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20th Century Study Guide #3

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20th Century Review 3

Middle East Facts 11/6/03

Birthplace of Judaism, Christianity and Islam

First area to develop civilizations (Mesopotamia/Fertile Crescent in Iraq)

Connects Asia, Europe, and Africa

Has no clearly defined boundaries

Also known as the Near East (Europe, 1700s). Middle East came late 1800s

11/7/03

Damavan- tallest peak in Middle East

Ararat- possible location of Noah’s Ark

Mesopotamia- “land between the rivers”

Jesus was baptized in the Jordan River

Home to the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea

Largest only- sand desert in world: Arabian Desert/Empty Quarter/Rub’al Khali

Signs:

- Judaism- Star of David/Mogul David. Sign of house of David (Israeli kings)

- Christianity- cross. Symbolizes victory over death

- Islam- Crescent Moon. Muhammad received 1st revelation under crescent moon.

The Balfour Declaration 11/19/03

- The Balfour Declaration of 1917 was the first significant declaration by a world power in favor of a Jewish “national home” in what was known as Palestine.

11/20/03

Balfour Decision- British government agreed in principle to a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Al Qaeda- terrorist network headed by Osama bin Laden (9/11)

Camp David Accords- 1979- Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin agree on an Israeli- Egyptian treaty- Jimmy Carter mediator

Gaza- in Israel, big Palestinian population

Golan Heights- taken from Syria by Israel 1967 during the 6- day war. Syria still wants.

Holocaust- displacement /extermination of millions of European Jews by Nazis WWII

Intifada- Palestinians trying to get Israelis to leave 1987-93 800+ killed

Kurds- Sunni Muslims living in mountains bordering Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. No recognized homeland: de facto autonomy

Oslo Accords- September 1993. Created a 5 year interim for Palestinians and withdrawal of Israelis from Palestinian West Bank. Also gave Palestinian Authority (PA) control of pars of West Bank.

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)- Formed 1964- for the establishment of Palestinian state. Given UN observer status 1974. Uses both violent and peaceful means. Pres. Yasser Arafat.

West Bank- Formerly Palestine, big Palestinian population

Suicide bombing- Lots in Israel. Done mostly by Palestinians

Palestinian Authority- created 1993 by PLO- president Yasser Arafat (is a governing body)

Six Day War- 1967 Israel attacked June 5. Defeated Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. Captured Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula (since regained by Egypt), West Bank, eastern half of Jerusalem.

Zionism- A political movement founded 1897 to establish a Jewish homeland

UN Resolution 242- Called for end to all declarations of war and a withdrawal of Israeli troops from Arab territories

Comparison of Judaism, Christianity and Islam Judaism

- Sacred language is Hebrew

- Promised land is Canaan

- God is Adonai

- Synagogue is holy building

- Saturday is holy day

- Torah is holy book

Christianity

- Holy day is Sunday

- Jesus is divine

- Triune God

- 7 Sacraments

- Ordained ministry

- No sacred language

- Holy building is church

Islam

- Sacred language is Arabic

- Holiest city is Mecca

- Final prophet is Muhammad

- Holy book is Koran (final revelation to Muhammad)

- God is called Allah

- Mosque is holy building

- Holy day is Friday

- A Hajj (pilgrimage) is required

Judaism and Christianity

- Ongoing revelation

- Believe in liturgical practice of breaking bread and sharing wine

Christianity and Islam

- Believe in salvation/damnation

- Recite creed

- Story of Jesus

Judaism and Islam

- Dietary laws

- Fasting during Yom Kippur/Ramadan

- Almsgiving

- Sacred language

Judaism Christianity and Islam

- One God (God of Abraham)

- Special relationship with God

- History of ancient Hebrews and Hebrew law

- Believe in prophets

- Divided into sects

- Prayer occurs during religious services

- Services held in holy building

- Jerusalem is a holy city

- Reading from holy book during service

Facts off Worksheets

The suffix “stan” means country/nation/land/place of

Holiest Islam cities (in descending order): Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem

Islam is the dominant religion of the Middle East

The goal of the Zionist movement was the formation of a Jewish state

The Holocaust increased sympathy for the Jews, leading to many large countries favoring the Jews over the Palestinians.

Saddam Hussein supports the Palestinians

We supported Iraq in the Iran/Iraq war (lesser of two evils)

Saudi Arabia has most of the world’s oil

OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Briton took charge of Palestine in 1917 and supported a Jewish state

Tel Aviv was the first Jewish town

Six Arab armies attacked Israel the day after Israeli independence