1.

Where did early hominids get their energy from?
Student Response Correct Answer A. Wild vegetation   B. Game animals   C. carrion   D. all of the above
Score:	1/1

2.

What was the only type of food-production system until about 12,000 years ago?
Student Response Correct Answer A. nomadic herding   B. transhumance   C. hunting and gathering   D. irrigation agriculture
Score:	1/1

3.

Ethnology is the branch of cultural anthropology that is concerned with
Student Response Correct Answer A. comparing diverse cultures   B. predicting future cultural developments in small-scale societies   C. describing the way of life of nonhuman primates   D. the application of anthropological knowledge to solve practical problems
Score:	1/1

4.

In social species, the perpetuation of an individual's genes
Student Response Correct Answer A. is impossible.   B. can depend on climate and geography.   C. can depend as much on the reproductive success of its close relatives as on its own survival and reproduction.   D. can depend on the level of technology within the society.
Score:	1/1

5.

The name for the kind of written description of a society's way of life that anthropologists write is
Student Response Correct Answer A. physical anthropology   B. ethnography   C. archaeology   D. dissertation
Score:	1/1

6.

Humans may have a genetically controlled propensity, shared with other primates, to
Student Response Correct Answer A. find childbirth to be an extremely painful experience.   B. feel that family life is a tiresome burden.   C. find children to be emotionally appealing and to derive emotional satisfaction from holding and fondling them.   D. find children to be an unnecessary burden and expense.
Score:	1/1

7.

Scientists have not yet been able to figure out exactly when human language began.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

8.

Anthropologists focus careful attention on a society's system of food production because
Student Response Correct Answer A. they believe that all societies basically produce food in the same way.   B. they believe that a society's system of food production never changes in any significant way.   C. they believe that the system of food production influences many other aspects of the culture, including such areas as religion, economics, art, family structure, etc.   D. they want to stop the spread of industrialized manufacturing throughout the non-Western world.
Score:	1/1

9.

The etic description of a culture is one which
Student Response Correct Answer A. never makes reference to religion or mythology.   B. makes use of concepts and distinctions that are meaningful to the scientific observer.   C. makes use of concepts and beliefs that originate in ancient historical times.   D. utilizes only quantitative methods of analysis.
Score:	1/1

10.

The counter-flow of economic benefits from children to parents in industrialized society
Student Response Correct Answer A. has steadily increased.   B. is not a factor in the reproductive patterns of families.   C. has neither increased nor decreased.   D. has steadity decreased
Score:	1/1

11.

Elementary tool use can clearly be seen among nonhuman primates.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

12.

The rise of service industries has led some sociologists to refer to the United States as a __________ society.
Student Response Correct Answer A. nomadic   B. postmodern   C. preindustrial   D. postindustrial society
Score:	1/1

13.

Which of these societies has the highest standard of living?
Student Response Correct Answer A. farmers of India   B. horticulturalist from Amazonia   C. !Kung San   D. the seal-hunting Inuit of the Arctic
Score:	0/1

14.

The claim that the infrastructural dimension of culture plays a determining role in why a particular culture has specific values, beliefs, and practices is referred to as
Student Response Correct Answer A. etic theory.   B. anthropological relativism.   C. diffusion.   D. cultural materialism.
Score:	1/1

15.

Primate learned behavior is individually acquired through a process of trial and error.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

16.

Some societies have only two or three color terms. Which of the following statements is true?
Student Response Correct Answer A. Color terms control the level of technology of a society.   B. Such societies are hampered in their development.   C. Those societies can still refer to colors by referring to the color of familiar objects.   D. Lack of color terminology indicates a poor understanding of natural processes.
Score:	1/1

17.

Superstructure consists of the behavior and thought devoted to symbolic, ideational, artistic, playful, religious, and intellectual endeavors.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

18.

English language time perception is perceived as spatial units.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

19.

When cultural traits are passed from one society to another, anthropologists refer to this as
Student Response Correct Answer A. cultural relativism.   B. the behavioral dimension of culture.   C. cultural materialism.   D. diffusion.
Score:	1/1

20.

When bilingual speakers move back and forth from one language to another, it is called
Student Response Correct Answer A. displacement   B. syntax   C. deep structure   D. code switching
Score:	1/1

21.

When carrying capacity is exceeded, productivity increases.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

22.

Nineteenth-century scientists tended to think of natural selection as
Student Response Correct Answer A. a mythical idea that had no basis in reality.   B. the direct struggle between individuals for scarce resources and sexual partners.   C. a principle that applied to some but not all types of living things.   D. a direct struggle between the younger generation and the older generation.
Score:	1/1

23.

Which species of humans was the first to grow its own food?
Student Response Correct Answer A. Homo erectus   B. Homo habilis   C. Australopithecus africanus   D. Homo sapiens
Score:	1/1

24.

The people who share information about their language and culture with an anthropologist are called
Student Response Correct Answer A. ethnologists   B. expert witnesses   C. collaborators   D. informants
Score:	1/1

25.

The important characteristic of human language that distinguishes it from primate language is
Student Response Correct Answer A. that apes and chimps communicate while sleeping, whereas humans do not.   B. that human language is basically a mathematical system, whereas the language of the apes and chimps is not.   C. that human language can convey information only about the past and the future, but not about the present.   D. none of the above
Score:	1/1

26.

Pastoralists have sometimes used their animals to raid sedentary villagers to steal grain.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

27.

Enculturation can account for the continuity of culture, but it cannot account for
Student Response Correct Answer A. the destruction of the environment.   B. cultural innovation and change.   C. social chaos.   D. population size.
Score:	0/1

28.

The belief that one's own culture is superior to all others is known as
Student Response Correct Answer A. relativism.   B. incorporation.   C. diffusion.   D. none of the above.
Score:	1/1

29.

Diseases such as smallpox, typhoid fever, flu, bubonic plague, and cholera are primarily associated with
Student Response Correct Answer A. swampy areas.   B. very warm climates.   C. southeast Asia.   D. urban environments.
Score:	1/1

30.

Alfred Wallace and Charles Darwin were responsible for discovering that organic evolution is the result of natural selection.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

31.

Which type of primate is known for its peaceful, friendly, and sociable lifestyle?
Student Response Correct Answer A. Japanese macaques   B. the chimpanzees of Gombe   C. homo habilis   D. bonobos
Score:	0/1

32.

Scientific objectivity arises from
Student Response Correct Answer A. eliminating all biases on the part of the researcher   B. imposing one's own values and beliefs on the people being studied   C. taking care not to let one's biases influence the method or results of research   D. all of the above
Score:	0/1

33.

Anthropologists believe that every human society is absolutely unique, and that there are no cultural characteristics that are shared throughout all human societies.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

34.

Semantic universality is a characteristic of all human languages.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

35.

Linguists use the term __________ to refer to the capacity of language to communicate beyond the immediate here-and-now situation of the speaker.
Student Response Correct Answer A. arbitrariness   B. grammar   C. displacement   D. phonetics
Score:	0/1

36.

Which anthropological field method is the most distinctive and relevant?
Student Response Correct Answer A. the clinical profile method   B. participant observation   C. case study research   D. in-depth interviewing
Score:	1/1

37.

Both production and reproduction are equally important in shaping the course of sociocultural evolution.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

38.

Speakers of the Romance languages must indicate
Student Response Correct Answer A. time and distance for each noun.   B. the gender of each noun.   C. the exact number and quantity of each noun.   D. all of the above
Score:	1/1

39.

The scientist who is most well known for studying the social life of chimpanzees is
Student Response Correct Answer A. Charles Darwin.   B. Dr. Richard Leakey.   C. Bronislaw Malinowski.   D. Jane Goodall.
Score:	1/1

40.

Anthropological fieldwork involves
Student Response Correct Answer A. living near the society that's being studied for a brief period of time, and getting to know a few people who live within that society   B. library research and laboratory experiments   C. living within a society for a prolonged period of time and taking part in the daily activities of the society   D. trying to educate the people whose culture is being studied, so that they can acquire a more civilized lifestyle
Score:	1/1

41.

The pattern of language use in a bilingual community, where two languages are used according to social circumstances, is called
Student Response Correct Answer A. vernacular.   B. diglossia.   C. phonology.   D. none of the above
Score:	1/1

42.

The principle process responsible for biological evolution is known as
Student Response Correct Answer A. diffusion.   B. genetic fitness.   C. natural selection.   D. all of the above
Score:	1/1

43.

Prolonged nursing can result in birth-spacing intervals of what length?
Student Response Correct Answer A. 6 to 8 months   B. 3 years   C. 12 years   D. 21 days
Score:	1/1

44.

___________ refers to the learned, socially acquired traditions of thought and behavior.
Student Response Correct Answer A. instinct   B. culture   C. genetics   D. the fine arts
Score:	1/1

45.

Anting refers to what behavior?
Student Response Correct Answer A. the human use of ants in pesticide development   B. birds feeding ants to their young   C. chimpanzees using sticks to collect ants for consumption   D. human destruction of ants with pesticides
Score:	1/1

46.

The difference between direct infanticide and indirect infanticide is dependent upon who kills the child (e.g., father or mother).
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

47.

Generally, Creationist ideas are not considered to be factual because
Student Response Correct Answer A. they are based on religious principles.   B. they have not withstood careful testing and they are largely contradicted by a lot of evidence.   C. there is political repression aimed at any religious group that tries to influence public morality.   D. no part of the Bible has ever been proven.
Score:	1/1

48.

Using more people in production, working longer hours, and working faster to produce greater yields is called
Student Response Correct Answer A. sublimation.   B. reflexivity   C. intensification   D. forced labor
Score:	1/1

49.

Which food-production technique has the ability to produce more food than any other preindustrial mode of production?
Student Response Correct Answer A. irrigation agriculture   B. peasant grain agriculture   C. slash-and-burn farming   D. mixed farming
Score:	1/1

50.

A cross-cultural perspective on human languages shows that
Student Response Correct Answer A. some languages are more primitive and others are more advanced.   B. some languages use morphemes but others do not.   C. all languages have complex grammar and syntax.   D. a certain portion of small-scale societies have no language whatsoever.
Score:	1/1

1.

Hunter-gatherer societies tend to have less warfare than village societies.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

2.

What type of domesticated animal did Hawaiians use?
Student Response Correct Answer A. dog   B. donkey   C. pig   D. sheep
Score:	1/1

3.

Tax-paying by United States citizens is a form of
Student Response Correct Answer A. gift exchange.   B. stratified redistribution.   C. reciprocity.   D. silent trade.
Score:	1/1

4.

How does a reciprocal society cope with the problem of a freeloader who doesn't make any productive contribution to the group?
Student Response Correct Answer A. The freeloader is not dealt with as there are no formal mechanisms of punishment.   B. The freeloader is brought to trial in a court of law.   C. Subtle sanctions and group disapproval are used to curb this behavior   D. The freeloader is cut off from all food until he starts working harder.
Score:	1/1

5.

Harris and Johnson view warfare as
Student Response Correct Answer A. an expression of innate human aggression.   B. a particular form of organized activity that has developed during cultural evolution.   C. animal-like behavior which humans share with other species.   D. an absurd game that people play when they are bored.
Score:	1/1

6.

The marriage relationship has an economic dimension in agricultural societies, but not in industrialized societies.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

7.

The rise of state-level government shows a tendency for people to be more and more separated from working in food production.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

8.

In !Kung San society,
Student Response Correct Answer A. boys and men spin fibers and process grains.   B. girls and women hunt game animals.   C. men hunt and women gather vegetables.   D. women fish, hunt, and construct dwellings, while men spin fibers and plant crops
Score:	1/1

9.

Of the following, which is not an advantage of exogamy?
Student Response Correct Answer A. long-distance networks of kinspeople   B. reduction of gender imbalance in a small group   C. maintenance of close ties between female members of the society   D. territorial flexibility essential to subsistence strategy
Score:	1/1

10.

The supreme leader of the Inca Empire was believed to have been
Student Response Correct Answer A. the devil.   B. god-on-earth.   C. powerless.   D. related to the King of Spain.
Score:	1/1

11.

Among the Suiai of Papua New Guinea, a big man is called a
Student Response Correct Answer A. leopard skin chief.   B. mumi.   C. ahupua'a.   D. none of the above
Score:	1/1

12.

Both the sororate and levirate are forms of preferential marriage.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

13.

Which form of postmarital locality is related to bilateral descent in hunter-gatherer societies?
Student Response Correct Answer A. bilocality   B. ambilocality   C. neolocality   D. A and B
Score:	1/1

14.

What is one mechanism for trading with people from distant groups which avoids hostility?
Student Response Correct Answer A. purposeful trading   B. silent trade   C. silent exchange   D. silent agreement
Score:	1/1

15.

What is the duty of the Nuer Leopard Skin chief?
Student Response Correct Answer A. to use supernatural powers as a neutral intermediary in resolving disputes and preventing the escalation of hostilities   B. to direct a song duel whenever there is a conflict within the group   C. to use supernatural powers in order to predict in advance when there is going to be a crime in the society   D. to personally transfer cattle from one family to another
Score:	1/1

16.

The Melanesian big man system is similar to that of the __________ in that leaders compete to achieve high rank by hosting elaborate feasts and giveaways.
Student Response Correct Answer A. Kwakiutl   B. Shoshoni   C. ancient Greeks   D. Nuer
Score:	0/1

17.

The Inuit song duel is an annual seasonal celebration which is held each winter, during the coldest time of the year.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

18.

Among the Bunyoro of East Africa, the Mukama (or king) redistributes all the goods he receives.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

19.

Harris and Johnson argue that the best explanation of warfare in nonstate societies is the desire for revenge.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

20.

Sodalities and other nonkin associations serve the important social function of
Student Response Correct Answer A. preventing foreign invaders from entering the group.   B. generating income and wealth for women.   C. bringing people together from different domestic groups, thus creating bonds between people which cut across ties of kinship.   D. allowing people to escape from the society if they want to.
Score:	1/1

21.

Why does warfare take place on a larger scale among village people than within hunter-gatherer society?
Student Response Correct Answer A. Why does warfare take place on a larger scale among village people than within hunter-gatherer society?   B. Village societies have gardens and permanent structures.   C. People in village societies are sedentary and cannot readily move to a new location.   D. all of the above
Score:	1/1

22.

The Kapauku, as stated by Leopold Pospisil, are a rare, if not unique, example of what form of exchange?
Student Response Correct Answer A. capitalism   B. reciprocity   C. redistribution   D. primitive capitalism
Score:	0/1

23.

Kathleen Gough's definition of the marriage relationship
Student Response Correct Answer A. makes no reference to sexual access or sexual performance.   B. does not require the relationship to be between males and females.   C. focuses on the status of the child.   D. all of the above
Score:	1/1

24.

Teenagers in American society best exemplify which exchange pattern in their relationship with their parents?
Student Response Correct Answer A. reciprocal   B. redistributive   C. market   D. capitalistic
Score:	1/1

25.

The nuclear family consists of the mother, father, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and in-laws.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	1/1

26.

Most societies believe that misfortunes[]such as game animals becoming scarce or people falling sick[]result from
Student Response Correct Answer A. natural causes.   B. someone practicing witchcraft in order to harm others.   C. random accidents.   D. none of the above
Score:	1/1

27.

The destructive potlatch came about as a result of European contact with the !Kung San.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	0/1

28.

If ego and his wife live with his father's sister's family, this is said to be
Student Response Correct Answer A. neolocality.   B. avunculocality.   C. amitalocality.   D. bilocality.
Score:	1/1

29.

The Inca Empire is an example of
Student Response Correct Answer A. a highly centralized state system in the New World which incorporated many smaller chiefdoms.   B. an agricultural society that was unable to produce storable staples.   C. a chiefdom that was spread out over a vast territory.   D. a network of village societies that never achieved unification.
Score:	1/1

30.

In what system of exchange is absolute modesty about one's contribution a requirement?
Student Response Correct Answer A. reciprocity   B. chiefdoms   C. stratified redistribution   D. egalitarian redistribution
Score:	1/1

31.

Westermark is associated with the idea that
Student Response Correct Answer A. males and females have virtually nothing in common.   B. nearly every culture is based on some form of male domination.   C. boys and girls growing up in close quarters will develop a sexual aversion toward each other.   D. males and females who attend the same schools will develop a sexual aversion toward each other.
Score:	1/1

32.

Which cultural group probably works the most hours per week?
Student Response Correct Answer A. the !Kung San   B. the Netsilik   C. Americans   D. Eastern Europeans
Score:	1/1

33.

The concept of consanguineal relations refers to
Student Response Correct Answer A. kinship relations based on descent (or parentage).   B. relations between neighboring agricultural societies.   C. kinship relations based on marriage.   D. relationships between cousins within an extended family.
Score:	0/1

34.

The primary group in society which provides for basic human biopsychological needs is called
Student Response Correct Answer A. siblings.   B. the clan.   C. the social infrastructure.   D. the family
Score:	1/1

35.

Patrilineality is a form of which descent rule?
Student Response Correct Answer A. ambilineal   B. unilineal   C. bilateral   D. double
Score:	1/1

36.

Anonymity and impersonality are characteristic of reciprocal exchange.
Student Response Correct Answer A. True   B. False
Score:	0/1

37.

The Mehinacu of Brazil believe that the fetus
Student Response Correct Answer A. originates outside the body of the mother.   B. is built up gradually over repeated acts of sex.   C. is already fully grown from the moment of conception.   D. none of the above
Score:	1/1

38.

The shell ornaments traded by the Trobrianders in the Kula are called
Student Response Correct Answer A. profits.   B. bride-price.   C. vaygu'a.   D. morphemes.
Score:	1/1

39.

One of the places where Westermark's theory of incest avoidance has been able to be tested is
Student Response Correct Answer A. United States inner cities.   B. Inis Beag, Ireland.   C. the Israeli kibbutz.   D. Indonesia.
Score:	0/1

40.

Hunter-gatherers and small scale agricultural societies
Student Response Correct Answer A. never engage in any market activity whatsoever.   B. sell everything they produce on the open market.   C. engage in limited market activity, frequently using a barter system.   D. attach a definite monetary value to everything they produce.
Score:	1/1

41.

Which of the following state systems was most centralized?
Student Response Correct Answer A. medieval Europe   B. the Bunyoro of central Africa   C. Vietnam of the tenth century   D. the Inca
Score:	1/1

42.

The fact that the state can execute prisoners
Student Response Correct Answer A. supports the notion that the state is all-knowing and wise.   B. demonstrates that the state has ultimate authority over its members.   C. shows that politicians are cruel and violent.   D. is demeaning to all members of the state.
Score:	1/1

43.

The rise of destructive potlatches among the Kwakiutl came about as a result of which of the following factors?
Student Response Correct Answer A. contact with Europeans   B. shrinking populations   C. larger and larger amounts of wealth being owned by fewer and fewer people   D. all of the above
Score:	1/1

44.

A big man is
Student Response Correct Answer A. the leader of an elite army of highly trained soldiers.   B. a local entrepreneur who successfully mobilizes wealth on behalf of his group.   C. a merchant who controls long-distance trade routes over a vast territory.   D. an indigenous philosopher who fully understands the folklore of his society.
Score:	1/1

45.

The __________ is a dwelling space, shelter, residence, or household in which certain universally recurrent activities take place.
Student Response Correct Answer A. social structure   B. domestic sphere   C. biosphere   D. family dwelling
Score:	1/1

46.

Anthropologists believe that marriage occurs
Student Response Correct Answer A. in most cultures.   B. only in stratified societies.   C. in all societies.   D. primarily in agricultural and industrialized societies.
Score:	1/1

47.

When the newly married couple resides with the husband's father, they are following which postmarital residence rules?
Student Response Correct Answer A. matrilocality   B. patrilocality   C. amitalocality   D. ambilocality
Score:	1/1

48.

What is probably the single greatest reason for the sharing of fixed resources (e.g., water holes) by different bands of hunter-gatherers?
Student Response Correct Answer A. the general good will of the people in the different bands   B. the fact that the members of the different bands are related through intermarriage   C. the regular payment of tariffs by each band   D. none of the above
Score:	0/1

49.

Which of the following groups is not included in the maka'ainana class?
Student Response Correct Answer A. fishermen   B. farmers   C. religious practitioners   D. craftworkers
Score:	1/1

50.

Unlike the redistribution in a chiefdom, the Mukama of the Bunyoro of Uganda kept much of what he received from the peasants and
Student Response Correct Answer A. then redistributed what was left back to the peasants.   B. destroyed large quantities of goods in a destructive potlatch.   C. gave much of what he kept to family members and close kin.   D. sold it all on the open market.
Score:	1/1