9.4- Synthesizing Organic Compounds |
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-Synthesizing organic compounds help to show a new type of reaction -Organic compounds are synthesized chemically and also extracted from living systems -Polymerization is the formation of very large molecules (polymers) from many small molecular units (monomers) -Polymers are substances whose molecules are made up of many small molecules linked together in long chains -Polymers have molar masses up to millions of grams per mole -Addition polymerization is the polymerizing of alkane molecules -Polyethylene, for example, is made by polymerizing ethene molecules -Addition polymers are formed when monomer units join together in a process that rearranges electrons in double or triple bonds in the monomer -In addition polymerization, the polymer is the only product formed -Condensation polymerization involves the formation of a small molecule from the functional group of two different monomer molecules -Monomer molecules bond at sites where atoms are removed from their functional groups -In order to form a condensation reaction, monomer molecules must have at least two functional groups, therefore they are bifunctional -Polyester is a polymer formed from the reaction of a bifunctional acid monomer with a bifunctional alcohol monomer -The result ester has a free hydroxyl group at one end and a free carboxyl at the other end -Because of this, further reactions could occur at either ends of the ester -A polyamide is a large molecule formed when a bifunctional acid monomer reacts with a bifunctional amine monomer -proteins are a basic structural material in plants and animals -There are over 10 billion different proteins in Earth’s living organisms, and are constructed from only about 20 amino acids -Amino acids are structurally bifunctional, containing both an amine group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) - Condensation polymerization occurs for sugar molecules in which a water is molecule is formed and the monomers join together to form a larger molecule -The carbon cycle is a cycle in which atoms of carbon move throughout the biosphere of our planet |
