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1 Introduction of Qing Dynasty

Shang商 è Zhou周 è Spring and Autumn春秋戰國è Qin秦è Han漢è

Northern and Southern Dynasty南北朝è Shi隋è Tong唐 è Five Dynasty and Ten Kingdom五代十國è Song宋 è Yuan元 è Ming明 è Qing清

Jurched女真: 12th century è Jin (Gold金) Dynasty

13th Century: Jin Dynasty was conquered by Mongols蒙古

Ming: Divided into 3 commanderies (tributes部落)

Nurhaci努爾哈赤 (1559-1626)

Interested in Chinese culture –

Romance of The Three Kingdoms 三國演義

All mans are brothers水滸傳

Economic foundation經濟基礎—monopolised the trade in pearls, furs and ginseng人參

Military - Banner System was invented in 1601 八旗兵

1616 - established恢復Jin

Writing system創造文字

Abahai (Hong Taiji) 皇太極 (1592-1643) (eighth son of Nurhaci)

1635 - Manzhu滿州 (滿珠/曼珠 è 妙吉祥)

1636 - Qing清as the name of the dynasty

　

Shunzi順治(1644-1661)

Regent: Dorgon多爾袞1644-1650

Personal rule: 1651-1661

Manzhu-oriented policies: The High Hand Policies高壓政策

eg. Deliberative Council議政皇大臣會議 , encirclement of land 圈地政策, hair style)

Chinese-oriented policies: Appeasement Policies懷柔政策

　

Kangxi康熙(1662-1722)

Regent: Oboi鰲拜 1662-1670

Personal rule: 1671-1722

Suppression of revolt of 3 Feudatories三藩

Treaty of Nerchinsk 1689

Social reforms: Ended encirclement, permanent (Land) settlement 1712, 6 tours to the south六次下江南, cultural work.

Yongzheng雍正(1723-1735)

Prevention of factionalism

Centralization of power

Control over 8 Banners控制八旗兵

Grand Council軍機處

Palace memorial system

Literary inquisitions文字獄

1.This reign統治時期 saw the zenith (climax高峰) of Qing dynasty

Ten Perfect Military Campaigns十全武功:

120 million taels + non-collection of taxes + Corruption

resulted in finanical problems.

3. Extravagant奢侈的 living style:

going to hunt

Feast of 1000 old men千叟宴

è rise of anti-manzhuism反清情緒高漲

è intellectural知識份子stagnation停滯不前

5. His trusting of He-shen和珅:

Qianlong led him to be the Grand Councillor軍機大臣

Administrative inefficiency:

No health administrative system: Principal of check and balance互相監察

Intellectural irresponsibility

Antiquarian Studies考據學

‘KouTou’ 叩頭more and talk less

Patron-Client relationship, bribery行賄, favouritism nepotism

Military decline:

Manzhu bannermen declined – Kangxi

Green Standard Army綠營declined

White Lotus Rebellion – Local militia鄉勇(地方兵)

Socio-economic problems:

Population increase