Balance of power Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries. Boundary Invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory. Centrifugal forces forces that tend to divide a country. Centripetal forces Forces that bond a country together. Colonialism Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. Colony A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent. Commonwealth of independent states Confederacy of independent states of independent states of the former soviet Union that have united because of their common economic and administrative needs. Compact state A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly. Compact state A state that posses a roughly circular shape from which the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions. Confederation A form of an international organization that brings several autonomous states together for a common purpose. Domino Theory The idea that political destabilization in one country can lead to collapse of political stability in neighboring countries, setting off a chain reaction of collapse. East/West Divide Geographic separation between the largely democratic and free-market countries of Western Europe and the Americas from the communists and socialists countries of Eastern Europe and Asia Electoral College a certain number of electors from each state proportional to and seemingly representative of that state’s population. Each elector chooses a candidate believing they are representing their constituency’s choice. The candidate who receives a higher proportion of electoral votes within a state receives all the electoral votes for that state. Electoral Vote The decision of a particular state elector that represents the dominant views on that elector’s state. Elongated State A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape. Elongated state A state with a long, narrow shape. European Union International organization comprised of Western European countries to promote free trade among members. Exclave A bounded territory that is part of a particular state but is separated from it by the territory of a different state. Federal state An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government. Federalism a system of government in which power is distributed among certain geographical territories rather than concentrated within a central government. Fragmented state A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory. Fragmented State A state that is not contiguous whole but rather separated parts. Frontier An area where borders are shifting and weak and where peoples of different cultures or nationalities meet and lay claim to the land. Frontier zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control. Geometric Boundary Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines. Geopolitics The study of interplay between political relations and the territorial context in which they occur. Gerrymandering Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power. Gerrymandering The designation of voting districts so as to favor a political party or candidate. Heartland theory Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world. Imperialism Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society. Imperialism The perpetuation of a colonial empire even after it is no longer politically sovereign. International Organization An alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up either’s autonomy or self determination. Landlocked state A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea. Landlocked state A state that is completely surrounded by the land of other states, which is bad for accessibility and trade. Law of the sea Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth’s seas and oceans and their resources. Lebensraum Hitler’s expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire living space for German people. Microstate A state or territory that is small in both size and population. Microstate A state that encompasses a very small land area. Migration Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location. NAFTA (north American free trade agreement) Agreement signed on JAN. 1 1994, that allows the opening of borders between the United States Mexico and Canada. Nation Tightly knit group of people sharing the same language ethnicity religion and other cultural attributes. Nation-state A country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity. Nationalism A sense of national pride to such extent as to exalt one nation above all others. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) An international organization that has joined together for military purposes. North/South divide The economic division between the wealthy countries of Europe and North America, Australia and Japan and generally poorer countries of Asia Africa and Latin America. OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) An internal economic organization whose member countries produce and export oil. Organic Theory The view that states resemble biological organisms with life cycles that include all stages of life. Perforated state A state that completely surrounds another one. Perforated state A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state. Physical boundary Political Boundaries that correspond with physical features such as mountains or rivers. Political geography The spatial analysis of political phenomena and processes. Popular vote The tally of each individuals vote within a specific geographic area. Prorupted state A state that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension, leading away from the main territory. Prorupted state An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension. Reapportionment The relocation of electoral seats to defined territories. Rectangular State A state whose territory is rectangular in shape. Redistricting The drawing of a new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes. Rimland theory Nicholas Spykman’s theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest. Self-determination The right of a nation to govern itself autonomously. Sovereignty Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states. State A politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by the international community. State An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government wiith control over its internal and foreign affairs. states' rights Rights and powers believed to be the authority of the state rather than the federal government. Subsequent boundaries Boundary line established after an area has been populated that considered the social and cultural characteristics of the area. Superimposed boundaries Boundary line drawn in an area ignoring the existing cultural pattern. Supranational organization organization of 3 or more states to promote shared activities. Territorial dispute Any dispute over land ownership Territorial organization Political organization that distributes political power in more easily governed units of land. Theocracy A state whose government is either believed to be divinely guided or a state under the control of religious leaders. Unitary state An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials. United Nations A global supranational organization established at the end of WWII to foster international security and cooperation.
AP Human Geography
Human Geography Homework for Tonight, April 9, 2008 (Quiz Tomorrow over the Readings) Homework- Read the following 3 sections 1. Purple Book - Rubenstein pages 371-376 2. APHG- 219-225 (the flimsy book) AND read the following and answer the questions below (not for a grade but you need to answer them as practice questions) CHAPTER 10. COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE CHAPTER INTRODUCTION Agriculture is practiced in some form by virtually all of humanity but the range and types of practices are quite different. Commercial agriculture is largely a European invention and spread with colonization and the Industrial Revolution. The development of a global transportation network to support industrialization facilitated the flow of foodstuffs to the colonial powers who also introduced plantation agriculture in their colonies to produce luxury-crops These systems still persist today and affect the well-being of many poorer countries. The following points should be noted when reading this chapter. A Global Network Modern commercial agriculture developed out of a global system of commodity exchange established by European colonial powers. As the era of global exploration and colonization by European countries unfolded, new products both agricultural and nonagricultural from the colonial countries became available to a European population that was both growing and becoming more affluent as a result of the Second Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. Products from an industrializing Europe made their way to colonies around the world, transportation between source and market was handled by the shipping fleets of the major colonial powers, producing a global pattern of raw materials, manufactured products, and foodstuffs moving between colonies and colonial powers. Plantations Plantations—large land holdings devoted to the efficient production of a single tropical or subtropical crop for market—were first established in the 1400s by the Portuguese on islands off the west coast of Africa. Suitable natural environments and plentiful labor led colonial powers to establish plantation- and luxury-crop agriculture throughout the tropical regions. Such enterprises disrupted traditional practices of subsistence agriculture, displaced farmers appropriated land, and generally created poverty and hardship for the indigenous population. This pattern remains today even though many plantations are owned not by colonial powers but by the governments of the countries where they are located. Their persistence is largely because poorer countries need the cash generated by these crops. In the late 1990s, the greatest concentration of plantations was in the American tropics. Rice and Wheat Most of humanity depends upon the cereal grains for their survival with rice and wheat feeding well over half of the world’s population In general, these two key grain crops represent different societies. Rice, originally domesticated in tropical Asia, and still the dominant crop in the south and east realms of that continent, is grown labor-intensively on small plots in poorer countries. Rice production by modern commercial methods is limited to a few countries and the cost of such production often makes it too expensive for many of the poorer countries who need it most. Wheat, the second most important of the world’s grain crops, was domesticated in several locations (see Table 14-I) and lends itself well to commercial production methods. It has come to be associated with Western cultures where it is grown on large landholdings by mechanized means in the richer countries. The principal grain moving in international trade, it is also grown at a subsistence level by millions of farmers as a first or second crop where environment4 conditions are favorable. Specialized Farming The single most important factor in successful agricultural production is climate. Only one form of agriculture mentioned in the legend of figure 16-1 refers to a particular climate; Mediterranean agriculture. This is a specialized form of farming in a dry-summer climate (most climatic regions have wet summers). In the five world regions where this climate prevails a special combination of crops is grown, including grapes, olives, certain vegetables, and others. Many wines come from these areas and, along with other commodities, are exported to distant markets because Mediterranean products tend to be popular and command high prices. CHAPTER QUIZ MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. In which region do whole national economies depend on sugar exports. a. South Pacific b. Caribbean c. Pacific Rim d. East Africa 2. The colonial powers established cotton plantations in many different countries. Today these same countries: a. still export all their cotton production b. no longer grow any cotton c. have established factories to produce goods for the domestic market d. sell their cotton to each other instead of the developed countries 3. The beef industry of Argentina secured a global market when the invention of ____ made possible the transporting of a highly perishable commodity overlong distances. a. commercial canning b. refrigerated ships c. irradiation of food d. the steam engine 4. Today, 75 percent of the rubber produced comes from: a. South America b. Netherlands c. Southeast Asia d. lowlands of Florida 5. When the United States imposed an embargo on imports from Cuba in the 1960s, the principal Cuban export affected was: a. coffee b. cigars c. tea d. sugar 6. Coffee was first produced and is indigenous to: a. Columbia, South America b. Costa Rica in Central America c. Ethiopia d. South Africa 7. The worlds tea plantations are concentrated in: a. Africa b. South America c. Asia d. the Caribbean 8. The worlds largest exporter of rice is: a. China b. the United States c. Thailand d. Vietnam. 9. The Third Agricultural Revolution came about because of: a. crop diversification in developing countries b. governments in developing countries giving farmers more money to grow more crops c. biotechnology d. global warming 10. The largest areas of commercial agriculture lie: a. within the tropics b. in Western Europe c. outside the tropics d. in the United States TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Refrigerated ships made it possible for Argentina to transport beef long distances. (TF) 2. Sugar producing and exporting countries set their own prices. (TF) 3. Cartels formed by countries producing the same produce are very successful. (TF) 4. More cotton is exported from developing countries than the United States. (TF) 5. Lately efforts have been made to establish rubber plantations iii northern Brazil. (TF) 6. In contrast to coffee most tea is consumed in the countries where it is grown. (TF) 7. Much of interior China has turned into commercial-crop production zones. (TF) 8. Sub-Saharan Africa has increased their commercialized agriculture to the point that they are now exporting more than ever before. (TF) 9. From the southern prairie provinces of Canada south through the United States lies an extensive wheat growing region. (TF) 10. Grapes, olives, figs, dates, and some vegetables are grown in what is called the diversified tropical agriculture zone. (TF) STUDY QUESTIONS I. What are cartels and what is their purpose? Are they usually successful? Can they be used for both food and nonfood commodities? 2. Explain how and why rubber production shifted from its source region. Is the rubber industry as important as it once was? Why or why not? 3. Study Figure 20-1. Can you find climatic relationships in similar crop-growing areas around the world? If so, what does this tell you about the cultures in these regions? 4. Describe the Third Agricultural Revolution and how it has affected crop production. Where has this revolution has its greatest impact?
Example Answer:
In Islam, a major monotheistic world
religion, there are two main branches of Muslims: the Sunnis and the Shiites.
They split over a disagreement on who would be the next caliph, or leader, many
years ago. While both agree that Allah is one and that God is the only God,
there are many differences that distinguish the two branches. The Sunnis
believe Allah has a body, but not a human body. The Shiites on the other hand
argue that Allah does not have a body. Sunnis believe Allah can be seen, while
Shiites believe Allah cannot be seen. A major difference is that Shiites
believe Allah commands something because it is good, while Sunnis think if
Allah orders something, it has to be good. For example, if a Sunnis murders
someone but believes it was ordered by Allah, it is okay. Another difference
today is that
These questions are due November 13, 2007.
Click the link above the access the case study project, which will count as the test grade for the chapter on Migration. This is due November 23rd via e-mail to scacewm@ocps.net or you can hand it in stapled to the instructor.
1. All vocabulary from Chapter 3 on flashcards
2. Learn all Asian countries and capitals, Quiz on Friday
Go to http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_rubenstein_humangeo_8 and take the quizzes for Chapters 2 and 3...
Concept Review and Quick Review
E-mail the results to the Instructor at bottom of page when you finish each quiz -- scacewm@ocps.net
Also, read pages 98-104 in the AP Human Geography Book.
1. North America Latitude and Longitude worksheet
2. South Carolina Latitude and Longitude worksheet
3. Czeck Republic country ID Sheet
4. Certain 6th Period students: Additional Country ID Sheet on any Asian country
A. Go to the website: http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_rubenstein_humangeo_8 and click on population, take the CONCEPT REVIEW and QUICK REVIEW until you get 100% on each. Pay attention to your answers.
B. Go to the website: http://www.azerbaijan.az/_News/_news_e.html?lang=en and answer the following questions:
1. One US dollar is worth _________ in Azerbaijan.
2. Click on "History" on the left side of the main page and write down at least 5 facts about the history of Azerbaijan.
3. Click on "Nature" and then "Climate" and describe the climate in Azerbaijan.
4. Finally, click on "Maps" at the bottom left and write the names of the 4 countries that border Azerbaijan. Also name the body of water.
--> Write all answers on your own sheet of paper and this is due at beginning of class Wednesday. (1st period due Thursday)
100 Question Map Test
Projects due
90 Question Multiple Choice Quiz
Course Components
I. Human Geography Textbook/PowerPoints
II. Maps/World Geography
The World Today- Global Studies
Useful wbesites
Population Geography Vocabulary
The World Today page 27- Czechoslovakia
The World Today pages 100-102 North Korea
Future Population of India: 2 Billion?
World Population Highlights 2007: HIV/AIDS
2.5 million people in India living with HIV
