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Constantinople

The Byzantine Empire corresponds to the Roman Empire of the East, appeared of the division proposal for Teodósio, in 395. The headquarters of that Empire was located in Bizâncio.
Emperor Constantino noticed the advantages that she offered, in terms of safety and of strategic commercial position, for locating the margins of the strait of Bósforo, in the Passage of the sea Egeu for the Black sea.
Constantino sent, then architects and surveyors to remodel the city, whose the works began in November of 324. To May 11, 330, the city was inaugurated solemnly, under the name of New Rome. The people, even so he/she preferred you call it Constantinople.
The city stayed with this name until the century VII, when it adopted its old Greek name again, Bizâncio (the Westerners continued using the name Constantinople). After the taking for the Turks, in 1453, it received the name of Istambul, that stays even today.
Constantinople carried out, during centuries, the paper of bridge of Connection among the European and Asian continents.

The era of Justiniano

Justiniano (527-565) it was one of the most famous Byzantine emperors. During its government, it moved a series of wars against the barbarians to reconquer the territories lost by the Western Roman Empire. It got to occupy Africa, it leaves of Italy and the south of Spain.

Revolt of Nika and the cesaropapismo.

The popular dissatisfaction with the high tributes, the poverty and the oppression exploded in the flame of the Revolt of Nika, in 532. Violently repressed by the government's forces, the revolt caused the death of about 35 thousand people.
Suffocated the revolt of Nika, Justiniano consolidated its position of absolute monarch, through the cesaropapismo. The emperor, besides assuming the absolute leadership of the (just as Caesar), he/she became also the supreme boss of the religion critã (just as Pope).

The Great Schism of the East

With elapsing of the time, the frequent conflicts between the Byzantine emperor and the papa provoked it called Great Schism of the East, in 1054. Starting from that date, the Christendom was divided at two Churches:
Catholic church of the East - known as Orthodox Church, with thirst in Bizâncio.
Roman Catholic church - with thirst in Rome, under authority of the papa.





The work of Justiniano

During centuries, Rome used the right as a little efficient to solve the conflicts of interests appeared among the members of the society.
Justiniano followed the example of Rome, worrying in preserving the whole juridical inheritance of the Roman right.
That work was divided in four great parts:

Code of Justiniano - compilation of all the imperial constitutions.
Institutions - school summary for the student use.
Soap operas - constitutions promulgated by Justiniano after 534.
Digesto or Pandectas - meeting of the doctrine and of the Roman classic jurisprudence.


The decadence of the Empire

The successors of Justiuniano tried to maintain the absolutist administration, without the participation of the popular layers, to preserve the Empire.
In that period, the Byzantine armies reconquered some lost territories and the imperial administration recovered its forces, Basílio II was considered a chosen of God to govern all the men, but after its death, the empire, dived in constant wars, came back to its decadent trajectory.
In spite of that, the Byzantine Empire survived until the century XV, when Constantinople was definitively dominated by the Ottoman Turks, in 1453. That date is used traditionally to mark the end of the Medium Age and the beginning of the Modern Age.

Economy

The history of Bizâncio is intimately linked to the development of the commercial activity. A lot it collaborated, for that, the own location of Constantinople, place of almost obligatory passage of the goods coming of the End Guides to Europa Ocidental.
Due to intense commercial activity, the Byzantine Empire preserved a busy urban life in cities as Constantinople.
Through a complex bureaucratic machine, the Byzantine State exercised severe control about the economic activities, supervising the amount and the quality of the goods.
The intervention of the State in the economy took the own imperial government to constitute great companies in the sections of the fishing, of the metalurgia, of armaments and of the textile industry.
In the section agricultural, big part of the production he/she concentrated on the latifundiums, that were controlled by the Church.


Society

The rich class was composed by great merchants, owners of shops manufatureiras, solemnity orthodox clergy and outstanding employees. That whole people exhibited the luxury of perfected goods.
Artisans, employees of medium and low escalão and small merchants formed an intermediary urban class, below the privileged elite.
The great majority of the population was composed, however, of poor workers: the employees of the manufacture, the servants of the latifundiums and the slaves.

Culture

Religion

The Byzantine world was quite marked by the interest by religious problems. Among the most celebrated subjects debated by the Byzantine world, they stood out:
· THE monofisismo - it IT that Christ had only divine nature.
· THE iconoclasm - that movement nailed the destruction of images of Santos, prohibiting the use of those images in the temples.

Art

In the arts, the Byzantine ones knew how to combine the luxury and the oriental exotismo with the balance and the lightness of the greco-Roman classic art.
The architecture was one of the more developed arts of Bizâncio.
The Byzantine ones also stood out in the art of the mosaic.
The sculpture tried to glorify the human illustration.

Monitoring the Study

1st) formation of Bizâncio. How was he/she formed the Byzantine Empire and why does he have that name?
R - THE Byzantine Empire corresponds to the Roman Empire of the East, appeared of the division proposal for Teodósio, in 395. The headquarters of that Empire was located in Bizâncio, Constantino sent, then architects and surveyors to remodel the city, whose the works began in November of 324. To May 11, 330, the city was inaugurated solemnly, under the name of New Rome. The people, even so he/she preferred you call it Constantinople.

2nd) Constantinople. Speak about the strategic advantages presented by the city of Constantinople.
R - Emperor Constantino noticed the advantages that she offered, in terms of safety and of strategic commercial position, for locating the margins of the strait of Bósforo, in the Passage of the sea Egeu for the Black sea.

3rd) the era Justiniano. On the reign of Justiniano he/she answers:
the) THE ONE what was the cesaropapismo?
R - THE cesaropaismo is the emperor it to assume the absolute leadership of the (just as Caesar), he/she became also the supreme boss of the religion critã (just as Pope).
b) Which the work of Justiniano?
R - During centuries, Rome used the right as a little efficient to solve the conflicts of interests appeared among the members of the society.
Justiniano followed the example of Rome, worrying in preserving the whole juridical inheritance of the Roman right.
That work was divided in four great parts:
· Código of Justiniano - compilation of all the imperial constitutions.
· Instituições - school summary for the student use.
· Novelas - constitutions promulgated by Justiniano after 534.
· Digesto or Pandectas - meeting of the doctrine and of the Roman classic jurisprudence.
4th) decadence politician. Discorra on the process of political decadence of the Byzantine Empire.
R - The successors of Justiuniano tried to maintain the absolutist administration, without the participation of the popular layers, to preserve the Empire.
In that period, the Byzantine armies reconquered some lost territories and the imperial administration recovered its forces, Basílio II was considered a chosen of God to govern all the men, but after its death, the empire, dived in constant wars, came back to its decadent trajectory.

5th) economy. Which was the main economic activity of the Byzantine Empire? Which the government's paper in the economy?
R - THE history of Bizâncio is intimately linked to the development of the commercial activity. A lot it collaborated, for that, the own location of Constantinople, place of almost obligatory passage of the goods coming of the End Guides to Europa Ocidental, through a complex bureaucratic machine, the Byzantine State exercised severe control about the economic activities, supervising the amount and the quality of the goods.

6th) Social groups. Which the main groups of the Byzantine society?
R - THE rich class was composed by great merchants, owners of shops manufatureiras, solemnity orthodox clergy and outstanding employees. That whole people exhibited the luxury of perfected goods.
Artisans, employees of medium and low escalão and small merchants formed an intermediary urban class, below the privileged elite.
The great majority of the population was composed, however, of poor workers: the employees of the manufacture, the servants of the latifundiums and the slaves.

7th) religion. Which the paper of the religion in the Byzantine culture?
R - THE Byzantine world was quite marked by the interest by religious problems. Among the most celebrated subjects debated by the Byzantine world, they stood out:
· THE monofisismo - it IT that Christ had only divine nature.
· THE iconoclasm - that movement nailed the destruction of images of Santos, prohibiting the use of those images in the temples.

8th) art. Which the main characteristic of the Byzantine art?
R - In the arts, the Byzantine ones knew how to combine the luxury and the oriental exotismo with the balance and the lightness of the greco-Roman classic art.

 

data da última atualização Sexta-feira, 26 de Fevereiro de 1999 11:11:49