Radio waves, electricity, and laser
Ethernet- packet based networking technology used on LAN’s. Known as IEEE 802.3
Token Ring- It uses a special three-byte frame called a token that travels unidirectionally around a star-wired logical ring. Token ring frames travel completely around the ring in a counter-clockwise direction . Can transmit up to 1 Gb/sec. Part of the 802.5.
PPP- Point to Point is mainy used to establish a connection between 2 computers using a phone line. It is a connection over a synchronous and asynchronous connections
HLDC- HLCD is a bit oriented synchronous data link Layer 2 protocol developed by the International Organization for Standarization.
Frame Relay- Frame relay is an efficient data transmission technique used to send digital information quickly and cheaply to one or many destinations from one point. It can be used for voice, data, Local Area Networks (LAN), and Wide Area Networks (WAN) traffic. Each frame relay end user gets a private line to a frame relay node. The frame relay network handles the transmission to its other end users over a path which is always changing and is invisible to the end users.
ISDN- ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is an all digital communications line that allows for the transmission of voice, data, video and graphics, at very high speeds, over standard communication lines. ISDN provides a single, common interface with which to access digital communications services that are required by varying devices, while remaining transparent to the user. Due to the large amounts of information that ISDN lines can carry, ISDN applications are revolutionizing the way businesses communicate.ISDN is not restricted to public telephone networks alone; it may be transmitted via packet switched networks, telex, CATV networks, etc.
ATM- Asynchronous Transfer Mode, or ATM for short, is a cell relay network protocol which encodes data traffic into small fixed sized (53 byte) cells instead of variable sized packets as in packet-switched networks (such as the IPor Ethernet).
IP- The Internet Protocol (IP) is a data-oriented protocol used by source and destination hosts for communicating data across a packet switched internetworks. Data in an IP internetwork are sent in blocks referred to as packets or datagrams (the terms are basically synonymous in IP). In particular, in IP no setup is needed before a host tries to send packets to a host it has previously not communicated with.
ICMP- The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is part of the internet protocol suite and defined in RFC 792. ICMP messages are typically generated in response to errors in IP datagrams(as specified in RFC1122) or for diagnostic or routing purposes.
IGMP- The Internet Group Management Protocol is a communications protocol used to manage the membership of IP multicast groups. IGMP is used by IP hosts and adjacent multicast routers to establish multicast group memberships. It is an integral part of the IP multicast specification, like ICMP for unicast connections.
X.25- X.25 is an ITU-T standard protocol suite for WAN networks using the phone system as the networking hardware. It defines standard physical layer data link and network layers (layers 1 through 3) of the OSI Model.The packet switching network was the common name given to the international collection of X.25 providers, typically the various national telephone companies.
ARP- In computer Networking using the IP suite, the Address Resolution Protocol is a method for finding a host's (MAC) address from its IP address. The sender broadcasts an ARP packet containing the Internet address of another host and waits for it (or some other host) to send back its Ethernet address. Each host maintains a cache of address translations to reduce delay and loading. ARP allows the Internet address to be independent of the Ethernet address but it only works if all hosts support it.
RARP- Reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) is a protocol used to resolve an IP address from a given hardware address (such as an Ethernet address).
OSPF- Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is alink state, hierarchical Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) routing algorithm. The well known formula is used to calculate theshorest path tree. It uses cost as its routing metric. A link state database is constructed of the network topology which is identical on all routers.
RIP- The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is one of the most commonly used Interior Gateway Protocols in the Internet, which helps network routers dynamically adapt to changes of network connections by communicating information about which networks each router can reach and how far away those networks are. Although RIP is still actively used, many experts considered it as obsoleted by OSPF (and to a less extent) EIGRP.
IPX- Old Protocol used by Novell
TCP- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented, reliable delivery byte-stream Transport Layer protocol currently documented in IETF RFC 793.
In theTCP/IP model, TCP provides an interface between a Network Layer below and an Application Layer above. Applications send streams of 8-bit bytes to TCP for delivery onto the network. TCP delineates the byte stream into appropriately sized segments, usually defined by a maximum Transmission Unit(MTU) size used by the Data link Layer
UDP- The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a minimal message-oriented transport layer protocol.
SPX- Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX) is an old Novell protocol used to manage the Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange IPX that allowed Novell Servers and clients to communicate over LAN.
In telecommunications and computer Networking abstract syntax notation one (ASN.1) is a standard, flexible method that describes data structures for representing, encoding, transmitting, and decoding data. It provides a set of formal rules for describing the structure of objects independent of machine-specific encoding techniques and is a precise, formal notation that removes ambiguities.
HTTP- HTTP (for HyperText Transfer Protocol) is the primary method used to communicate information on theWorld Wide Web. The specification is currently maintained by the World Wide Web Consoortium (W3C).
SMTP- SMTP is a relatively simple, text-based protocol, where one or more recipients of a message are specified (and in most cases verified to exist) and then the message text is transferred. It is quite easy to test a SMTP server using the Telnet program. SMTP uses TCP port 25. To determine the SMTP server for a given domain name, the MX (Mail eXchange) DNS record is used.
SNMP- Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is part of the IP suite as defined by theInternet Engineering Task Force. The Protocol can be used to monitor any Network attached devices for any conditions that warrant it.
FTP- The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a part of the IP suite that is able to transfer computer files between machines with widely different OS’s.
Telnet-Telnet is a Client-server, based on TCP, and clients generally connect to Port 23 on the host providing the service (though like many protocols in use on the Internet which port to use is fairly easy to change). Partly because of the design of the protocol and partly because of the flexibility typically provided by telnet programs, it is also possible to use a Telnet program to establish an interactive TCP connection to some other service on an internet host. A classic use of this is telnetting to port 25 (where typically an SMTP server is to be found) to debug a mail server.
