Constantinople
The Byzantine Empire corresponds to the Roman Empire of the East,
appeared of the division proposal for Teodósio, in 395. The
headquarters of that Empire was located in Bizâncio.
Emperor Constantino noticed the advantages that she offered, in
terms of safety and of strategic commercial position, for
locating the margins of the strait of Bósforo, in the Passage of
the sea Egeu for the Black sea.
Constantino sent, then architects and surveyors to remodel the
city, whose the works began in November of 324. To May 11, 330,
the city was inaugurated solemnly, under the name of New Rome.
The people, even so he/she preferred you call it Constantinople.
The city stayed with this name until the century VII, when it
adopted its old Greek name again, Bizâncio (the Westerners
continued using the name Constantinople). After the taking for
the Turks, in 1453, it received the name of Istambul, that stays
even today.
Constantinople carried out, during centuries, the paper of bridge
of Connection among the European and Asian continents.
The era of Justiniano
Justiniano (527-565) it was one of the most famous Byzantine
emperors. During its government, it moved a series of wars
against the barbarians to reconquer the territories lost by the
Western Roman Empire. It got to occupy Africa, it leaves of Italy
and the south of Spain.
Revolt of Nika and the cesaropapismo.
The popular dissatisfaction with the high tributes, the poverty
and the oppression exploded in the flame of the Revolt of Nika,
in 532. Violently repressed by the government's forces, the
revolt caused the death of about 35 thousand people.
Suffocated the revolt of Nika, Justiniano consolidated its
position of absolute monarch, through the cesaropapismo. The
emperor, besides assuming the absolute leadership of the (just as
Caesar), he/she became also the supreme boss of the religion
critã (just as Pope).
The Great Schism of the East
With elapsing of the time, the frequent conflicts between the
Byzantine emperor and the papa provoked it called Great Schism of
the East, in 1054. Starting from that date, the Christendom was
divided at two Churches:
Catholic church of the East - known as Orthodox Church, with
thirst in Bizâncio.
Roman Catholic church - with thirst in Rome, under authority of
the papa.
The work of Justiniano
During centuries, Rome used the right as a little efficient to
solve the conflicts of interests appeared among the members of
the society.
Justiniano followed the example of Rome, worrying in preserving
the whole juridical inheritance of the Roman right.
That work was divided in four great parts:
Code of Justiniano - compilation of all the imperial
constitutions.
Institutions - school summary for the student use.
Soap operas - constitutions promulgated by Justiniano after 534.
Digesto or Pandectas - meeting of the doctrine and of the Roman
classic jurisprudence.
The decadence of the Empire
The successors of Justiuniano tried to maintain the absolutist
administration, without the participation of the popular layers,
to preserve the Empire.
In that period, the Byzantine armies reconquered some lost
territories and the imperial administration recovered its forces,
Basílio II was considered a chosen of God to govern all the men,
but after its death, the empire, dived in constant wars, came
back to its decadent trajectory.
In spite of that, the Byzantine Empire survived until the century
XV, when Constantinople was definitively dominated by the Ottoman
Turks, in 1453. That date is used traditionally to mark the end
of the Medium Age and the beginning of the Modern Age.
Economy
The history of Bizâncio is intimately linked to the development
of the commercial activity. A lot it collaborated, for that, the
own location of Constantinople, place of almost obligatory
passage of the goods coming of the End Guides to Europa
Ocidental.
Due to intense commercial activity, the Byzantine Empire
preserved a busy urban life in cities as Constantinople.
Through a complex bureaucratic machine, the Byzantine State
exercised severe control about the economic activities,
supervising the amount and the quality of the goods.
The intervention of the State in the economy took the own
imperial government to constitute great companies in the sections
of the fishing, of the metalurgia, of armaments and of the
textile industry.
In the section agricultural, big part of the production he/she
concentrated on the latifundiums, that were controlled by the
Church.
Society
The rich class was composed by great merchants, owners of shops
manufatureiras, solemnity orthodox clergy and outstanding
employees. That whole people exhibited the luxury of perfected
goods.
Artisans, employees of medium and low escalão and small
merchants formed an intermediary urban class, below the
privileged elite.
The great majority of the population was composed, however, of
poor workers: the employees of the manufacture, the servants of
the latifundiums and the slaves.
Culture
Religion
The Byzantine world was quite marked by the interest by religious
problems. Among the most celebrated subjects debated by the
Byzantine world, they stood out:
· THE monofisismo - it IT that Christ had only divine nature.
· THE iconoclasm - that movement nailed the destruction of
images of Santos, prohibiting the use of those images in the
temples.
Art
In the arts, the Byzantine ones knew how to combine the luxury
and the oriental exotismo with the balance and the lightness of
the greco-Roman classic art.
The architecture was one of the more developed arts of Bizâncio.
The Byzantine ones also stood out in the art of the mosaic.
The sculpture tried to glorify the human illustration.
Monitoring the Study
1st) formation of Bizâncio. How was he/she formed the Byzantine
Empire and why does he have that name?
R - THE Byzantine Empire corresponds to the Roman Empire of the
East, appeared of the division proposal for Teodósio, in 395.
The headquarters of that Empire was located in Bizâncio,
Constantino sent, then architects and surveyors to remodel the
city, whose the works began in November of 324. To May 11, 330,
the city was inaugurated solemnly, under the name of New Rome.
The people, even so he/she preferred you call it Constantinople.
2nd) Constantinople. Speak about the strategic advantages
presented by the city of Constantinople.
R - Emperor Constantino noticed the advantages that she offered,
in terms of safety and of strategic commercial position, for
locating the margins of the strait of Bósforo, in the Passage of
the sea Egeu for the Black sea.
3rd) the era Justiniano. On the reign of Justiniano he/she
answers:
the) THE ONE what was the cesaropapismo?
R - THE cesaropaismo is the emperor it to assume the absolute
leadership of the (just as Caesar), he/she became also the
supreme boss of the religion critã (just as Pope).
b) Which the work of Justiniano?
R - During centuries, Rome used the right as a little efficient
to solve the conflicts of interests appeared among the members of
the society.
Justiniano followed the example of Rome, worrying in preserving
the whole juridical inheritance of the Roman right.
That work was divided in four great parts:
· Código of Justiniano - compilation of all the imperial
constitutions.
· Instituições - school summary for the student use.
· Novelas - constitutions promulgated by Justiniano after 534.
· Digesto or Pandectas - meeting of the doctrine and of the
Roman classic jurisprudence.
4th) decadence politician. Discorra on the process of political
decadence of the Byzantine Empire.
R - The successors of Justiuniano tried to maintain the
absolutist administration, without the participation of the
popular layers, to preserve the Empire.
In that period, the Byzantine armies reconquered some lost
territories and the imperial administration recovered its forces,
Basílio II was considered a chosen of God to govern all the men,
but after its death, the empire, dived in constant wars, came
back to its decadent trajectory.
5th) economy. Which was the main economic activity of the
Byzantine Empire? Which the government's paper in the economy?
R - THE history of Bizâncio is intimately linked to the
development of the commercial activity. A lot it collaborated,
for that, the own location of Constantinople, place of almost
obligatory passage of the goods coming of the End Guides to
Europa Ocidental, through a complex bureaucratic machine, the
Byzantine State exercised severe control about the economic
activities, supervising the amount and the quality of the goods.
6th) Social groups. Which the main groups of the Byzantine
society?
R - THE rich class was composed by great merchants, owners of
shops manufatureiras, solemnity orthodox clergy and outstanding
employees. That whole people exhibited the luxury of perfected
goods.
Artisans, employees of medium and low escalão and small
merchants formed an intermediary urban class, below the
privileged elite.
The great majority of the population was composed, however, of
poor workers: the employees of the manufacture, the servants of
the latifundiums and the slaves.
7th) religion. Which the paper of the religion in the Byzantine
culture?
R - THE Byzantine world was quite marked by the interest by
religious problems. Among the most celebrated subjects debated by
the Byzantine world, they stood out:
· THE monofisismo - it IT that Christ had only divine nature.
· THE iconoclasm - that movement nailed the destruction of
images of Santos, prohibiting the use of those images in the
temples.
8th) art. Which the main characteristic of the Byzantine art?
R - In the arts, the Byzantine ones knew how to combine the
luxury and the oriental exotismo with the balance and the
lightness of the greco-Roman classic art.
data da última atualização Sexta-feira, 26 de Fevereiro de 1999 11:11:49