€their€criminal€counterparts€in€order€to€retain€their€position.€€PrimoÐ $X" Ðeventually€came€to€understand€the€Jewish€Kapos€were€acting€for€self€preservation,€although€hisÐ à%0!$ Ðhate€for€these€authority€figures€does€not€subside.Ð ¸'#& Ðà  àThe€SS€men€were€the€other€figures€of€authority€in€Auschwitz;€as€Primo€put€it,€the€SS€menÐ )à$( Ðwere€the,€ð ðarbiter€of€our€fate.òò8óóðð€€The€SS€men€had€total€power€over€life€and€death€in€Auschwitz,Ð h+¸&* Ðwhich€is€why€Primo€both€feared€and€hated€the€SS.€€Over€his€time€in€Auschwitz€Primo€neverÐ @-(, Ðcould€understand€the€SS€men,€which€lead€to€his€continued€fear€and€hate€of€them.€Even€whenÐ ° Ðdeath€seemed€inevitable,€Primo€viewed€the€SS€with,€ð ðtranquil€fearòò9óó.ððÐ ˆØ Ðà  àHitlerððs€hateful€actions€towards€the€Jews€and€other€racial€ð ðverminðð€led€to€a€view€of€WorldÐ `° ÐWar€II€which€was€much€different€than€World€War€I.€€Unlike€World€War€I,€World€War€II€was€notÐ 8 ˆ Ðviewed€as€Germanyððs€fault,€it€was€(and€still€is)€viewed€as€Hitlerððs€fault.€€This€difference€takesÐ  ` Ðroot€in€the€Holocaust;€if€there€was€no€Holocaust,€it€would€be€a€war€of€German€aggression,€butÐ è 8  Ðbecause€of€Hitlerððs€racial€hatred,€World€War€II€is€considered€to€be€a€war€of€Hitlerððs€aggression.Ð À  Ðà  àThe€SS€men€of€òòSurvival€in€Auschwitzóó€and€the€German€leadership€in€òòAll€Quiet€on€theÐ ˜è  ÐWestern€Fontóó€are€both€viewed€with€hatred;€despite€this€similarity,€the€motivation€of€these€figuresÐ pÀ Ðof€authority€leads€to€a€relationship€which€is€markedly€different.€€Paulððs€hate€for€the€GermanÐ H˜ Ðleadership€stems€from€the€leadershipððs€motivation€for€war.€€Paul€views€them€as€putting€the€horrorÐ  p Ðof€war€on€the€common€man€for€their€own€personal€benefit,€which€leads€to€Paulððs€hatred€of€them.€Ð øH ÐIn€contrast,€Primoððs€hate€and€fear€of€the€SS€men€stems€from€the€SS€menððs€hate€of€Jews.€€The€SSÐ Ð  Ðmen€hold€ultimate€power€of€life€and€death€over€Primo,€which€causes€him€to€hate€and€fear€them.€Ð ¨ø ÐPaul€never€feared€the€men€which€sent€him€off€to€die,€he€simply€hated€them;€but€Primo€both€fearedÐ €Ð Ðand€hated€the€men€which€controlled€his€destiny.€€This€difference€stems€from€the€distantÐ X ¨ Ðrelationship€between€Paul€the€German€leadership€and€the€more€involved€relationship€betweenÐ 0"€  ÐPrimo€and€the€SS€men€of€Auschwitz.Ð $X" Ðà  àHimmelstoss€in€òòAll€Quiet€on€the€Western€Frontóó€and€the€Jewish€Kapos€ofòò€Survival€inÐ à%0!$ ÐAuschwitzóó€also€contain€similarities,€but€again€the€relationship€was€affected€by€the€context€of€theÐ ¸'#& Ðdiffering€situations.€€While€both€Primo€and€Paul€began€to€understand€the€motives€of€theseÐ )à$( Ðfigures,€Paulððs€hate€subsides€while€Primoððs€does€not.€€.€€Paulððs€hate€for€Himmelstoss€subsidesÐ h+¸&* Ðshortly€after€Himmelstoss€is€sent€to€the€front.€€Himmelstoss,€after€witnessing€the€horror€of€theÐ @-(, Ðfront,€tries€to€make€amends€with€Paul€and€his€classmates.€€After€Paul€witnesses€theÐ ° Ðtransformation€in€Himmelstossðð€character,€he€realizes€he€would€act€as€Himmelstoss€did,€€in€orderÐ ˆØ Ðto€save€himself€from€the€front.€€In€contrast,€while€Primo€does€begin€to€understand€the€motives€ofÐ `° Ðthe€Jewish€Kapos,€he€never€ceases€to€hate€them.€€Primoððs€continued€hate€may€be€caused€by€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðremoved€relationship€he€had€with€the€Kapos.€€Paul€and€Himmelstoss€wound€up€in€the€trenchesÐ  ` Ðtogether,€which€allowed€them€to€bond,€but€Primo€never€got€to€know€one€of€these€Jewish€KaposÐ è 8  Ðwhich€means€he€never€was€given€the€opportunity€to€cease€hate€them.Ð À  Ðà  àòòAll€Quiet€on€the€Western€Frontóó€and€òòSurvival€in€Auschwitzóó€contain€similar€authoritarianÐ ˜è  Ðarchetypes,€but€these€archetypeððs€relationships€with€the€main€characters€was€different.€€ThisÐ pÀ Ðdifference€in€relationship€takes€root€in€the€differing€context€of€relationships.€€Paul€was€able€toÐ H˜ Ðboth€understand€and€forgive€the€actions€of€some€of€his€authority€figures,€while€Primo€was€unableÐ  p Ðto€do€so.€€As€a€result€of€the€differing€relationships€between€figures€of€authority,€the€time€periodsÐ øH Ðfollowing€the€settings€of€these€books€was€markedly€different.Ð Ð  ÐÐ  ¨ø ÐÔ‡ XýXXXýÔÓ  ÓCITATIONSÐ ° ÐÓ  Óà  àòò1óó€A.W.€Wheen,€ed.,€òòAll€quiet€on€the€Western€Frontóó€by€Erich€Maria€Remarque,€(Little,Ð ˆØ ÐBrown,€and€Company)€16.Ð `° Ðà  àòò2óó€A.W.€Wheen,€ed.,€òòAll€quiet€on€the€Western€Frontóó€by€Erich€Maria€Remarque,€(Little,Ð 8 ˆ ÐBrown,€and€Company)€33.Ð  ` Ðà  àòò3óóA.W.€Wheen,€ed.,€òòAll€quiet€on€the€Western€Frontóó€by€Erich€Maria€Remarque,€(Little,Ð è 8  ÐBrown,€and€Company)€15.Ð À  Ðà  àòò4óóA.W.€Wheen,€ed.,€òòAll€quiet€on€the€Western€Frontóó€by€Erich€Maria€Remarque,€(Little,Ð ˜è  ÐBrown,€and€Company)€25.Ð pÀ Ðà  àòò5óóA.W.€Wheen,€ed.,€òòAll€quiet€on€the€Western€Frontóó€by€Erich€Maria€Remarque,€(Little,Ð H˜ ÐBrown,€and€Company)€176.Ð  p Ðà  àòò6óóA.W.€Wheen,€ed.,€òòAll€quiet€on€the€Western€Frontóó€by€Erich€Maria€Remarque,€(Little,Ð øH ÐBrown,€and€Company)€248.Ð Ð  Ðà  àòò7óóStuart€Woolf,€ed.,€€òòSurvival€in€Auschwitzóó€by€Primo€Levi,€(New€York:€Touchstone,€1996)Ð ¨ø Ð33.Ð €Ð Ðà  àòò8óóStuart€Woolf,€ed.,€€òòSurvival€in€Auschwitzóó€by€Primo€Levi,€(New€York:€Touchstone,€1996)Ð X ¨ Ð128.Ð 0"€  Ðà  àòò9óóStuart€Woolf,€ed.,€€òòSurvival€in€Auschwitzóó€by€Primo€Levi,€(New€York:€Touchstone,€1996)Ð $X" Ð157.Ð à%0!$ ÐÔ#†XýXX Xýo:#Ô