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Russia launched Sputnik 1 which was the world's first artificial satellite in 1957. In October 1957, the former Soviet Union, using an A-model two-stage rocket, successfully launched the world's first artificial satellite into space. The United States then tried to launch a satilite because they were in the cold war. But a month later another Soviet satellite was launched Sputnik 2. And six months after that Sputnik 3 went into space, keeping the Russians one step ahead of the US.The US also tried to get something into outer space with the launch of Explorer 1 in 1958. The US hoped to launch a satellite with a Vanguard launch vehicle developed by the US Navy, but the attempt failed. US President Eisenhower then directed the Army team, under Werner von Braun, to make a launch effort. Three months later, in January 1958, a Jupiter-C launch vehicle successfully carried Explorer 1, into orbit. Having lost the race to launch the world's first artificial satellite to the Soviet Union, the United States planned to develop an unmanned Moon probe, hoping to be first to the Moon. But the attempt in August 1958 failed with the explosion of the first stage of the Thor-Able launch vehicle carrying the first Moon probe Pioneer 0. In the same year, all the launches of the other Pioneer probes, 1,2 and 3, were unsuccessful for such reasons as power faliure and a final stage failing to ignite. None could make a successful launch. In 1959, the Soviet Lunar 3 probe photographs the far side of the Moon for the first time.Russians launched the Lunar 1 Moon probe. Lunar 1 did not hit the Moon, but Lunar 2 launched in September the same year, made a fine landing on the Moon's surface, and became the first probe to reach a celestial object. The Soviet Lunar 3 probe was launched one month later in September, and completed another historic mission, this time to the far side of the moon, which was successfully photographed for the first time. The US after the failure of a Mars probe launched in 1964, launched seven successful missions to photograph Mars and make other observations by 1975. Among these were the Viking probes 1 and 2, launched in 1975, with missions lasting about a year and including a soft landing on the Martian surface to look for the possibility of life. No living organisms were found but the successful survey was a very significant achievement. The Soviet Venera 7 measures the surface temperature of Venus at 470 degrees. Venus moves closer to Earth roughly every 19 months, and this is a good opportunity to launch a probe. The Soviet Union (February 1961) and the United States (July 1962) launched missions to Venus but both were failures. After that, both countries launched many Venus missions. The first soft landing on Venus was achieved by the Soviet Venera 7 spacecraft in 1970. Venera 7 sent various observation data back to Earth, including a reading of 470 degrees Celsius at the Venusian surface. On 12 April 1961 the Soviet Union made history with the launch of Vostok 1, the first manned spacecraft. "The Earth is blue" - the words of cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, the first human to travel in space, became globally famous. The final mission of the one-man Vostok series of spacecraft was the world's first space flight by a woman, astronaut Valentina Tereshkova, in June 1963. In 1964, the 2-3 crew Voskhod spacecraft was launched and cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov undertook the first-ever spacewalk.On 12 April 1961 the Soviet Union made history with the launch of Vostok 1, the first manned spacecraft. "The Earth is blue" - the words of cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, the first human to travel in space, became globally famous. The final mission of the one-man Vostok series of spacecraft was the world's first space flight by a woman, astronaut Valentina Tereshkova, in June 1963. In 1964, the 2-3 crew Voskhod spacecraft was launched and cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov undertook the first-ever spacewalk. On July 20 1969, a spacecraft from Apollo 11, launched from Kennedy Space Center on 16 July, landed on a level plain in the so-called Sea of Tranquility on the Moon. The age-old human dream of visiting the Moon had been successfully realized! Spacecraft commander Armstrong and astronaut Aldrin spent two hours on the lunar surface setting up observation equipment and collecting rock samples. After this, Apollo flights reached number 17, and except for Apollo 13, which had to turn back because of problems with its electrical power supply, a total of 12 astronauts explored the lunar realm.The Apollo Program, which moved people throughout the world, was completed in 1972.
